Major Concern Of Research Research Articles

Feature Selection, Clustering, and IoMT on Biomedical Engineering for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review

In this era, feature clustering is a prominent technique in data mining. Feature clustering has also huge applications in biomedical research for multiple purposes including grouping, feature reduction, and many more. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a promising and emerging field of research that is having a major impact on knowledge retrieval and networking. IoMT also has significant application in biomedical research regarding remote monitoring and remote healthcare services. In this COVID-19 pandemic situation, psychological effects and human reactions have become a major concern of further research. A dataset can be reduced in size by using feature selection techniques. To facilitate subsequent processing, this will make the data easier to manage. Feature selection is also used to clean, reduce, and reduce dimensions of data. The clustering method has proven to be a powerful tool for finding patterns and structures in both labeled and unlabeled datasets. Our study basically provides various state-of-the-art methods regarding medical IoMT for remote healthcare, feature clustering for information retrieval regarding biomedical science. In this study, we have studied five different types of feature selection algorithms such as minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR), random forest, normalized mutual information feature selection (NMIFS), F-test, and chi-square and five different types of clustering algorithms like hierarchical clustering, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering, K-means clustering, shrinkage clustering, and fuzzy C-means clustering. Finally, this study is very useful to understand and apply the appropriate IoMT, feature clustering, and catharsis on the various biomedical applications for the benevolence of society.

Multifractality of global sea level heights in the satellite altimeter-era

Sea level rise is the major concern of climate change research. Beside the positive trends, global sea levels also demonstrate a complex scaling behavior. In this study, multifractal analyses based on the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) method are conducted to the global sea level anomaly (SLA) time series in the altimeter-era since 1993. By eliminating the multifractality caused by finite-size effect, the effective multifractality is estimated as the degree of multifractality of SLA time series. The results of show that global SLA time series are multifractals rather than monofractals. Long range dependence was also heuristically demonstrated by both autocorrelation functions and multifractal spectrums, respectively. The complex spatial patterns of sea level changes and multifractality could be partly explained by different mechanisms such as thermal expansion, the shift of ocean currents, and river injections, which are all associated with global climate change.

Geographical Information System-Aided Noise Pollution Mapping of Urban Puducherry, South India.

Noise pollution and its influence on environmental and quality of human life are a major concern and hot topic of scientific research in the twenty-first century. Spatial analysis of noise pollution in urban Puducherry, South India. Cross-sectional study conducted in 36 locations of urban Puducherry. Noise measurements were taken using a calibrated NOR 132 digital sound level meter using the prescribed parameters set by the Central Pollution Control Board. Geo coordinates were taken using Garmin Oregon 550 GPS. Noise measurements were classified according to the Bureau of Indian Standards for town planning into five zones. Noise pollution map of urban Puducherry for three time points of the day was generated using ArcGIS Desktop v10.3 with Geo-statistical module and Inverse Distance method. Seventeen percent of the sites are high noise sources (80-90 dB), two thirds (65%) of the study sites fall into concentrated average noise zones (70-80 dB), and less than one fifth (18%) of the study sites are in relatively quiet zones across different measurement time slots. Long-term strategy for noise control should be incorporated in the development of new townships and other infrastructures in accordance with the noise control norms. Implications for future research include monitoring noise pollution levels in rural areas and health effects of noise pollution in bystanders and drivers.

Shaping of the Tumor Microenvironment by Notch Signaling.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a major concern of cancer research both from a basic and a therapeutic point of view. Understanding the effect of a signaling pathway-and thus the effect of its targeting-in every aspect of the microenvironment is a prerequisite to predict and analyze the effect of a therapy. The Notch signaling pathway is involved in every component of the TME as well as in the interaction between the different parts of the TME. This review aims at describing how Notch signaling is impacting the TME and the consequences this may have when modulating Notch signaling in a therapeutic perspective.

Effective lower bounds of wrap-around L2-discrepancy on three-level combined designs

How to obtain an effective design is a major concern of scientific research. This topic always involves high-dimensional inputs with limited resources. The foldover is a quick and useful technique in construction of fractional designs, which typically releases aliased factors or interactions. This paper takes the wrap-around L2-discrepancy as the optimality measure to assess the optimal three-level combined designs. New and efficient analytical expressions and lower bounds of the wraparound L2-discrepancy for three-level combined designs are obtained. The new lower bound is useful and sharper than the existing lower bound. Using the new analytical expression and lower bound as the benchmarks, the authors may implement an effective algorithm for constructing optimal three-level combined designs.

