Major Decisions Research Articles

2023년 헌법 중요 판례 평석 (2)

This paper analyzed the meaning and content of major decisions made by the Constitutional Court in 2023 except for normative control. The Constitutional Court determined that the inspection of some items conducted by Gyeonggi-do Province violated Namyangju's local autonomy because the inspection was not specified or its relevance to the original inspection was not recognized. The Constitutional Court rejected the request for a competent dispute trial sought by the Minister of Justice and the prosecutor for the revision of the Public Prosecution Service Act and the Criminal Procedure Act by the National Assembly. The court opinions of the five judges denied the eligibility of the Minister of Justice as a claimant and the possibility of infringement of the prosecutor's authority. The Constitutional Court decided on the Ministry of Justice's announcement that prohibited the test of confirmed patients and restricted the test of self-quarantined and high-risk people in the 10th bar exam, which was scheduled to take effect in early January 2021, when COVID-19 was prevalent. The Constitutional Court judged that the uniformly prohibition of the respondent from taking the test due to vague concerns violated the claimants' freedom to choose their jobs. The Constitutional Court determined that the 'right to be registered' as soon as birth was a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution. In relation to the Incheon Metropolitan City lawn, the Constitutional Court judged that the Incheon Metropolitan City Ordinance, which restricts the use of the lawn for the purpose of assembly and demonstration, violates the Constitution by violating the claimants' freedom of assembly and association. With a 7:2 opinion, the Constitutional Court ruled that the 'Act on the Development of South and North Korean Relations' clause, which prohibits the spraying of leaflets to North Korea and punishes violations, violates the claimants' freedom of political expression.

Navigating academia: Designing and evaluating a multidimensional recommendation system for university and major selection

AbstractSelecting the right academic major significantly shapes an individual's future career path, making it a longstanding focus of research. The shift to online platforms, accelerated by the challenges posed by the coronavirus pandemic, has transformed counseling and guidance systems. Consequently, developing robust online support systems has become imperative for extending guidance to all students. This article introduces the design, development, and evaluation of “My Future Career,” a multidimensional recommendation system (RS) crafted to aid students in navigating university and academic major selection decisions. The system relies on three key student‐driven parameters: central university entrance exam scores, rankings, and occupational personality types, utilizing cosine similarity and normalized distance to align user and item profiles. Following the system's completion, an assessment was conducted using data from real users, revealing an impressive accuracy (hit rate 100%, precision 88%) in recommendations following the inclusion of contextual post‐filtering features. The findings not only highlight the system's effectiveness but also underscore the positive user experience, as students express contentment with its ease of use and practical utility. The results emphasize the endorsement of expert's regarding the system's consistency (52%), relevance (96%), and acceptance (96%) in providing recommendations.

The Role of White-Collar Crime Jurisprudence in Combating Corrupt Practices within Pakistan: A Contemplative Analysis

This research investigates the application of white-collar crime jurisprudence in eradicating corruption in Pakistan. The objectives include analyzing the background and development of white-collar crime jurisprudence, exploring the applicability of existing anti-white-collar crime measures, reviewing the performance of the legal body responsible for combating white-collar crimes, examining the impact of military and fundamentalist interference, and suggesting measures to reinforce Pakistan's legal frameworks. The qualitative research method uses literature review, case analysis, and comparison, examining major legal transformations and case decisions. Field studies on major corruption scandals, such as the Panama Papers Scandal and Different Cases of NAB, assess the efficiency of the legal mechanism and enforcement bodies. The influence of the military and fundamentalists is considered based on evaluation cases where legal processes were interfered with. Recommendations are prepared based on the experience of other countries, international norms, and views of professional experts. The study concludes that political civil and military exigencies, fundamentalist perceptions, and political pressure have profoundly influenced the evolution of white-collar crime jurisprudence in Pakistan. Proposals for strengthening the legal base and state authority include stimulating the judicial branch's independence, carrying out deep legal and institutional changes, advocating for the openness and accountability of power, and developing cooperation with other nations.

