Major Developed Countries Research Articles

Following the leaders? A study of co-movement and volatility spillover in BRICS currencies

The paper investigates return co-movement and volatility spillover among the currencies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (the BRICS member countries) and four major developed countries from April 2006 to October 2019. Using Bloomberg daily data on exchange rates, the study employs a flexible multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH)–dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model and a vector autoregressive (VAR)–based spillover index, as the empirical strategy. Along with evidence of exchange rate volatility in BRICS currencies, among which the Russian ruble and the Chinese yuan are explosive, the econometric estimation results show the presence of significant return co-movement and volatility spillover among the foreign exchange markets across different countries. The currency markets in developed countries, as leaders, are found to transmit volatility mostly to BRICS currency markets, which are net receivers. The degree of spillover, however, varies across countries, with Brazil and Russia passing on volatility to the developed countries whereas India, China, and South Africa receive volatility from their developed counterparts.

Analysis of Decisive Elements in the Purchase of Alternative Foods Using Bivariate Probit Model

There has been growing attention among major developed countries to alternative food products using vegetable-derived ingredients to help animal welfare and environmental sustainability. The development of ICT technology and awareness of animal welfare, health, and environmental damage have led to a rise in alternative food products. This study explains consumer selection attributes for alternative foods in categories of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes, storage and usage, ethical consumption, awareness of the environment, and vegetarianism. It also intends to clarify the connection between purchase intentions and purchase preferences caused by selection attributes. The bivariate probit model (BPM) was used to quantitatively analyze consumers’ selection attributes for alternative foods. Element analysis was conducted on twenty-three variables for alternative food selection attributes to derive five elements: quality and safety, environmental awareness, product specifications, ethical consumption, and storage and usage. Analysis indicated that of the five selection attributes, quality and safety and ethical consumption significantly affected vegetarian or semi-vegetarian purchase intentions and preferences. This study intends to identify the elements that affect consumer purchase intentions for alternative foods introduced from an expanding alternative food market, investigate directions for future food development, and provide useful information for consumption promotion strategies.

Economic policy uncertainty, bank nonperforming loans and loan loss provisions: are they correlated?

PurposeThis paper examines the correlation of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) with nonperforming loans and loan loss provisions for 22 major developed countries over the 2008–2017 period.Design/methodology/approachThe study used the Pearson correlation methodology to assess the correlation between EPU, bank nonperforming loans and loan loss provisions.FindingsThe findings reveal that EPU is negatively correlated with nonperforming loans and loan loss provisions in the banking sector of EU countries but not for non-EU countries. Also, EPU is negatively correlated with nonperforming loans in the banking sector of the most advanced economies – the G7 countries, while loan loss provisions are more responsive to changes in EPU than NPLs in EU countries.Practical implicationsThe implication of the findings is that the correlation of EPU with loan loss provisions and nonperforming loans is influenced by regional characteristics.Originality/valueThis study is the first to analyze the association of EPU with bank nonperforming loans and loan loss provisions under regional classifications such as the EU, non-EU and the G7 countries. This study provides insights on how regional differences might explain the co-movement of EPU with bank nonperforming loans and loan loss provisions.

해양무인이동체산업 활성화를 위한 교육훈련체계 수립에 대한 연구

Marine unmanned vehicles, which are the culmination of the 4th industrial revolution technology, including marine drones, maritime autonomous surface ships(MASS), unmanned ships, and smart ships, are being applied and utilized in various industrial fields on land and at sea as an essential factor for innovative growth. In this regard, major developed countries are specializing in the marine sector based on the general unmanned vehicle industry, selecting it as a new growth driving industry in the future, and promoting policies for technology development, market preoccupation, and cultivation of professionals. Marine unmanned vehicles such as MASS, USVs, UUVs, wave gliders, sea gliders, and ROVs are required to have a future-oriented education and training system for professionals, which is the core of industrial development. Therefore, this study aims to establish and recommend the vision and strategy of education and training by comparing the macroenvironmental analysis(PEST) and the environment of internal education users/stakeholders after defining concepts related to various marine unmanned vehicles and analyzing technology trends of related companies.

