Major Industries Research Articles

A retrospective look: Industry partnership and transparency in phase III randomized clinical trials of breast cancer targeted therapies across two decades.

580 Background: To unveil industry involvement with respect to sponsorship, authorship, and demographic shifts in the trends of randomized clinical trials for breast cancer targeted therapies over the past two decades. Methods: All randomized phase III clinical trials focusing on targeted therapies for breast cancer were systematically identified from clinicaltrials.gov and reviewed using peer-reviewed publications. Trials that focused solely on chemotherapy and hormonal therapy were excluded. SAS Enterprise Guide v7.1 was used to analyze trial characteristics, authorship, and demographic details with Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: From 2005-2023, 998 breast cancer treatment clinical trials were identified; 110 trials were included in the final analysis. Overall, 8.2% were limited to the U.S. and Canada while 67.3% were carried out internationally. 34.5% were led by cooperative (Co-op) groups vs 65.5% by pharmaceutical industries. 19.1% of trials were published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM); all NEJM published trials reported positive results and 76.2% of were industry led. In contrast, of the 4.5% of trials featured in The Lancet, only 60% showed positive findings and 60% had major industry sponsorship. The most common industry partnerships were with Roche (27.3%), Novartis (12.7%), and Pfizer (7.3%) while the most common leading Co-op group was the National Cancer Institute (7.3%). To evaluate trends, trials were split into 3 time periods based on publication dates: 2005-2011, 2012-2017, and 2018-2023. The number of trial publications increased from 13 to 43 to 54. Of the 70% of trials that reported race/ethnicity data, the proportion of White patients decreased (84.5%, 78.8%, 79.3%; p<0.001) and the proportion of Asian patients increased (8.9%, 18.4%, 16.7%; p<0.001). However, enrollment of Black (6.6%, 2.8%, 4.0%; p<0.001) and Hispanic (7.0%, 2.8%, 5.0%; p<0.001) patients remained low. There were no statistically significant changes in international participation (46.2%, 69.8%, 70.4%; p=0.22), the proportion of exclusively industry-led (46.2%, 74.4%, 63.0%; p=0.15) or Co-op group-designed trials (61.5%, 35.7%, 26.4%; p=0.10). Industry-involved data collection increased from 23.1% to 64.2% to 73.6% (p=0.01) while industry sponsored data analysis (38.5%, 61.9%, 66.0%; p=0.49) and manuscript drafting (38.5%, 66.7%, 71.7%; p=0.09) did not significantly change. Conclusions: Over time, there was a notable rise in the number of phase III clinical trials for breast cancer targeted therapies. More than 70% of these trials now engage in international collaboration. Despite this progress, there remains an underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic participants in trial enrollment. Today, nearly 70% of trials have major industry sponsorship in study design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.

The influence of regional industrial structure on the suitability of biomass energy development: A case study of 30 counties and cities in a cold region of China

The development of the biomass economy contributes to economic growth and social development. The study of biomass energy economy from the perspective of industrial structure type has the significance of promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, promoting the development of green industry and other aspects. It helps to promote the sustainable development of the economy and society. And industrial structure is a major component of the socio-economic system. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of material energy supply and demand from the perspective of regional industrial structure type. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between the type of industrial structure and the development of biomass energy from the perspective of the economic direction, so as to fill the gap in this research perspective. Based on the three major industries generally regarded to constitute GDP - agriculture, industry, and service - the regression results of STATA software were used to calculate biomass potential according to crop distribution status. Using the ArcGIS analysis tool, the biomass break-even model related to resource supply-demand has been used to obtain the break-even status of the research area under six industrial structures in the past 20 years. According to research results, the break-even degree of biomass energy supply is between 0.109 and 1.236 when the industrial structure types of counties and cities are service-agriculture-industry and industry-agriculture-service. This is suitable for biomass energy development. When the industrial structure type of counties and cities is service-industry-agriculture, the break-even degree of biomass energy supply is between -0.428 and 0.277, which is not suitable for biomass energy development.