Partisanship, pragmatism, or idealism? Evaluating public support for backlashes against international courts in backsliding democracies

ABSTRACT With democratic backsliding spreading globally, international courts increasingly find themselves serving as democratic guardrails. This task poses a challenge, as national governments may attempt to punish international courts for trying to constrain their backsliding agendas. Since a government’s calculus for attacking a court is likely influenced by public opinion, we consider the impact of partisanship on the extent of public support for backlash against international courts in backsliding democracies. We theorise that support for backlash is driven by more than partisanship alone. For government partisans, support for backlash decreases with support for the international organisation to which the court belongs, while for opposition partisans it depends on their commitment to the democratic norms the court’s decision defends. We support our expectations by analysing original survey data collected from Hungary in March 2022, immediately following a major pro-democracy decision by the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Social Capital & Enrollment in College as First-Generation Students

Young adults face major decisions as they complete high school, including whether to attend college. The steps needed to enroll in college can be extra challenging for first-generation students who may have limited support and resources at home or while in high school. This study explores structural, relational, and cognitive social capital indicators that enrolled college students used to support themselves in their decision to attend college. Comparisons are made between first-generation and continuing-generation students’ social capital. Ideas for areas where resources could be added or expanded to increase social capital for first-generation students are discussed.

Medical group governance for better organisational integration

Today, three of four US physicians are employed by hospitals, health systems or corporations. Forward-thinking healthcare leaders are looking for ways to leverage the intellectual capital of their employed and affiliated physicians and tighten physician–hospital integration as a means to improve care management and coordination, improve access and quality and reduce costs. Structured medical group governance is one such approach taken by healthcare leaders to enable meaningful and intentional physician–hospital joint decision making and better integration. Governance enables providers to unify and speak with one collective voice, influence the business side of clinical matters, build a unified brand and culture within the organisation and set policy or standards needed to be adopted at scale, to name just a few. Since 2019, Providence Health, a national not-for-profit Catholic Health System providing services across seven states with nearly 9,000 employed or affiliated physicians, has developed a multi-tiered medical group governance structure to coalesce on strategic direction and the major decisions that influence the clinical practice. This paper describes Providence Health’s journey in designing and maturing its medical group governance structure. In this case study, the authors describe the why, the what and the how of medical group governance and provide lessons learned and specific examples of the impact Providence Medical Group boards have had on clinician integration, engagement and alignment across the system.

Shared Decision-Making in Insect Sting Allergy: To Bee or Not to Bee?

Evaluation and management of insect sting allergy are often not straightforward when there is uncertainty about the history of reaction, the significance of test results, and the risk of severe reaction to future stings. Patients encounter misinformation about the chance of reaction and may have strong beliefs about the need for treatment. Shared decision-making encourages the clinician to listen to the patients' concerns and beliefs, share relevant information and evidence, and partner with patients to incorporate their values and preferences. This review discusses some major decision points in diagnosis and treatment of insect-allergic patients, with attention to the potential burdens or harms that are important to patients and factors that relate to patients' values and preferences concerning the choices they must make. This is especially true in patients with no history of moderate to severe sting anaphylaxis in whom the risk may be overestimated, but it can also be important in patients who underestimate the risk associated with severe sting anaphylaxis. Clinicians should become more knowledgeable about patient-important beliefs and outcomes and engage in shared decision-making to help patients understand and be comfortable with the choices they must make.