중대재해 처벌 등에 관한 법률의 체육시설 적용 문제 제기

This study is to find the problem and the irrational, unreasonable clause of new enforce law of ‘Severe Accident Punishment Act’ at January 2022 to apply in sports facility, through the content and structure analysis. From the analysis, it was founded serious problem on ‘Severe Accidents for Consumer’ and finally, 5 essential problems were founded through analyzed for 3 main related Law that may occur with high potential. First, the extent of the ‘Severe Accidents for Consumer’ of ‘Severe Accident Punishment Act’ application is regulated by only one legal standard using floor space 1,000 square meter for indoor sports facility. Second, the characteristic of physical activity, movement type, sports competition, fandom, and spectator’s unexpected behavior were ignored on legislation process the ‘Severe Accidents for Consumer’ of ‘Severe Accident Punishment Act’. Third, ‘Severe Accident Punishment Act’ is try to control severe accidents and disaster by excessive laws and regulation. In addition, the sentencing guidelines is too heavy to related infra condition and also, comparison with the sentence of major developed countries. This way control way may in fact be counterproductive. Forth, the meaning of ‘business’, ‘workplace’, ‘domination· operation· management’, ’outsourcing’, ‘consignment’, ‘facility· equipment· space’, and etc. were unclear on ‘Severe Accident Punishment Act’. This unclear law clause may bring market unrest and business disruption. Finally, the purpose to protect people’s life and body would be difficult to reach the new law’s goal by ‘Severe Accident Punishment Act’ that is not reflect the characteristic and on market situation. In addition, these irrational legal issues and problem have high potential to occur irrational legal wrangling also, it can cause new type victim and secondary damage in the legal wrangling. Consequentially, it may pose threat to develop sports industry by excessive application for sports facility.

Drivers of deindustrialisation in internationally fragmented production structures

AbstractThis paper provides detailed evidence on the extent of outsourcing and offshoring of manufacturing employment and value added using a regional subsystem input–output framework. The paper argues that direct employment and the value-added shares of manufacturing in the totals underestimate manufacturing’s importance. Jobs in manufacturing subsystems accounted for more than 25% of total worldwide employment, in contrast to just 15% recorded in direct statistics. In major developed countries, the level of intersectoral outsourcing reached its upper limit at the beginning of the new millennium. At the same time, the offshoring of activities interlinked with manufacturing has become the dominant driver of deindustrialisation in these countries. While direct manufacturing employment and intersectoral outsourcing declined between 2000 and 2014, offshoring experienced a significant increase of 6.5 percentage points, from 29% to 35.5% of the total employment generated under the G7 manufacturing subsystem. Furthermore, 84% of the value added that existed to meet the final demand for manufactured products in G7 countries remained in G7 countries, while most of the jobs needed to meet G7 final demand have been offshored to developing countries. The paper concludes that the importance of manufacturing subsystems for the world economy did not decline over 2000–14, but there was a significant shift of manufacturing activities and related services from G7 countries to China and other rapidly growing economies.

