Major Conflicts Research Articles

Major Conflicts of Adolescents With Parents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran

Major Conflicts of Adolescents With Parents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran

‘Wars of Resistance and Rebellion: The Myth of Protest and Popular Dissent against the Vietnam War in Australia and Canada’

This article traces the history of war resistance in both Australia and Canada during the era of the War in Vietnam that became so culturally resonant with popular dissent from the status quo. Unlike all other major international conflicts in the twentieth century, this war represented a point of departure for Canada and Australia. Australia faithfully committed fully to the American effort, while Canada refused to commit militarily, shifting its focus to one of diplomacy. This article provides a comparison of acts of resistance to the war, arguing that while the two countries resisted the war differently a sense of national identity shifted for both, even if slowly and subtly. The history of war and nationalism engendered through its engagement needs to be nuanced enough to view acts of resistance and protest as being integrally bound together. The inevitably politicised nature of war means that the memory of war and its practice is often viewed in complete distinction and isolation from war resistance and the memory of anti-war protest. War and war resistance, I argue, are not binary opposites, not two sides of the same socio-political coin. Instead, it calls for a consideration of these issues together and critically, not artificially separating war from peace and warring from acts of resistance to it.

Anesthesia and World War II: When the Battlefield Becomes a Research Field-A Bibliometric Analysis of the Influence of World War II on the Development of Anesthesiology.

At the outbreak of World War II (WWII), anesthesiology was struggling to establish itself as a medical specialty. The battlefield abruptly exposed this young specialty to the formidable challenge of mass casualties, with an urgent need to provide proper fluid resuscitation, airway management, mechanical ventilation, and analgesia to thousands. But while Europe was suffering under the Nazi boot, anesthesia was preparing to rise to the challenge posed by the impending war. While war brings death and destruction, it also opens the way to medical advances. The aim of this study is to measure the evolution of anesthesia owing to WWII. We conducted a retrospective observational bibliometric study involving a quantitative and statistical analysis of publications. The following 7 journals were selected to cover European and North American anesthesia-related publications: Anesthesia & Analgesia, the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Anesthesiology, Schmerz-Narkose-Anaesthesie, Surgery, La Presse Médicale, and The Military Surgeon (later Military Medicine). Attention was focused on journal volumes published between 1920 and 1965. After reviewing the literature, we selected 12 keywords representing important advances in anesthesiology since 1920: "anesthesia," "balanced anesthesia," "barbiturates," "d-tubocurarine," "endotracheal intubation," "ether," "lidocaine," "morphine," "spinal anesthesia," "thiopental," "transfusion," and "trichloroethylene." Titles of original articles from all selected journals editions between 1920 and 1965 were screened for the occurrence of 1 of the 12 keywords. A total of 26,132 original article titles were screened for the occurrence of the keywords. A total of 1815 keywords were found. Whereas Anesthesia & Analgesia had the highest keyword occurrence (493 citations), Schmerz-Narkose-Anaesthesie had the lowest (38 citations). The number of publications of the 12 keywords was significantly higher in the postwar than in the prewar period (65% and 35%, respectively; P < .001). Not surprisingly, the anesthesiology journals have a higher occurrence of keywords than those journals covering other specialties. The overall occurrence of keywords also showed peaks during other major conflicts, namely the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). For the first time, this study demonstrates statistically the impact of WWII on the progress of anesthesiology. It also offers an objective record of the chronology of the major advances in anesthesiology before and after the conflict. While the war arguably helped to enhance anesthesiology as a specialty, in return anesthesiology helped to heal the wounds of war.