실용무용 전공 대학생의 전공선택 동기가 전공 만족도 및 진로 결정에 미치는 영향

실용무용 전공 대학생의 전공선택 동기가 전공 만족도 및 진로 결정에 미치는 영향

КОМУНІКАЦІЙНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ В ПУБЛІЧНОМУ УПРАВЛІННІ ТА АДМІНІСТРУВАННІ

The article shows that communication in administrative systems has a public and legal purpose and regulates the movement of individual administrative subjects to the social community while preserving a certain degree of autonomy, independence, self-determination, and individuality of these subjects. The authors emphasize that regardless of the form of communication, the communication process plays a vital role in public administration. It was found that communication processes in public administration include elements such as administrative bodies and communities, communications, messages, information barriers, and feedback. It was determined that if the external communication of state administration is aimed at influencing civil society, receiving recommendations from society representatives, and adjusting positions, internal communication absorbs the entire administrative system from the inside and is the primary driving force in making major management decisions. It turned out to be a key driving force in management decision-making. This article analyzes the properties of communications in public administration. It is noted that communication is the exchange of information between two subjects. For public administration bodies, feedback is an essential element of communication activity, which emphasizes the transition from one-way notification of citizens about government actions to two-way communication - "civil society - government - civil society". It has been demonstrated that communication should ensure the effective exchange of information between the subject of management and the object of management, establish communication channels for the exchange of information between individual personnel and groups, adjust and arrange information flows to improve relations between communication subjects at different levels in the process of information exchange. It is emphasized that there are many different communication channels in the administrative system, and it is difficult to determine which are the most important and necessary.

Legal Object Control of Major Administrative Decisions

Legal Object Control of Major Administrative Decisions

Leveraging the concept of information entropy to improve a multi-fidelity design framework for early-stage design exploration of complex vessels

Early-stage design exploration is crucial since most of the major design decision are locked-in and only small design modifications are possible at later stages. To assess the performance of the various design candidates while performing design exploration, there are available methods and tools of various fidelities. These methods can be combined to form a multi-fidelity (MF) framework that guarantees accuracy through the high-fidelity model and achieves faster computational speeds through low-fidelity models. The present study proposes the adoption of information-theoretic entropy to improve a MF design framework based on Gaussian Processes (GPs). Entropy quantifies the uncertainty associated with the prediction of the design space. We propose using this uncertainty metric both as a criterion to determine whether further designs should be sampled to construct a reliable approximation of the design space and as a criterion to establish in which optimization step the optimization of the covariance matrix for the MF-GPs should be performed. The approach was tested to benchmark analytical functions and to a ship design problem of an AXEfrigate. The approach holds potential in practical applications, as it aids in the determination of whether additional resources should be allocated for high-fidelity analysis to support early-stage exploration.

Revenue sharing contract in competitive supply chain network coordination: location based on VMI policy and bullwhip effect

Online shopping advances have made the timely delivery of goods to the place of the buyer a necessity. This study considers a significant and rival supplier with a retailer network, and we use Stackelberg game to solve the problem. The major supplier (the leader) is connected to retailers and covers their orders through a Vendor Management Inventory policy and revenue-sharing contract. The major supplier pays fines in case of any shortage, and minimises the loss of retailers in the network through good warehouse locations. The rival supplier (the follower) signs contract with some retailers encouraging them to receive their orders to achieve higher utility. Hence, the expected utility function of both suppliers is calculated, and their strategies are measured at the equilibrium point in a zero-one model. Furthermore, a better view of major decisions by using bullwhip effect (BWE) analysis in the competition between main and rival suppliers is done. Results indicate a lower BWE when the actual order of the retailer equals the retailer's order from the supplier's perspective, and the demand variance ratio is less than the contracts’ profit variance ratio. Moreover, it is possible to control the demands variance ratio by controlling the ratio of contracts’ profit.

Conspiracy Beliefs Across Europe

“Scientists manipulate evidence, and a small secret group of people is responsible for making all major decisions in world politics…” The latest European Social Survey sheds light on the widespread prevalence of conspiracy beliefs.

Big Data Model for Third-party Stability Assessment of Major Decisions: Generation Logic and Path Construction

The role of digital and intelligent technology in social risk governance and assessment is increasingly prominent. However, existing research often focuses on the technical aspects of development, neglecting the synergy and integration between technology and administrative practices. To address this, the paper constructs a four-dimensional theoretical analysis framework based on collaborative governance theory, which includes “subject integration, object unification, relationship coupling, and function complementation.” This framework is applied in a case study to analyze the generation logic and pathway construction of the third-party stability assessment the “big data” model adopted by City A. The study concludes that the dominant role of administrative efficiency is core, the supportive role of technological empowerment is key, and the participatory role of social forces is essential in building the pathway. These findings provide empirical support for the digital construction of major decision-making third-party stability assessment nationwide. They offer new perspectives to enhance governance efficiency and contribute to the ongoing improvement and high-quality development of major decision-making processes in social stability risk governance and assessment.