An Escalation Over Mechanical Attributes in M30 Type Solid Using Qualified Fill-In by Brick Dust to Cement & Saw Dust to Sand

In this era of civilization, the major industry needful to every household is construction sector which occupies 3rd place among 13 economic sectors in the world. The serious drawback of this sector – one is pollution & second is Scarcity of materials. In the present scenario, the world is stepping towards the new thoughts in pattern to shuffle the contamination by using the proxy materials instead of cement sand & aggregates due to its famine. In this paper of examine talks about the progression of mechanical attributes in concrete. The proxy materials used of mainly two, such that Brick Dust (BD) which is Squander left over the manufacturing of bricks & Saw Dust (SD) is thrift obtained after the wood working operations composed of small chips of wood. The qualified fill in concentrates over the cement with Brick dust with increased measures of frequency like 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, & 15%, simultaneously on the other side over Fine aggregate with Saw Dust with constant proportion of 5 % respectively for M30 type Solid. Moreover the comparison is held between the conventional Solid & Solid with proxy blends like 0%BD+0%SD, 3%BD+5%SD, 6%BD+5%SD, 9%BD+5%SD, 12%BD+5%SD & 15%BD+5%SD Key Words: Cement, Mechanical Attributes, Brick dust (BD), Saw Dust (SD), & M30 Solid

Impact of Financial Management Practices on Performance Measurement of Small and Medium Enterprises in Tamil Nadu

Small and medium enterprise (SME) development is essential for India’s economic expansion. SME is an important participant in the development of accessories that supports major industries. The current study is focused on the variables impacting performance measurement in SMEs, despite the fact that many small and medium businesses are experiencing significant losses and closures as a result of poor performance. The next goal is to determine the connection between small and medium business performance management and financial management practices. This study uses SME performance measurement as a dependent variable. Risk management, working capital management and credit management are three independent factors that can be used to assess SME financial management practices. The questionnaire that was used for each item was based on the earlier research. A five-point Likert scale was used to score each item scale used in this investigation. Working people in a few districts in South Tamil Nadu, India and used online structured questionnaires to gather data. The present sample size of the study is 157. The statistical data analysis has been carried out employing jamovi 1.8. For factor loading, reliability, sample size, model fit, regression analysis for hypothesis testing and structural education modelling were used. Policymakers and SME entrepreneurs who are familiar with performance measurement of many elements can benefit from the study’s findings. The study found a relationship between SMEs’ performance measurement and financial management practices.

Research on the Development, Influencing Factors and Influencing Effects of Industrial Agglomeration in China

Since the rapid development of Chinese society and economy, industrial agglomeration has become an important trend of structural change. In order to help enterprises see the advantages and disadvantages of industrial agglomeration, it is very important to study the causes and effects of industrial agglomeration. Therefore, this paper organizes and proposes the reasons for the agglomeration of the four major industries as well as its positive and negative effects. The research results show that political factors, environmental factors, enterprise advantages and culture, talents and consumption level are the main causes of industrial agglomeration. Moreover, the positive benefits of industrial agglomeration are the sharing of infrastructure, resources and markets and the acceleration of knowledge dissemination and technology exchange. The negative impacts are that they increase the economic risk of the agglomeration area and lead to duplication of construction and waste of resources. For these reasons, the Chinese government should weigh the positive and negative benefits of promoting industrial agglomeration. This paper proposes to explore the causes and effects of industrial agglomeration from a macroscopic perspective, which improves the lack of macroscopic analysis in this field.

Development of a Fully Protective Pandemic Avian Influenza Subunit Vaccine in Insect Pupae.

In this study, we pioneered an alternative technology for manufacturing subunit influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-based vaccines. This innovative method involves harnessing the pupae of the Lepidoptera Trichoplusia ni (T. ni) as natural biofactories in combination with baculovirus vectors (using CrisBio® technology). We engineered recombinant baculoviruses encoding two versions of the HA protein (trimeric or monomeric) derived from a pandemic avian H7N1 virus A strain (A/chicken/Italy/5093/99). These were then used to infect T. ni pupae, resulting in the production of the desired recombinant antigens. The obtained HA proteins were purified using affinity chromatography, consistently yielding approximately 75 mg/L of insect extract. The vaccine antigen effectively immunized poultry, which were subsequently challenged with a virulent H7N1 avian influenza virus. Following infection, all vaccinated animals survived without displaying any clinical symptoms, while none of the mock-vaccinated control animals survived. The CrisBio®-derived antigens induced high titers of HA-specific antibodies in the vaccinated poultry, demonstrating hemagglutination inhibition activity against avian H7N1 and human H7N9 viruses. These results suggest that the CrisBio® technology platform has the potential to address major industry challenges associated with producing recombinant influenza subunit vaccines, such as enhancing production yields, scalability, and the speed of development, facilitating the global deployment of highly effective influenza vaccines.