Transfer free graphene growth on SiO2 substrate at 250\u2009\xb0C

Low-temperature growth, as well as the transfer free growth on substrates, is the major concern of graphene research for its practical applications. Here we propose a simple method to achieve the transfer free graphene growth on SiO2 covered Si (SiO2/Si) substrate at 250 °C based on a solid-liquid-solid reaction. The key to this approach is the catalyst metal, which is not popular for graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition. A catalyst metal film of 500 nm thick was deposited onto an amorphous C (50 nm thick) coated SiO2/Si substrate. The sample was then annealed at 250 °C under vacuum condition. Raman spectra measured after the removal of the catalyst by chemical etching showed intense G and 2D peaks together with a small D and intense SiO2 related peaks, confirming the transfer free growth of multilayer graphene on SiO2/Si. The domain size of the graphene confirmed by optical microscope and atomic force microscope was about 5 μm in an average. Thus, this approach will open up a new route for transfer free graphene growth at low temperatures.

Common pool water resources management considering a regulator interference: A game theory approach to derive managerial policies for Urmia lake, Iran

AbstractAn increased need for water, combined with a scarcity of water resources, has resulted in serious challenges regarding water resource management. Those issues have always been a major concern of most research regarding the management and operation of water resources. Various qualitative and quantitative methods, Game Theory (GT) being an example, have been proposed for managing common pool water resources. This study adopts GT to address a case of common pool water resource management, including consideration of the interference of a regulator. Urmia lake in north‐western Iran was chosen as an illustration of a common source of water shared between two provinces acting as littoral stakeholders to the lake. Due to a non‐cooperative behaviour of the stakeholders, the lake is most likely to dry up. To change the game situation, a regulator was inserted into the game as a third player. The game among players is investigated in terms of two static and dynamic game methods. Two strategies are defined for each player. The equilibrium point will be achieved according to the strategies adopted by the players. For static games, a low‐level equilibrium under non‐cooperation conditions is obtained. Dynamic games among players are more likely to occur, rather than static games. The equilibrium of high‐level productivity will be obtained under cooperative conditions among the players.

Ayurveda Perspectives on Chronobiological concerns in Human Biology.

Various recent researches have provided the scientific basis to the observations of ancient scholars regarding the rhythmic variations in human physiology and disease in relation to temporal and environmental factors. The field of chronobiology is rapidly expanding around the world and became the major concern of research in every aspect of human biology like in the study of genetics, endocrinology, pharmacology, medicine, ecology etc. Although the chronobiology has been considered as new branch of human biology but its roots are in ancient archives and cultural practices. Ancient Ayurvedic scholars have very well observed and documented the temporal and environmental influences on rhythmic variations (diurnal and seasonal) in functional state of Tridosha (biological entities derived from Panchamahabhuta, responsible for regulation of all bodily functions and regulations, Agni( bio fire) responsible for digestion and metabolism), Sharir Bala (immunity) and disease propensity with respect to age, day and night, and season as well as the physiological adaptation to it. Ayurveda has described Dincharya (daily regimen) Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) to balance the Doshika fluctuations/circadian rhythm in metabolism as relates to time factor and to maintain homeostasis with environment. The aim of this article is to bring attention about the observations and descriptions contained in Ayurveda. The scholars and researchers of Modern / Cosmopolitan Medicine will be elucidated worldwide in general and scientists working in the field of chronobiology, chronopharmacology and preventive medicine in particular. The percolation of wise Ayurveda concepts, in present health care policies will help in de-westernisation of ailing Indian Health Care delivery. It will make clinical practice of preventive medicine, relevant and easier than ever.

Monitoring the Chemical State of Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction: An In Operando Study

A major concern of electrocatalysis research is to assess the structural and chemical changes that a catalyst may itself undergo in the course of the catalyzed process. These changes can influence not only the activity of the studied catalyst but also its selectivity toward the formation of a certain product. An illustrative example is the electroreduction of carbon dioxide on tin oxide nanoparticles, where under the operating conditions of the electrolysis (that is, at cathodic potentials), the catalyst undergoes structural changes which, in an extreme case, involve its reduction to metallic tin. This results in a decreased Faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formate (HCOO–) that is otherwise the main product of CO2 reduction on SnOx surfaces. In this study, we utilized potential- and time-dependent in operando Raman spectroscopy in order to monitor the oxidation state changes of SnO2 that accompany CO2 reduction. Investigations were carried out at different alkaline pH levels, and a strong co...