GHE-Ensemble: Enhanced Hybrid Image Enhancement Model for Night Vision Multi-Object detection in Autonomous Vehicle

Autonomous vehicle is the exponential growing topic in the research filed due its huge demand in the current industry. Where object detection plays the major role to take any major decision. Object detection in the normal vision yields the excellent performance due to deep learning models. But object detection in the night vision does not yield the good performance due to various challenges in it. In the proposed work created a night vision database called BDD-Darko where it contains night vision images with multi objects. Applied novel GHE-Ensemble model for image enhancement technique and trained using deep learning model Yolov5 for the multi-object detection in the night vision. Which resulted in 65.3 % accuracy. Proposed model is yielding better results for image enhancement technique for night vision than the previous existing model and detecting the multi object in the single frame with better performance. This paper proposes (1)A new database called as BDD-Darko which contains night vision image with multiple objects. (2) A Novel GHE-Ensemble model for image enhancement technique for night vision images

Flip that coin: Barriers, barrier‐breakers, and full‐adoption of digital payment methods

AbstractThe purpose of this study is twofold: to examine the mediating effect of a number of barrier‐breakers on the relationship between barriers and the intention to fully adopt digital payment methods; and to identify adopters‐resisters' commenting behaviour when facing a full‐adoption scenario. Mixed methods were applied. The PROCESS macro method was used to analyse 388 survey responses and test the mediating effects. The main study reveals that the privacy, security, and access barriers can be reduced by increasing the credibility and usefulness barrier‐breakers, respectively. However, the impersonalisation barrier is found to be unaffected by the social influence barrier‐breaker. Based on 91 collected and analysed comments, the netnographic‐based follow‐up study identifies social media commenting behaviours caused by a major bank's decision to stop handling cash. Among the more frequent such behaviours are boycotting and aggressive comments.

Minors Lack the Autonomy to Consent to Gender-Affirming Care: Best Interests Must Be Primary.

What ethically justifies the provision of invasive and irreversible treatments to minors? In this commentary, I examine this question in response to Moti Gorin's article "What Is the Aim of Pediatric 'Gender-Affirming' Care?," which critiques autonomy-based arguments for justification of gender-affirming care in minors. Minors generally lack sufficient autonomy to make significant medical decisions or major life decisions. For this reason, parents are generally their decision-makers, working with medical professionals to choose treatments that serve the best interests of the minor. Medical care in minors is justified by beneficence, not autonomy, and this should be no different for gender-affirming care. This severely undermines autonomy-based arguments for provision of gender-affirming care to minors. Given the lack of conclusive evidence for benefit, the nature of the treatment, and the fact that gender dysphoria in minors resolves spontaneously in most cases, there is presently insufficient justification for provision of such care to minors.