영장항고와 관련된 쟁점과 개정 법률안 등의 제안

In Korea, conflicts between the prosecution and the court over warrant claims and the revocation of warrant continue for a long time, and the conflicts have intensified public distrust of the judicial system. Statistically, the judge's rejection rate of the prosecutor's direct request for an arrest warrant is close to 30% as of 2019. This is significantly higher compared to less than 6% in Germany and Japan, which is attributed mainly to different standards of prosecution and court, and is often described as an error due to excessive warrant claims and an error based on arbitrary judgment as a finite character. The problem is that the prosecution's excessive claim for warrants can be corrected by the judge’s rejection, but the court's error has no procedure to correct the dismissal of warrants, which shows the limitation of fairness. The necessity of appealing against the dismissal of the warrant is that if a suspect is arrested, the suspect will have a chance to detention suitability examination, but if the arrest warrant is dismissed by the court, the prosecutor will not have a chance to correct the judge’s dismissal However, the inequality between the suspect and the prosecutor is offset because a warrant can be requested in response to the reclaim of warrant. However, because, in practice, the review of the detention suitability examination and the reclaim of warrant are reviewed by the judge based on the facts of the crime at the time of the re-appeal due to a change in circumstances after the result of the warrant, rather than undergoing a reexamination of the decision on whether or not to be detained, it seems necessary to correct. Also, this is a structural problem of the substantive examination of the arrest warrant itself. It is not a trial that deals with the substance in a post-indictment trial, but determines whether to be arrested within a limited time by simple interrogation of suspects and defenses based on the investigative agency's initial investigation results, there is a limit to the judge's reason for arrest without reasonable doubt; and thus, it is a constrained structure to reveal the true cause with the principle of clarity and ruling, which increases the judge’s error, therefore it should be able to file a complaint at higher court as a safety measure. However, the Supreme Court says that because it has opened the procedure to indirectly correct the judge's dismissal of the warrant, the court has position that there is no violation of fundamental rights in the Constitution. However, there is no limit to the number of requests for re-examination of warrants, and the judge decides whether to re-arrest based on the fact of the re-applied crime, rather than reexamination of the wrong decision in the case. In this case, the investigation of additional crimes may lead to a long-term investigation, which may result in serious violations of the suspect's human rights. Major developed countries have already operated the warrant appeal system in Britain, the United States, Germany, France, and Japan. The conflict between the courts and the prosecution seems to have intensified recently. In such a case, it seems more necessary to introduce a warrant appeal system for the human rights and social defense of suspects.

Research Characteristics and Development Trend of Global Low-Carbon Power—Based on Bibliometric Analysis of 1983–2021

Achieving Net zero emissions is a common challenge facing all mankind. Low-carbon electricity has always been the main research field of global GHG emission control. The current article aims to use the bibliometric analysis to describe the characteristics and trends of low-carbon electricity publications from 1983 to 2021. We found that: (1) the number of publications in this area has shown an overall increase in the past 33 years. (2) the United States is the most powerful country in this field of research. Moreover, with the exception of major developed countries, more and more emerging economies have also joined the research on low-carbon power systems. (3) co-citation analysis and literature clustering characteristics show that the knowledge base in this field is focused on the decomposition of driving factors for carbon dioxide emissions and the optimization of the operation of renewable energy (RE) in low-carbon power systems. (4) the utilization of RE is a hot topic in low-carbon power research. Through this research, global scholars can be provided with the latest overview of valuable low-carbon energy research trends.

Evaluation of information and communication technology development in G7 countries: An integrated MCDM approach

Information and communication technology (ICT) contributes highly to various sectors of modern societies. Due to rapid growth of ICT and its spread into different sectors, ICT now has noticeable impacts on economic and social growth. Considering both positive and negative impacts, governments are continuously working on proposing better policies and recommendations to improve their ICT infrastructures. However, proposing better policies is highly depended on understanding past and current policies to have a complete overview of the situation. In this regard, evaluation of countries’ performance in terms of ICT development is of great significance. This paper attempts to evaluate the ICT development based on social and economic indicators using an integrated MCDM approach. To provide a real-life benchmark, G7 countries as major developed countries are investigated using real data from OECD datasets. For this purpose, six major indicators as ICT employment, ICT goods exports, ICT investment, ICT value-added, and internet access are considered to comparatively evaluate performance of G7 countries. Results indicate that United States of America along with Japan as top countries based on their ICT development while countries such as Italy and Canada are found to have the weakest performance which should upgrade their ICT policies to maximize their performance.