Enterprise Responses to Industrial Policy Adjustments Based on Resource-based Theory

This paper employs resource-based theory to investigate the strategies adopted by enterprises in response to significant changes in industrial policies. We select China's leading education and training industry player, New Oriental Education & Technology Group, as a case study to analyze a series of resource allocation adjustments taken in response to the major industry transformation in the education sector in 2021, brought about by the introduction of the "Double Reduction" policy. Using a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal comparative analysis, we explore the strategies for resource allocation adjustments and innovation in the face of adverse industry policies. We categorize these response measures into three stages: "immediate response - strategic adjustments - transformational innovation," and analyze the changes in resource allocation. In conclusion, we provide general strategic recommendations for enterprises to navigate industrial policy adjustments, aiming to offer reference and guidance for managing policy risks and developing core competitive capabilities.

Techno-economic needs assessment for a sustainable novel solar panel production system

Techno-economic needs assessment for an automated solar panel production system is presented. Solar energy, a rapidly growing renewable energy source, has the potential to meet a significant portion of the world's energy needs. Solar panels, the key component of solar energy systems, there are produced in a major industry. Automated solar panel production systems offer the potential to increase production efficiency and reduce costs. The study outlines key factors necessary for successful establishment and operation of an automated solar panel production factory, including market analysis, financial projections, operational strategies, and sustainability initiatives. The market analysis through examination global trends in the solar energy market, identifying growth trends, potential competitors, and target customer segments. The study used a five-step methodology to assess needs, identifying major requirement such as the application of high-speed and precision manufacturing equipment, investment in reliable and efficient manufacturing processes, and development of cost-effective manufacturing methods. The study’s results highlight several key economic benefits of automated solar panel production, including increased production efficiency, reduced labor costs, and improved product quality. The findings are valuable to various stakeholders, including government officials, business leaders, and community members, informing decisions regarding solar industry development and new manufacturing facilities in specific regions. The paper recommends the use of eco-friendly manufacturing processes, utilization of recyclable materials, and adoption of energy-efficient automated technologies to minimize the carbon footprint of solar panel production.

The Role of Risk Analysis in EU Food Governance: Balancing Scientific Food Safety Factors and External Factors that Inform Risk Management for Healthier Food Systems

Abstract Scientific consensus links dietary choices to health outcomes, highlighting the urgency to prioritise healthy food production in food systems. At the EU level, however, defining healthy food and integrating it into food governance remains a challenge, particularly regarding the inclusion of health-related characteristics in food safety assessments. While the EU primarily relies on the risk analysis principle to address food safety concerns, the process still exhibits weaknesses that hinder its direct impact on fostering a healthier food production landscape. This review demonstrates how the risk analysis process, particularly scientific opinions in risk assessment and external factors (economic and political) in risk management, impact food governance and the healthiness of food systems. We find that while external factors play a crucial role in risk management decisions by incorporating non-food safety considerations, they often stem from an imbalance of power favouring major industry and political stakeholders. This imbalance disproportionately influences decision-making, often overshadowing nutritional and health aspects. To address these challenges, we recommend directing research towards filling knowledge gaps and exploring minority scientific findings, and separating external factors from risk management’s decision-making process, to ensure that food governance prioritises public health and healthy food production.