Accuracy of the Majority Voting Method with Multiple IOL Power Formulae.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a majority decision algorithm that integrates intraoperative aberrometry (IA) and two intraocular lens (IOL) frequency formulas. The primary objective was to compare the accuracy of three formulas (IA; Sanders, Retzlaff, and Kraff/Theoretical (SRK/T); and Barrett Universal II (BUII)), in achieving emmetropia in eyes implanted with TFNT lenses (Alcon). A total of 145 eyes of 145 patients were included in the evaluation. Preoperative data were obtained from IOLMaster 700, while intraoperative data were collected from ORA SYSTEMTM. Visual acuity ≥0.8 at the 3-month post-surgery mark was confirmed. We assessed refractive prediction error (RPE), which is the difference between predicted refraction (PR) and postoperative subjective refraction. This evaluation aimed to identify the optimal IOL power with the implemented algorithm. Among the 145 eyes evaluated, 55.9%, 78.7%, and 97.2% achieved postoperative subjective refraction within ±0.13 Diopters (D), ±0.25 D, and ±0.50 D, respectively. The percentages of eyes within ±0.25 D of PR varied by formula type, with values of 57%, 57%, and 54% for IA, BUII, and SRK/T, respectively. For eyes with short to medium axial length (AL<26.00 mm), the percentages within ±0.25 D of RPE were 52%, 58%, and 58% for IA, SRK/T, and BUII, respectively. In contrast, for eyes with long axial length (≥26.00 mm) the percentages were 68%, 52%, and 45% for IA, BUII, and SRK/T, respectively. The proposed majority decision algorithm incorporating IA and two IOL frequency formulas was effective in reducing postoperative refractive error. IA was particularly beneficial for eyes with long axial length. These findings suggest the algorithm has potential to optimize IOL power selection to improve quality of life of patients and clinical practice outcomes.

Capital Structure, Corporate Governance and Profitability of Listed Industrial Goods Firms in Nigeria

Nowadays, industrial goods firms have experienced draught in debt financing due to the lending preference of financial institutions to firms in the oil and gas sector, corporate failures and financial scandals as well as the overstatements of accounts of some firms in and outside Nigeria blamed to be as a result of account improprieties and ineffective board of directors also Issues of the mixed outcome of previous researches; thus, necessitating and justifying the need for undergoing more investigations into the subject area. The objective of this study is to determine the overall effect of capital structure and corporate governance on profitability with the influence of firm size of the sampled industrial goods firms. The study used multiple regressions as a tool for analysis. The population of the study includes the thirteen (13) industrial goods firms listed by the Nigerian Stock Exchange as of 31st December 2022 out of which ten (10) are considered as sample size. The study employed panel data analysis by using random-effect estimation model as alternatively considered more appropriate. Secondary data explored from the annual reports and accounts of the sampled firms for the period of ten (10) years from 2013 to 2022 were analyzed. The results revealed that Leverage, board size and firm size are negatively significant at 1% level of significance. While board composition is positively significant at 5% level of significance to the profitability of the sampled firms. In view of the findings, it is recommended that the financial managers/ management of the industrial goods firms should have more independent directors of its board size to enhance proper control over the activities of the managers through which profit level would be increased. It is therefore recommended to conduct careful evaluation and take into consideration on leverage, board size and firm size that influence the profitability of their firms before making major business decisions as this will go a long way in improving their profitability.

CEO’s Salary Hike: Harnessing the Factors Behind the Scene

A chief executive officer (CEO) is typically the highest-ranking executive, and they are in general accountable to the organisation’s stakeholders and the public. Major business-related decisions are made at this position, and this makes it strategically one of the most revered and sought-after positions in the organisational hierarchy. Thus, no doubt, a CEO’s salary has been seeing an upper trend for the past 50 years. It is a complex and highly controversial topic which has received great attention across the academia, business and research fraternities. Many factors have been identified and studied to understand the reasons behind this trend. Magazines such as Forbes and Business Week have annual publications pertaining to the CEO’s compensation. This article also looks at CEO salaries; a sample size of 300 CEOs from three important sectors was taken for a multi-factor analysis to determine the most significant factors. Various discrete, continuous and categorical variables such as ‘CEO’s salary’, ‘firm’s size’, ‘No. of Directors on Board’, ‘Percentage of executive directors on Board’, ‘CEO and Chairperson are the same person’, ‘Sales growth’ and ‘Excess return of the firm over industry’s average’ and ‘sector’ were chosen for the analysis. Further, multiple regression analysis was conducted, and it was found that the ‘firm’s size’ and ‘proportion of executive directors on board’ were irrelevant in determining the CEO’s salary, while ‘dummy variable’, ‘sales growth’ and ‘excess return’ were highly significant. Additionally, the ANOVA test suggested that CEO’s mean salaries differ significantly across sectors.