Human-Elephant interactions and associated damage in the northern transboundary areas of Bangladesh

We have studied human-elephant interactions in the northern transboundary of Bangladesh and estimated the scale of associated damage due to the negative interaction by visiting conflict area, performing focus group discussions key informant interviews and using secondary data sources. Around 70-80 non-resident elephants regularly intruded to the study area through the international border fence using several trespassing points and engaged in conflicts with frontier villagers. We discussed the nature and scale of conflict and the financial losses due to the conflict. Besides severe casualties in both ends, the enumerated economic loss was USD 1,171, 665 in 2013 and 2014 due to the damage to cropland, houses and properties, trees and orchards. We have identified major human-elephant conflict (HEC) zones adjacent to the border fence through spatial analysis with different level of intensity. Appropriate human-elephant conflict mitigation measures such as habitat improvement and management, monitoring of elephant population, alternative income generation, awareness programs for the local people and working together with India regarding this issue is a timely and urgent need for Bangladesh

Sibling Grief over Perinatal Loss—A Retrospective Qualitative Study

Grief over perinatal loss is a personal experience that has a lasting impact on the life of the surviving siblings. This retrospective study is an in-depth exploration of the symbolic construction of the bond with the lost sibling employing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a method to study sensitive themes. Our results have confirmed the strong social and cultural embeddedness of the grief experience. Participants of the study related perinatal loss to other major crises, conflicts, and overwhelming secrets in the lives of their families. Communication outside the family was often insensitive and stigmatizing, transforming bereaved children’s stories into silenced stories.

A Transnational Approach to Wartime Press Photography: The Case of Randall Chase Gould (1898–1979) and His Coverage of the Battle of Shanghai (August–November 1937)

This article focuses on the role of photography in the context of the Battle of Shanghai (August–November 1937), one of the first major conflicts of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). An examination of the written and photographic work by American journalist Randall Chase Gould (1898–1979), editor of the American-owned, English-language <em>Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury (SEPM)</em>, addresses the question of how he covered the Battle of Shanghai for various transnational audiences. In pursuing an interdisciplinary approach based on transnational journalism history combined with the theoretical framework of the photographic message according to Roland Barthes, this study traces how Gould’s photographs were ‘read’ by multiple audiences in different transnational contexts. An examination of two of Gould’s photographs will highlight the dynamic interrelation between texts and images and will show how images constituted a crucial part of the intended message(s) in media reports on the Battle of Shanghai addressed to transnational audiences.

General Perspective on the U.S. Military Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan After 20 Years

It has been 20 years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America. The ongoing military conflicts in this region are the longest sustained conflicts in U.S. history. Almost 3 million military personnel have deployed, with over 7,000 fatalities and more than 53,000 wounded in action. The most common psychological health condition associated with combat deployments is PTSD. No data exist to compare the prevalence of PTSD across war eras. Therefore, a potential proxy for PTSD risk is the number of combat-related deaths, because this figure has been consistently tracked across U.S. military conflicts. This commentary includes a table of death statistics from major military conflicts, which shows that fewer military personnel have deployed, been killed, sustained wounds, and, one might conclude, suffered from PTSD than any other major U.S. military conflict in history. Advances in the military equipment, tactics, and healthcare programs perhaps mitigated casualties and suffering among Iraq/Afghanistan veterans compared to previous wars. The estimated causality differences across various military conflicts are not meant to minimize the significant contributions and sacrifices made by this new generation of military warriors but to help us gain perspective on military conflicts over the past century as we recognize the 20th anniversary of 9/11.

Public Health and Armed Conflict: Immunization in Times of Systemic Disruptions

AbstractArmed conflicts are a concern for human development and public health and represent a major impediment for realizing Sustainable Development Goal #3: to ensure healthy lives and promote well‐being for all at all ages. Vaccination programs can be highly politicized and subjected to major security constraints in war zones, reducing their effectiveness. This article studies how armed conflict impacts immunization rates among children, combining two large datasets. We use health data for 15 conflict‐affected countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, including multiple Demographic and Health Survey rounds for most. We exploit the fact that age‐appropriate vaccinations should take place in the child's first year of life and compare children aged one to five with varying degrees of (local) conflict exposure in their first year of life within the same countries and communities. We differentiate between the effects of local and country‐level exposure to conflict on childhood immunization rates. The regression results show that conflict has a nonmonotonic effect on vaccination rates with minor (major) conflicts being associated with higher (lower) full immunization rates. We argue that in the case of minor conflicts, local‐level health care access drives the results, whereas for major conflicts it is mainly national channels that drive the result.