Building Urban Climate Resilience: Assessing Awareness, Perception, and Willingness regarding Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Change among Stakeholders in Iligan City, Philippines

Iligan City has been the heart of major industries in steel, cement, and hydropower and is one of the highly urbanized coastal cities in Mindanao, Philippines. Due to its geological state, environmental challenges like flooding, natural disasters, and environmental degradation have been experienced by the city. With the climate crisis, these risks are being magnified. Recently, nature-based solutions (NBS) have gained significant attention worldwide, viewed as a key solution to the consequences of climate change. Yet implementation of strategies and policies regarding NBS, especially in developing countries, has received poor attention. Hence, this study aims to assess the awareness and perceptions of stakeholders in Iligan City regarding climate change, NBS, and willingness to engage in actions involving NBS. Stakeholder mapping and surveys were conducted through purposive sampling. A total of 187 respondents were interviewed from different sectors (LGUs, NGOs, the private sector, and academia) in Iligan City. Results revealed significant differences in awareness and perceptions across the distinct socio-economic backgrounds of stakeholders, where respondents with higher education and income have greater levels of awareness, perception, and willingness. The study recommends future targeted approaches and increased campaigns for climate change and sustainable solutions such as integrating NBS in adaptation strategies and mitigation plans to foster multi-level stakeholder collaboration.

A Comprehensive Study of Blockchain Technology and Its Role in Promoting Sustainability and Circularity across Large-Scale Industry

Blockchain technology has evolved as an innovative strategy that substantially transformed industries by offering a variety of applications across multiple domains including manufacturing, construction, supply chain, food, health, energy, transport and retailing industry. By offering a decentralized ledger that enables the source-tracking of materials and goods, blockchain enables a quick, safe, and open information platform. Blockchain is emerging around the globe in industries but limited studies have comprehensively examined its practical implementation toward industrial sustainability and circularity. This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive and thoughtful discussion of blockchain demand, literature gaps in blockchain implementation, type of blockchain platforms in large-scale industries and their contribution toward sustainability by utilizing the systematic literature review methodology. The descriptive analysis of 185 selected articles by thematic analysis provides an overview of the emergence of blockchain over the years and its practical implications in large-scale industries. The novelty of the paper is the in-depth discussion of the major industries of the various sectors that are utilizing different blockchain frameworks, especially P2P, in order to achieve sustainability and circularity in economy. Furthermore, the challenges and barriers that hinder blockchain adoption have also been evaluated.

The Financial Recovery of Region From Economic Disruptions and Resiliency of Real Estate — Construction Sector: A Case Study of Southeast Texas Economy and Real Property Values

This study examines the financial recovery of Southeast Texas post-economic disruptions, particularly focusing on the real estate-construction sector's resilience, a key economic driver in the region. It analyzes macroeconomic indicators, emphasizing the sector's role in the region's recovery. The research highlights risk management as crucial for financial resilience in real estate-construction. Three key innovative aspects include: (1) Southeast Texas historically relies on real estate-construction for economic growth, with financial stability linked to major industries. (2) Utilizing the Participatory Analysis of Risk Management (PARM) methodology, focusing on the region's real estate-construction sector. (3) Enhancing PARM results through financial valuation of residential and industrial/commercial properties in Southeast Texas, enabling longitudinal analysis and a deeper understanding of the region's financial stability and resilience. This study underscores the importance of studying the real estate-construction sector for the region's economic well-being post-disruptions.

Research on the Extreme Weather Prediction Model Based on Linear Regression and Its Application in Insurance Evaluation

This study presents a novel approach to predicting extreme weather events using a linear regression model and explores its application in the insurance evaluation process. The predictive model is developed by analyzing historical data on the frequency and intensity of extreme weather occurrences, such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes. The model employs cumulative data analysis to establish a linear relationship between the occurrence of extreme weather events and the passage of time. The results demonstrate a high correlation coefficient, indicating a reliable prediction capability. The study then extends the application of this model to the insurance sector by constructing an insurance evaluation model. This model assesses the feasibility of providing insurance services in areas prone to extreme weather by comparing insurance premiums with potential claims. The evaluation model incorporates the impact of extreme weather on three major industries: agriculture, manufacturing, and services, and assigns weights accordingly. Case studies of Japan and Florida, USA, are conducted to validate the model's effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

Blend Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Membrane with Molecular Weight 12,000, 30,000 and 65,000 for CO2/N2 Separation