Abiding by the World Health Organization Guidelines: A Hobson’s Choice

Introduction: Of late, a number of contemporary articles in prestigious scientific platforms have shown that COVID-19 has questioned the global health expertise of major developed countries like the USA, the UK, and other European nations and has also raised concerns over the international health agency, the World Health Organization (WHO). With the advent of this worldwide pandemic, the WHO has admitted that they faltered in managing the crisis efficiently. The objective of this article is to highlight the fact that as there was no specific vaccine or treatment at hand when the pandemic broke out, and that the portfolio available with these nations under the directions of the WHO to counter COVID-19 was indeed limited. There was no other alternative in this time of an unprecedented emergency on a global scale. As such, whatever immediate steps were disseminated by the WHO to contain the virus's spread were indeed justified. Methods: Specifically employing secondary research and using the available literature on the internet and library sources, a survey of published articles in leading journals of the world was carried out to investigate and analyze the position of the WHO and its future strategies in dealing with the world's most unprecedented pandemic. Results and Conclusion: The present research and findings suggest that a large-scale fund allocation from every member country’s defence budget in a fixed percentage contribution might help in an attempt to create an initiative, Health for All. Such an initiative will help in substantially replenishing the already depleting funding of the World Health Organization. This will enable effective control of the global pandemic crisis with significant international cooperation, allowing collaboration and sharing of the financial burden. The specially created fund can be used under international monitoring for such unprecedented calamities in the near future if any such pandemic arises again. More focus can thus be given to special training of manpower, advancements in the protective equipment, development of vaccines, critical care hospitals, and centers on a global basis. Healthcare must become the new frontier of international cooperation and governance.

Legal Issues Concerning the Impact of Anthropogenic Underwater Noise in the Marine Environment

Anthropogenic underwater noise has an adverse effect on the marine environment. Therefore, it is of essential importance to establish the problem consciousness regarding this issue and then regulate it by the application of laws. In order to achieve the aim of protecting the marine environment through solving the problem of anthropogenic underwater noise, this article will comb through the existing domestic legislation and international agreements for potential solutions. At the same time, lessons can be drawn from major developed countries in order to lay down the rules which can in turn improve the law-making procedure in dealing with anthropogenic underwater noise. In brief, restricting underwater noise is indispensable from the joint efforts of the international community. To solve the noise problem, it is deemed necessary to clarify the precautionary principle, make full use of the existing legal framework, and promote targeted law-making more effectively through different channels and mechanisms. Moreover, adopting government supervision as a necessary guarantee can also help to hit the target. Meanwhile, paying close attention to science and technology progress is also vital for solving anthropogenic underwater noise issues.

A Study on the Visual Function Services System Compared with Major Developed Countries

Purpose : This study compares and analyzes the visual function systems with major developed countries related to set the direction for Korean optometrist and provide basic data for improving the system related to Korean visual function systems and preventive management of national eye health. Methods : The current operating systems of the three major countries of the WCO, which have led the leading development in world ophthalmology and optometry, were compared and analyzed through previous studies, literature, and internet data. Results : The current operating systems of the three major countries of the WCO, which have led the leading development in world ophthalmology and optometry, were compared and analyzed through previous studies, literature, and internet data. Conclusion : Major developed countries overseas are segmenting their workers in treatment and management of people with increased visual dysfunction due to various demands, supplying accurate and comfortable vision correction tools, preventing eye diseases, and strengthening expertise through various equipment. In addition, various forms of expenses are provided to the public to realize the welfare of the people's health, and employment stability of workers and experts related to the fourth and online industries is guaranteed through systems such as setting and supporting business expenses.

Comparing Total Neoplasms, Breast & Prostate Cancer Mortality Rates of the UK and 20 Major Developed Countries 1989-91 v 2013-15 - Identifying Progress