Using graphic comparison to explore the dynamic relationship between social conflicts and Fujian Defense-Dwellings in China

This article focuses on the large number of existing defense-dwellings built in the Ming and Qing dynasties with distinct regional characteristics in Fujian, and explores the relationship between major conflicts and defense-dwellings. A four-year field survey involving 459 historic villages was conducted. ArcGis was used to superimpose the high-resolution satellite map of Fujian with the borders of towns to classify defense-dwellings and establish the attribute database. By comparing the spatial types and their provincial distribution characteristics, and analyzing them with the conflicts in Fujian history, this paper presents a unique relationship between the unity and diversity of space forms and how they changed or were maintained. The results show: 1. Major military conflicts had a profound and lasting impact on the spatial pattern, residential form, and daily life of historic villages in Fujian; 2. The time and space difference of regional conflicts makes defense-dwellings present a distribution state of different types of central gathering and edge transition; 3. Persistent conflict for limited resources between clan groups made defense-dwellings remain vital, finally forming a typical “architectural atlas”. The results of this study are helpful in understanding the systematic view of morphological changes of historic villages in a highly conflicting social environment.

Climate change co-sponsorship networks in South Korea: focusing on formal and informal ties of legislators

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the formation of climate change co-sponsorship networks among South Korean legislators from the 18th to the 20th National Assembly and provides a comprehensive understanding of the interdependent co-sponsorship behaviour to address climate change at the domestic level. Legislators’ formal ties are defined by their political party membership whereas informal ties are defined by other shared characteristics such as re-election status as well as regional (jiyon) and education-based (hakyon) ties. While it has been commonly viewed that Korean climate politics did not experience major conflicts between political parties, this study observes that Korean legislators demonstrate strong party homophily in their climate change co-sponsorship networks. This study also finds that rational legislators are influenced by their informal social relations. More experienced legislators tend to be less engaged in co-sponsorship activities and legislators from the politically sensitive regions are more likely to form co-sponsorship ties among themselves.

Dispute inflation

Much work has examined the phenomenon of dispute escalation, whereby the concrete measures state actors take edge them closer to war. Less attention has been devoted to the ways in which state actors’ perceptions of what is at stake in a dispute can also change, with important consequences for the likelihood of conflict. This paper examines the phenomenon of dispute inflation – wherein a contest over an object or issue assumes ever greater stakes and significance for its protagonists – and identifies three different mechanisms that can generate increasing non-material stakes. The upshot is that theoretically even a minor dispute can grow into a major conflict due to swelling stakes, especially when dispute inflation spirals. To illustrate these dynamics at work, this paper looks to recent developments in the dispute between the People’s Republic of China and Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands.

Ethno-Religious Struggle and Human Insecurity in the Fledging Nigerian Democracy since 1999

Religious and ethnic identity clashes laid the structure of the Nigerian state in 1914, which transmogrified into and characterized the struggle for control of power and distribution of national resources. This paper explores the nature and manifestation of these conflicts since 1999. It seeks to find out if ethno-religious struggles led to the emergence of major conflicts in Nigeria since 1999, their impact on human insecurity, and the influence of politics on the conflicts. This inquiry is designed in line with a one-shot case study, while literature survey and ex post facto methods were adopted as methods of data collection. Trend analysis is adopted for data analysis. Analysis reveals that ethno-religious struggles were the primary progenitor of conflicts in Nigeria since 1999, and have debilitating consequences while politics exacerbated ethno-religious conflicts. Upholding Nigeria's circular state and implementing the National Political Reforms Conference Report is the panacea for ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria.