A logical structure based fault tolerant approach to handle leader election in mobile ad hoc networks

We propose a light weight layered architecture to support the computation of leader in mobile ad hoc networks. In distributed applications, the leader has to perform a number of synchronization activities among participating nodes and numerous applications; hence, it is a stressed node and consequently prone to failure. Thus, fast and fault tolerant leader election is a major concern and popular area of research in distributed computing networks, in general, and wireless ad hoc networks, in particular. In the present article, we have proposed a fault tolerant leader election approach. More importantly, the nodes elect the leader quickly on the basis of local information only. The illustration includes suitable examples. The correctness proof and performance evaluation has also been presented.

Postharvest physicochemical changes in mutant (dg, og c , and rin) and non-mutant tomatoes

Early postharvest decay of tomato is a major concern of research. Several pre and postharvest efforts have been suggested to improve the shelf life of commercially grown tomatoes. However, finding the cultivars with increased shelf life is not yet achieved. Our study focused on the characterization of two color mutants [dg (BCT-115) and og c (BCT-119)], one ripening mutant [rin (BCT-111)], and seven normal tomato genotypes [Berika (high lycopene) Punjab, Chhuhara, FEB-2, BCT-53, Patharkutchi, CLN-B, and CLN-R] using different physicochemical and subjective variables to acknowledge the storage potential at 25 ± 1 °C and RH 80–82 %. There were significant variations in storage life among all tomato genotypes. Except og c , the mutant (dg and rin) tomatoes showed longer shelf life in relation to normal tomatoes. Based on their storability, the genotypes were classified into three groups i.e. shelf life less than 15 days [CLN-B, BCT-53, CLN-R, and BCT-119 (og c )], 15–18 days [FEB-2, Punjab Chhuhara, Patharkutchi, and Berika] and more than 18 days [BCT-115 (dg) and BCT-111 (rin)]. We suggest that selecting the genotype/cultivar having longer shelf life during formulation of breeding strategy could improve the marketability of tomato fruits for relatively longer period.

High-Order Harmonic Generation and Attosecond Science

Since the first observation of high-order harmonics about two decades ago, research on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) has progressed while changing its focus. In its infancy, a major concern of research was to understand the underlying physics of HHG, then interest shifted to the development of a coherent source in the soft X-ray region. Research is now focused on attosecond science. Because HHG is based on tunneling ionization followed by radiative recombination during a single optical cycle of the fundamental excitation pulse, it can manifest itself as a variety of interesting phenomena caused by the interaction of light waves with electrons on the attosecond time scale. Therefore, HHG is a unique phenomenon that provides us with a method of observing attosecond quantum dynamics in atoms and molecules as well as with a unique coherent source covering a spectrum spanning several tens of octaves from ultraviolet to the soft X-ray region. In this report, I review the recent progress in attosecond pulse generation by HHG and its application to observing attosecond dynamics in atoms and molecules while focusing on our recent works.

Dispersal scales up the biodiversity–productivity relationship in an experimental source-sink metacommunity

The influence of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning is a major concern of ecological research. However, the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship has very often been studied independently from the mechanisms allowing coexistence. By considering the effects of dispersal and niche partitioning on diversity, the metacommunity perspective predicts a spatial scale-dependence of the shape of the relationship. Here, we present experimental evidence of such scale-dependent patterns. After approximately 500 generations of diversification in a spatially heterogeneous environment, we measured functional diversity (FD) and productivity at both local and regional scales in experimental source-sink metacommunities of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. At the regional scale, environmental heterogeneity yielded high levels of FD and we observed a positive correlation between diversity and productivity. At the local scale, intermediate dispersal increased local FD through a mass effect but there was no correlation between diversity and productivity. These experimental results underline the importance of considering the mechanisms maintaining biodiversity and the appropriate spatial scales in understanding its relationship with ecosystem functioning.