Introduction: Britain’s cancer survival results have been criticised as being significantly higher than twenty Major Developed Countries (MDC). Hence this comparison of current UK Total Age-Standardised-Death-Rates (ASDR), female Breast and Prostate cancer mortality rates with twenty (MDC) between1989 to 2015 to determine any significant change. Method: WHO data ASDR per million (pm) for Total, Breast and Prostate cancer mortality rates examined for the years 1989-91 to 2013-15. Confidence Intervals (+/- 95%) are used to determine any significant differences between the UK and other country’s outcomes over the period. Chi square tests for each nation’s Breast and Prostate mortality. Results: Every country’s Total ASDR, Breast and Prostate cancer mortality fell except Greece and Japan. Total ASDR Male cancer mortality rates ranged from Portugal 1653pm to Sweden 1232pm. UK at 1475pm were 10th but had been 6th highest. Total ASDR Female rates went from Denmark’s 1176pm to Japan’s 740pm, the UK 1092pm now 5th but previously had been second highest. No country’s Total rates fell significantly more than Britain’s who had significantly bigger reductions than four other countries for both sexes. Breast mortality ranged from Ireland’s 206pm to Japan’s 99pm, UK rates fell significantly more than five countries. Whilst Breast mortality fell in every country Norway and UK had significantly bigger reductions in Breast than Prostate deaths, conversely France’s Prostate rates fell more than Breast mortality. Prostate mortality went from Norway 213pm Japan’s 60pm, the UK 167pm and five countries had greater reductions than Britain. Conclusions: Results reflect well on UK services for Total and Breast cancers, showing the NHS achieving more with proportionately less as Britain spends less on health than most MDC. The need how to improve UK prostate results are briefly discussed, such as a public information campaign to match the successful Breast cancer aware programme of the 1990’s.

The development trend and prospect of automobile energy-saving standard system under the goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions

This paper conducts research on the development trend of automobile energy-saving standard system under China’s goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030. The research first sorted out the carbon dioxide emission standards and regulations of major automobile developed countries in the world, systematically analyzed the current status of China's automobile energy-saving standard system, and proposed the key problems at this stage. With the goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions as the core, the key tasks for the next phase of the construction of the automotive energy-saving standard system are proposed, including comprehensively promoting the formulation of fuel consumption standards for passenger cars and commercial vehicles from 2025 to 2030, and accelerating the construction of NEV energy-saving standard system.

Current status of clinical orthodontics in European and American countries

Current status of clinical orthodontics in European and American countries was examined by means of a questionnaire survey through internet. In the European and American countries, most popular technique in daily orthodontic practice is preadjusted straight wire edgewise technique. In major developed countries in Europe and America, the treatment fee is considerably high, whereas the fee is relatively low in the countries under development and/or after economic crisis. Rate of non-extraction treatment among all the cases treated with multi-bracket appliances is significantly higher in Europe and America than in Asia except in a few countries. In the European and American countries, treatment system for jaw deformity patients is well developed with higher availability of the social health insurance than in Asia. The maximum CLP prevalence of 0.200 is found in Germany and Austria and the mean is around 0.140 or one to 700 births. In general, CLP treatment is covered by social health insurance in European and American countries. In Europe and America, lingual orthodontic technique has not become popular because patients never want to hide orthodontic appliance. Higher cost of lingual appliance and lack in information and technical skills may be the reasons of less frequent use of lingual appliance. Many interviewees replied that usage of TADs has not become so popular in USA and Canada as compared to that in Asia. In another word, the initial fascination with TADs wore off and are now used in selected patients as needed. This may be due to more harmonious maxillofacial structure with longer and wider dentitions in Caucasians which also results in higher rate of non-extraction treatment with multibracket appliances in European and American countries.

Obesity may contribute to Japanese COVID-19 death rate

Japan enjoys the longest expectation of life at birth among major developed countries, and one possible reason for this is that obesity is rare in Japan. Further, COVID-19 death rate is extremely low in South Korea and Japan compared to the other developed countries, and low obesity rate may be related to this phenomenon.