Assessing the societal benefits of energy storage in electricity systems with large shares of renewables

Energy storage systems (ESS) can offer significant benefits to electricity systems and hence to society. Some of them include avoiding the costs of expensive centralized electricity generation and its environmental impact. However, existing electricity market arrangements aiming at rewarding these benefits present large externalities and therefore fail to reward well the true societal benefits of energy storage. In particular, ESS could be operated to avoid the emissions of polluting centralized generation. Thus, ESS could also avoid the damage cost of those emissions such as the social cost of climate change and the damage on population health. These large externalities are likely much higher than typically seen carbon taxes and prices. In this paper, we present an empirical assessment of the locational societal benefits of energy storage in a real electricity system that has a significant presence of solar and hydro power generation, and important transmission constraints. The assessment is performed via a linear programming model that is applicable for small scale ESS. Major conflicts were found between energy and emission arbitrage in zones with hydrothermal generation, yet strong synergies in zones with high solar generation. Transmission congestion has a significant impact on this. Energy storage benefits associated with the provision of reserve services are the highest source of societal benefit. Finally, it is shown that a battery system may be an attractive investment from a societal perspective.

ASSESSMENT OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN YENAGOA, NIGERIA

he aim of this paper is to assess vehicular traffic congestion in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Traffic congestion is akin to major cities of developed and developing countries, the bane of urban life. The gravity model provided the theoretical foundation for this study, while a survey design involving volumetric count of vehicles and administration of questionnaire to 400 road users along major roads in Yenagoa was also used. The immediate causes of vehicular traffic congestion along major roads and conflict points in Yenagoa are: poor state of the roads, road side trading/market, inadequate public mass transit vehicles, road capacity, and poor traffic signalization. Generally, the effects of vehicular traffic congestion on road users include road traffic crashes and accidents, exposure of commuters and pedestrians to ambient pollutants with attendant health implications, parking problems, effects on aesthetics of buildings and the environment and encouragement of street trading. The result of the regression model revealed that the extracted components explained 0.614 (61.4%) of influence on vehicular traffic congestion in Yenagoa at 0.05 significance level. This study recommends an efficient transport planning system, the pull and push measures of traffic management such as introduction of mass transit and encouragement of off-street parking at affordable price

간호대학생의 성인지 감수성, 성역할 갈등이 간호전문직관에 미치는 영향

Objectives: This study aimed to confirm the degree of gender sensitivity, gender role conflict, nursing professionalism of nursing students and the factors that affect nursing professionalism. Methods: During Jan. 19 to Feb. 5 in 2021, the structured questionnaire was used for 187 nursing students by on-line research methods. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, mean comparison(t-test, ANOVA), correlation analysis(Pearson's correlation coefficient) and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 25.0. Results: The gender sensitivity had positive relationship with nursing professionalism, and gender role conflict had negative relationship with nursing professionalism. And the prediction factors influencing nursing professionalism were major satisfaction, gender sensitivity and gender role conflict. The total variance was 8.2% by predictors. Conclusions: In order to improve the nursing professionalism of nursing students, various ways to increase the satisfaction level of major should be sought, and program should be prepared to improve gender sensitivity and reduce gender role conflict.

The Effects of Different Types of Conflict on People and the Relationships Among them in Nigeria

Abstract: This paper is an analysis and synthesis of the effects of different types of conflict on people and the relationships among them. The discussion is in line with the prevailing impacts of Covid 19 on families, institutions and even governments in Nigeria. The paper concluded on the fact that Covid-19 and terrorism are two major conflicts affecting the people of Nigeria and the relationship among them

China: ‘Rising Threat’ or ‘Rising Peace’

‘China threat’ as a western foreign policy orientation and ‘Peaceful rise’ which later became ‘Peaceful development’ concept of Hu Jintao administration is debated since last two decades. Visualising rising China, her policies and its implications on the liberal world order have become debatable on the agenda of global intellectual community. The paper addresses the same theme and questions; whether China’s rise would be peaceful or not? Further, this research looks at the possible scenarios of comprehending rising China’s impact on international politics. The paper tries to explain the possible scenarios from different theoretical perspectives and the implications of each scenario. The paper concludes that the rising China’s impacts are long-lasting whether peaceful or threatening power depends on the members of the international community, especially the existing great power; the US, how latter accommodates the interests of a rising state and manages misperception, and maintain the balance of status in the global politics. Though minor conflicts can occur in several regions of overlapping interests, any major conflict would be avoided at the behest of both the major stakeholders.