Towards a New Approach to Geographical Research of Fishing Communities

The purpose of this paper is to discuss methods of geographical research of fishing communities from the viewpoint of economic geography.The problem of the use of sustainable resources is now one of global concern. Japanese coastal fisheries are noteworthy examples of the success of natural resource management, as supported by the following two facts. One is the unique Japanese fishery policy called gyogyo-ken, that is the system of fishery rights. The other is the stability of the fishing yield by the coastal fisheries, which has been around 2 billion tons from the 1910s to the 1990s, with the exception of the period of the Second World War.However, there has not been a great deal of geographical research on fishing communities. One of the major reasons for this is the obsolescence of conventional research methods. To overcome these problems and succeed in advancing our empirical studies, research methods should be evaluated.This paper has three main sections. The first is related to regional and economic change in Japanese rural areas and the effects that these have had on fishing communities compared with agricultural communities. The second major section reviews existing research on fishing communities conducted by geographers, economists, and sociologists. In particular, the development of research methods in each of these fields is the focus of this study. The third section evaluates differences among geographic, economic and sociologic studies and identifies the distinctive features of geographical research, and explores ways to research fishing communities.After WWII, the economy of Japan developed remarkably. In rural areas, agriculture and fisheries, which were the main industries before the era of rapid economic growth, became a depressed sector, and the number of people involved in agriculture and fishing decreased. However, it is considered that the processes which took place in fishing communities are not the same as those which occurred in agricultural ones, because the conditions were different in each. People who worked in fishing did not have the opportunity to engage in a subsidiary business; on the other hand, people engaged in agriculture did.The major concern of geographical research of fishing communities has been to understand the processes of change and explain the spatial differences in fishery communities. Its distinctive feature since the early studies is that geographers regard a local phenomenon as being specific to time and space. Until the 1970s, however, their analyses were provided at the aggregated level and paid little attention to the concrete actions of people living in fishery communities. After the 1980s, the behavioral approach was introduced and clarified what former studies had ignored. However, this new study, depending on the behavioral approach, also needs to be evaluated. First, there are problems with time. This new research was analyzed based on temporal data. The use of longitudinal data is needed to understand the process of changes in fishery communities. A second problem is that they paid little attention to social relations. To understand the process of change in fishery communities, it is also important to explore social relations because these relations influence individual actions.The geographical methods used to study fishing communities are then classified into four categories as follows:1. Temporal and individual: individual behaviors in a fishing community are analyzed using temporal data.2. Temporal and organizational: organizational behaviors in a fishing community are analyzed using temporal data.3. Dynamic and individual: individual behaviors in a fishing community are analyzed using longitudinal data.4. Dynamic and organizational: organizational behaviors in a fishing community are analyzed using longitudinal data.

Metal determination and quantification in biological material using particle-induced X-ray emission

Metal monitoring is one of the major concern of biological and biomedicine research. The particle-Induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method allows a sensitive, multi-elementary and non-destructive analysis of crude samples or purified molecules. A brief description of the method is presented and is followed by a short review of biological applications. The last part emphasises the interest in PIXE for metalloprotein analysis after denaturing and non-denaturing electrophoresis.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE QUALITY EVALUATION OF VEGETABLES IN CHINA

China has a rich resource of vegetable germplasms as well as a long history of vegetable cultivation. As a major source of Chinese non-staple food supply, vegetables can provide most dietary fibers, valuable kinds of vitamins and minerals. Some components in these plants have been proven valuable with regards to anticarcinogenicity, human immunity promotion, aging prevention, and health care. For these reasons, it has become a major concern and subject of research of breeders to continuously bring out new cultivars with improved nutritional qualities. As a fast and non-destructive analytical method, NIRS may be used to evaluate a large quantity of samples, and thus speed up progress in producing more desirable cultivars. This paper gives a brief introduction to the history as well as the current status of the use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in the field of nutritional analysis of vegetables and fruits in China. A variety of components have been determined, including the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibers (NDF), reducing sugars (RS), organic acids, vitamin C, moisture in leaf vegetables; the dry matter, total sugar, organic acids, sucrose, glucose, fructose, citric acid, L-malic acid, succinic acid, β-carotene, vitamin C and E in intact fruited vegetables, such as the cucumber, tomato and pumpkin; and also the Brix value, sucrose, glucose, fructose, citric acid, L-malic acid, vitamin C in intact strawberry and apple.

Network Resource Allocation with Support of a Fuzzy Expert System

Critical path method and program evaluation and review technique (CPM/PERT) without resource allocation are totally inadequate for control of major projects. Resource allocation has been a major concern of research and actual application development since the advent of the CPM/PERT network scheduling techniques. Many algorithms have been developed including theoretical optimization and heuristic rules since early 1960. The theoretical approaches generate too many combinations and are, therefore, quite expensive to use. The heuristic approaches provide a reasonable solution to the “too expensive” problem. However, none of these algorithms has the capability to resolve the impacts of a variety of external forces, such as weather conditions and resource availability, that are unavoidable in any real‐life project. This paper proposes a practical algorithm to implement resource allocation. The proposed algorithm uses the output from an expert system called priority ranking, which uses possibility theory and the generalized modus ponens logic inference rule to determine the priority ranking. In addition, both network‐related and project‐related factors are included in the algorithm.