The demand for energy has been increasing gradually due to the rapid growth of the global economy. The emission of greenhouses gases (GHGs) especially, carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a major greenhouse gas, has contributed to the global warming issue. Therefore, to reduce emissions and eliminate the serious consequences, membrane separation technology was introduced as an alternative option that has high CO2 separation efficiency. It requires lower energy consumption, lower capital costs and it is commercial and environmentally friendly. Most importantly, it is easy to operate. In this study, the blend cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) membrane was synthesised from the CAB polymers using the wet-phase inversion method with molecular weights of 12,000:30,000:65,000 in the ratio of 1:2:2, respectively. The blend CAB membrane casted at 250 μm (M2) was the best performing membrane among all the membranes due to its relatively high CO2 gas permeance and the highest CO2/N2 selectivity, which were 7,560.80 ± 20 GPU and 1.5319 ± 0.05, respectively. The fabricated CAB membrane was then characterised by using the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and surface contact angle. It showed strong stretching bands around 1,044.07 cm−1, 1,226.25 cm−1 and 1,744.04 cm−1, which indicated a single bond C-O and carboxyl group (C=O). The higher the hydrophobicity of the membrane, the stronger the affinity for CO2 molecules. In this case, the contact angle of the membrane casted at 150 μm (M1) was 120.460, which was the highest. This newly synthesised CAB membrane is expected to benefit major industries by its cost effective and high energy saving properties. Most importantly, the gas separation efficiencies are better than the current technologies.

The rise of the opportunists: What are the drivers of the increase in infectious diseases caused by environmental and commensal bacteria?

AbstractThe aquaculture sector is currently experiencing a global disease crisis. Emerging bacterial diseases—often opportunistic or syndromic—have collapsed production in nations across the world. Losses in the shrimp industry associated with opportunistic Vibrio spp. exceed 40% of global capacity. This paper reviews potential drivers of syndromic diseases involving opportunistic bacterial pathogens affecting global aquaculture. We provide key examples from major industries where such conditions have prompted greater antibiotic use and have resulted in significant mortality. We challenge the conventional definitions of opportunistic pathogens and propose a fluid categorisation that acknowledges the continuum of host adaptation and the complexity of microbial ecology. We discuss the implications of environmental and dietary stressors such as climate change, coastal eutrophication and pollution, and the transition to plant‐based feeds, which have been linked to impaired epithelial barrier function, gut health disorders and increased disease susceptibility. We critique the ‘one‐pathogen one‐disease’ paradigm, suggesting that Rothman's causal pie model is more useful for understanding opportunistic infections as it emphasises the multicausal nature of disease. We provide examples of bacterial and viral interactions in aquatic disease and occurrence of bacterial diseases resulting from host damage from eukaryotic parasites or increasing frequency and severity of interventions to control such parasites. We recognise the need for corroborative evidence to validate the rise of opportunistic bacterial pathogens as a global trend, and we advocate for the application of nuanced disease causation models to reduce the incidence of opportunistic infections and improve the sustainability of the aquaculture industry.

The role of information industry convergence in energy transition

To cope with global climate risks, promoting energy transformation has become a global consensus. China issued a reform policy in 2010 to promote the convergence of the three major information industries, namely broadcasting and television networks, telecommunications networks and the Internet (TPR policy). However, is the convergence of information industries able to promote energy transition? This study constructs a quasi-natural experimental framework using China's TPR policy as a representative case of industrial convergence. Using city-level panel data between 2003 and 2016 in China and a multi-period difference-in-differences model, this study examines the impact of TPR policy on energy transition. The results show that TPR policy positively contributes to energy transition at a 1% significance level. Extensive robustness tests support this finding. This positive effect is particularly evident in regions with less developed communications infrastructure and stricter environmental regulations. Mechanism analysis suggests that TPR policy promotes energy transition by improving the level of information networks, promoting technological innovation, and optimizing industrial structure. The findings of this paper emphasize the importance of information industry convergence in facilitating energy transformation.