Missed opportunities to prevent cardiovascular disease in women with prior preeclampsia

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women in every major developed country and in most emerging nations. Complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, indicate a subsequent increase in cardiovascular risk. There may be a primary care provider knowledge gap regarding preeclampsia as a risk factor for CVD. The objective of our study is to determine how often internists at an academic institution inquire about a history of preeclampsia, as compared to a history of smoking, hypertension and diabetes, when assessing CVD risk factors at well-woman visits. Additional aims were (1) to educate internal medicine primary care providers on the significance of preeclampsia as a risk factor for CVD disease and (2) to assess the impact of education interventions on obstetric history documentation and screening for CVD in women with prior preeclampsia.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed to identify women ages 18–48 with at least one prior obstetric delivery. We evaluated the frequency of documentation of preeclampsia compared to traditional risk factors for CVD (smoking, diabetes, and chronic hypertension) by reviewing the well-woman visit notes, past medical history, obstetric history, and the problem list in the electronic medical record. For intervention, educational teaching sessions (presentation with Q&A session) and education slide presentations were given to internal medicine physicians at clinic sites. Changes in documentation were evaluated post-intervention.ResultsWhen assessment of relevant pregnancy history was obtained, 23.6% of women were asked about a history preeclampsia while 98.9% were asked about diabetes or smoking and 100% were asked about chronic hypertension (p < 0.001). Education interventions did not significantly change rates of screening documentation (p = 0.36).ConclusionOur study adds to the growing body of literature that women with a history of preeclampsia might not be identified as having increased CVD risk in the outpatient primary care setting. Novel educational programming may be required to increase provider documentation of preeclampsia history in screening.

Status quo of global bioindustry and its policy implications

The advent of the bioeconomy era is triggers a new wave of technology and industrial revolution. Bioeconomy has become the commanding heights that major developed countries and emerging economies try to seize. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of global bioindustry development from four perspectives: biomedical industry, genetically modified crop planting industry, bioenergy industry, and bio-based chemical industry. Then it summarizes the main characteristics of the development of the global bioindustry, and further put forward policy recommendations for the bottleneck problems in the development of China's bioindustry, which can guide the future development of China's bioeconomy.

Development Concept of Integrated Energy Network and Hydrogen Energy Industry Based on Hydrogen Production Using Surplus Hydropower

The development of hydropower industry is progressing rapidly in China, and the installed capacity and power generation are increasing year by year. However, due to factors such as transmission channels and power grid peaking capacity, hydropower consumption in some areas is facing greater pressure. As an excellent medium for energy interconnection, hydrogen energy can play an important role in promoting hydropower consumption. This paper introduces the current status and trends of hydrogen energy development in major developed countries and China, and analyzes the current status of China’s hydropower abandoned water. Based on the production of hydrogen using surplus hydropower in the Dadu River Basin in Sichuan, an integrated energy network research plan including hydropower, electrolytic hydrogen production, storage and transportation, hydrogen refueling, and hydrogen-powered vehicles is proposed. At the same time, the development concept of hydrogen energy industry including hydrogen energy source economy, hydrogen energy industry ecosphere and hydrogen energy sky road in western Sichuan is also proposed.

Methodological aspects of cluster policy formation in Azerbaijan

Foreign experience demonstrates that countries’ strategies in cluster policy differ depending on national traditions and culture of their strategy engineering process, as well as on the cluster concept. Analysis of information sources shows that technical and methodological framework for cluster policy formulation have not been clearly and unambiguously studied in science.&#x0D; The most important methodological document on cluster policy is the European Cluster Memorandum signed by the Member States of the European Union in 2006 [3]. It defined the essence and importance of clusters in innovation development and identified the key provisions of cluster policy.&#x0D; One of the essential methodological issues is the role of government in the formation of clusters. The following factors can be associated with the state’s growing influence on clustering processes:&#x0D; &#x0D; market weakness, increase in the volume and value of public goods;&#x0D; an objective priority of public interest in the context of globalization;&#x0D; the need to protect the national economy in the international economic relations;&#x0D; the need for institutional regulations in the national and global economy.&#x0D; &#x0D; Foreign experience demonstrates that the numerous cluster initiatives running in major developed countries over the last few years have been brought forward by local or regional governments. In relatively small developed countries and in a number of developing countries, the government plays an essential role in the cluster development initiative, especially when local and regional government agencies cannot partner with the private sector. A number of decisions on clusters have been adopted at national level in countries with centralized decision-making process.