On thinking

The paper engages Wentzel van Huyssteen’s lifelong fascination and occupation with thinking, for him particularly thinking as problem-solving. Responding to Van Huyssteen’s own invitation, it brings Hannah Arendt’s thinking on thinking in conversation with his own thinking by considering five crucial characteristics of the ways in which she both described and practised thinking over decades. These characteristics include: her thinking as responsibility, thinking in dark times, thinking without banister, thinking in public and thinking as thanksgiving. In the process the paper revisits all her well-known books and essays on these themes, whilst also pointing to some of the roots of her thinking in the similarly classic thinking on thinking of her mentor Martin Heidegger. It concludes by pointing to the major conflict between philosophical traditions concerned with rational problem-solving and unravelling puzzles, respectively, exemplified by the reputedly shocking ‘poker’ encounter between Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein, and expresses hope for ongoing conversation about this seeming conflict over thinking with Van Huyssteen and his work.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Thinking about thinking, the essay addresses methodological questions in public theology, in interdisciplinary conversation with philosophy and political theory. Distinguishing faculties of the mind – thinking, willing, judging – it challenges which kinds of questions belong to public theology, with particular implications for doctrinal theology, theological ethics and political theology.

Women’s rights and critical junctures in constitutional reform in Africa (1951–2019)

Abstract Women’s rights are being enshrined in African constitutions today to an unprecedented extent. African countries have on average more constitutional provisions addressing women’s rights than any other region of the world. This longitudinal cross-national study shows that constitutional reforms in African contexts are increasingly evident in the areas of gender equality, customary law, discrimination, violence against women, gender quotas, and citizenship rights, and they sometimes reflect gender-inclusive language. By analysing a novel data set of constitutional reforms across all African countries over 68 years (1951–2019), this article identifies four critical junctures when the adoption of women’s rights reforms arose, namely (i) after independence, particularly in Muslim-majority countries; (ii) after political opening in the 1990s; (iii) after the end of major civil conflicts; and (iv) after the 2011 Arab uprisings. At each juncture, women’s movements capitalized on political openings to advance constitutional reforms that are unmatched on a global scale. This article goes beyond the existing explanations of cumulative gains, international influence, diffusion, learning, and borrowing to show that a ‘critical junctures’ approach may help explain when, why, and how women’s rights reforms occur in constitutions.

How will land degradation neutrality change future land system patterns? A scenario simulation study

Land degradation is a major global issue and achieving a land degradation-neutral world is one of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, striving for land degradation neutrality (LDN) is challenged by increasing claims on land resources and could result in major land use conflicts. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how LDN can be implemented in land system modelling and how achieving LDN alongside sufficient supplies of food, timber and shelter could affect future land system patterns, using the Republic of Turkey as a case study. We developed a LDN scenario with full implementation of the guidelines and a business-as-usual scenario without pursuing LDN, and compared the resulting differences in land system changes. Additionally, the influence of different elements of the LDN framework on the land use projections was tested. Our results show that although it is possible to achieve LDN in the context of increasing demands for resources and housing, it might require a considerable re-organization of the land systems. Intensification of annual cropland systems was the main driver of new land degradation, which was in the LDN scenario primarily counterbalanced by large areas of afforestation, while other land improvement options only played a minor role. To achieve a no-net-loss, about 20% of Turkey’s territory was afforested in our scenario, mainly claiming extensively used annual cropland (∼70%) and grassland (∼30%). All individual LDN principles had a substantial impact on the final land system patterns meaning that the final outcome is not the result of just one of the principles, it is affected by all. Our findings suggest that pursuing LDN under growing demands for land-based products could stimulate a land sparing approach which might have trade-offs with other sustainability dimensions. This highlights the need for local support and new solutions for rural areas, thereby avoiding poverty, migration and illegal use of restoration areas.