Extraction of Natural Dyes from Delonix regia Flowers for Cotton Fibres

Textile colouration is among the major industry that pollutes the environment with effluents rich in dye chemicals. Most of the dyes used are synthetics which possess health and environmental impacts. Potentially, the use of bio-based dyes and other chemicals can lessen the environmental challenges of the textile effluents. This study reports on sustainable extraction and dyeing of cotton fabric using extract of Delonix regia flowers. The extraction process was done using acid-ified water as a solvent and the dyeing process was free from hazardous auxiliary chemicals. To improve the dyeing performance, banana sap was used as an affordable and eco-friendly bio-mordant. To optimise energy consumption, dyeing experiments were done between room tem-perature and 90 °C. The dyeing performance was assessed through wash fastness, rub fastness and colour strength tests. The cotton fabric was successively dyed with the Delonix regia flowers extract rich in anthocyanin pigments in the presence of banana sap bio-mordant. The optimum dye performance was obtained at a dyeing temperature of up to 60 °C, above which the perfor-mance was negatively affected.

Comprehensive investigation into contractors' challenges leading to project delays in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia

The construction industry has experienced significant fluctuations due to delays that change with each generation. Contractors, owners, consultants, and workers are involved in these delays, which have many causes. However, this research focuses on contractor barriers, which delay projects and sometimes disrupt them. To fully address this issue, a rigorous scientific research paper was carefully created. This paper sought to identify project delays' root causes. The process involved a thorough review of prior research, the collection of a lot of data on the main causes of delays, and the creation of a comprehensive table that lists 17 common factors. Then, consultants and engineers from various contractors who oversaw multiple Rabigh governorate projects were interviewed. The eleven interviews in this study were unique and comprehensive in investigating contractor delays. Thus, 17 key factors that cause contractors to miss project deadlines were identified. These factors were used to analyze and compare data from other research studies. These challenges and obstacles were carefully considered after analyzing engineer and consultant interviews. A comparative analysis was carried out in order to contrast the various points of view that were expressed by interviewees, the research that was already done, and the perspectives that were observed. The ultimate objective of this analysis was to determine the fundamental factors that contribute to delays in project delivery that are caused by contractors. The dissemination of these deliberations and results concluded this research endeavor as this matter deteriorated. The main goal was to reveal the fundamental principles that underlie this major construction and building industry challenge, enabling more effective solutions.

Does the Porter hypothesis hold in China? evidence from the “2+26” regional air pollution treatment policy

Abstract This study analyzed the impact of environmental regulation, specifically the “2+26” regional strategy for air quality improvement, on corporate research and development (R&D) investment in China. We developed a theoretical model based on the argument that R&D investment rises with regulation intensity. Using 2010–2019 data from China's listed companies located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas, we treated the $2+26$ policy as a quasi-natural experiment and adopted a difference-in-differences approach to explore its effect on firm R&D input. A positive association was observed between firm R&D intensity and the $2+26$ strategy's implementation in major polluting industries. Our results provide in-depth insights into the $2+26$ strategy's economic consequences, which are potentially of interest to both scholars and policymakers.

Characteristics of commercial determinants of health research on corporate activities: A scoping review.

Business practices have influenced human health for centuries, yet an overarching concept to study these activities across nations, time periods, and industries (called 'the commercial determinants of health' (CDH)) has emerged only recently. The purpose of this review was to assess the descriptive characteristics of CDH research and to identify remaining research gaps. We systematically searched four databases (Scopus, OVID Medline, Ovid Embase, and Ovid Global Health) on Sept 13, 2022 for literature using CDH terms that described corporate activities that have the potential to influence population health and/or health equity (n = 116). We evaluated the following characteristics of the literature: methods employed, industries studied, regions investigated, funders, reported conflicts of interest, and publication in open-access formats. The characteristics of the articles included that many were conceptual (50/116 articles; 43%) or used qualitative methods (37; 32%). Only eight articles (7%) used quantitative or mixed methods. The articles most often discussed corporate activities in relation to the food and beverage (51/116; 44%), tobacco (20; 17%), and alcohol industries (19; 16%), with limited research on activities occurring in other industries. Most articles (42/58 articles reporting a regional focus; 72%) focused on corporate activities occurring in high-income regions of the world. Our findings indicate that literature that has used CDH terms and described corporate practices that influence human health has primarily focused on three major industries in higher-income regions of the world. Qualitative methods were the most common empirical method for investigating these activities. CDH-focused investigations of corporate practices conducted by less-studied industries (e.g., social media) and in lower-income regions are recommended. Longitudinal quantitative studies assessing the associations between corporate practices and a range of health outcomes is also a necessary next step for this field.