The Retrieval of Socio-Cultural Knowledge in Conversation

It is a generally accepted premise of modern conversational analysis that to engage in and sustain a significant range of verbal encounters, participants must have both background information about the situation at hand and sociocultural knowledge, i.e., familiarity with the shared conventions governing the verbal categorization of the environment and the conduct of activities alluded to in the interaction. Study of the role of such extra-grammatical factors in verbal communication and their relationship to grammar has in fact become a major concern of modern research.

An Analysis of Some Determinants of Attitude toward Fluoridation

Four variables, education, income, age, and number of children are simultaneously related to attitude toward fluoridation. The relationship of education to attitude toward fluoridation is largely explained by the other three variables. Income, age, and number of children, however, each bear some independent relationship to fluoridation attitude. These three variables are used to construct an index of predisposition to fluoridation and it is hypothesized that knowledge of fluoridation represents an intervening variable between this index and attitude toward fluoridation. The index and knowledge of fluoridation, however, have independent relationships to fluoridation attitude. Consequently, knowledge of fluoridation is incorporated into the index. Finally, this index is shown to account for a considerable amount of the variation in attitude toward fluoridation. T he fact that the fluoridation of public water supplies has become a controversial issue in many communities has made it of considerable interest to social scientists. One major concern of social science research in this area has been the analysis of individual attitudes toward fluoridation. Attempts to attitudes toward fluoridation have shown a number of variables to be relevant. Certain background variables, in particular, education, income, age, and number of children have consistently been shown to relate to attitude toward fluoridation (higher income, higher education, lower age, and presence of children in the home being associated with a favorable attitude toward fluoridation).1 The interrelated effect of these variables on fluoridation attitude, however, has not as yet been examined. To the extent that these four variables each have a relationship independent of the other three, their combined relationship to attitude toward fluoridation should be additive. Since, however, education, income, and age are themselves interrelated, and since age and number of children would be related for married persons, it is possible that the relationship of one or more of these variables to attitude toward fluoridation is accounted for by the others. Thus two or three of the variables may explain attitude toward fluoridation as well as do all four in combination. This paper will, then, examine the additive effect of education, income, age, and number of children on attitude toward fluoridation by combining them into a * The data used in this study come from a National Opinion Research Center survey Attitudes and Practices in the Field of Dental Care under the direction of Louis Kriesberg and Beatrice Treiman. I would like to express my appreciation to the National Opinion Research Center for making this data available. I would further like to thank Myron J. Lefcowitz, formerly of the Social Studies Branch, Division of Dental Health, U.S. Public Health Service, for many valuable suggestions during the preparation of this paper. tSocial Science Analyst, Resources Analysis Branch, Division of Dental Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 1 The following two community surveys reported relationships for all four variables, education, income, age, and number of children with attitude toward fluoridation: Arnold Simmel, AHt Analysis of Opinion on Fliuoridation (New York State Department of Health, 1961), mimeo.; Bernard Mausner, Allan Leavitt, and Sidney Robbins, Some Determinants of Vote on Fluoridation, Universit of Massachusetts, undated, mimneo. Relationships of education, income, and age with attitude toward fluoridation are reported in George F. Taylor, Michael S. Munro, and H. Fuqua, Study in a California Community, Stanford University, 1956, typescript. In the following study of two communities, relationships for education, age, and number of children with attitude were found for one community but not for the second community: Ilse J. Volinn and Olin E. Hoffman, Fluoridation Voting Behavior in Two Washington Comnminvities (State of Washington, Department of Health, February, 1963), mimeo. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.198 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 04:45:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

CHLOROPHYLL AND DEODORIZATION

To the Editor:— An editorial entitled Chlorophyll and Deodorization in the Oct. 24 issue ofThe Journalquoted incorrectly from my paper presented before the American Dental Association annual meeting on Sept. 29, 1953. The correct quotation, with the word reinserted, was Claims that toothpastes containing chlorophyll can give a protective deodorizing effect for several hours should be viewed with suspicion. The point I was trying to make, and which is missed in the misquotation, is that, since most of the toothpaste placed in the mouth on a toothbrush is quickly diluted by water and saliva, it is expecting a little too much that the amount remaining in the mouth after several hours will offer important protection against new odor agents placed in the mouth. While the deodorizing properties of chlorophyll derivatives have not been a major concern of my research with these materials since 1948, it has been