Major Cities In Bangladesh Research Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on Air Quality in Major Cities of Bangladesh: A Temporal Analysis (2018–2023)

Impact of COVID-19 on Air Quality in Major Cities of Bangladesh: A Temporal Analysis (2018–2023)

Heatwave vulnerability of large metropolitans in Bangladesh: An evaluation

Heatwaves pose a significant risk to human society, and assessing vulnerability at the local scale is challenging due to the multifaceted nature of contributing factors. This study focuses on evaluating the heatwave vulnerability of five major cities in Bangladesh: Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Sylhet. Heatwave vulnerability index (HVI) was estimated, integrating exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components. Time-series data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for land surface temperature (LST) spanning 2000–2019 served as the primary dataset. The HVI calculation employed a principal component analysis method. The spatial distribution of the resulting HVI across five metropolitan areas were evaluated by estimating spatial autocorrelation and identifying clusters and hot spots in vulnerable areas. The findings revealed that urban centers characterized by extensive built-up areas exhibited higher exposure to urban heat compared to their surroundings. Dhaka, the capital, recorded the highest mean annual LST, while Sylhet registered the lowest. Rajshahi and Sylhet stood out for having the largest percentage of heat-exposed and sensitive areas, respectively. Sylhet also had the highest percentage of heat-vulnerable areas, reaching 63 %, whereas Dhaka had the highest number of vulnerable individuals, totaling 12.5 million. The findings also suggested that augmenting urban green and blue infrastructures holds potential for mitigating the adverse impacts of heatwaves. The methodology and outcomes of this study provide a valuable foundation for devising heatwave adaptation strategies not only in Bangladesh but also in other regions facing similar challenges.

Investigating the techno-economic and environmental feasibility of biogas-based power generation potential using food waste in Bangladesh

This study investigates the environmental, economic, and technological viability of sustainable energy production from food waste in Bangladesh through anaerobic digestion (AD) technology along with the challenges in developing such biogas plants. The tri-fold criteria of technical feasibility, economic viability, and environmental sustainability—all of which were examined in this research work. Results indicate that the amount of food waste is 40.86 million tons in 2021 and is projected as 62.82 million tons in the year 2043 in Bangladesh. The power generation potential from the food waste is estimated at 2667.40 MW and 4466.24 MW for the same period. The net present value of the project in Bangladesh is 55,234.93 million dollars. The investment payback period and internal rate of return are 6.73 yr And 11 %, respectively. Techno-economic and environmental feasibility is also calculated for the eight major cities in Bangladesh for the year 2021. The biogas-based power plant substantially reduces CO2 emissions as compared to coal-based and a diesel-based power plant. Additionally, 4.93 million tons of bio-fertilizer, could be produced from food waste. This study will offer scientific guidance for the investment in biogas-based electricity-generating projects in Bangladesh.

Microplastic accumulation, morpho-polymer characterization, and dietary exposure in urban tap water of a developing nation

The recent detection of microplastics (MPs) in a large number of commercially important food items and beverages, including tap water, has drawn significant attention because of direct exposure and negative health effects on humans. Nevertheless, there is insufficient information on microplastic contamination in the tap water of developing countries. In the present study, we primarily analyzed supplied tap water samples from four major cities in Bangladesh to determine and characterize MPs using a stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Several indices were employed to calculate human health exposures to microplastics. MPs were found in all of the water samples tested, with an overall mean of 35.33 ± 19.55 particles/L. The results of this study diverge from those of comparable research conducted globally, revealing that tap water in Bangladesh exhibited higher levels of contamination compared to other nations. MPs were found in three different shapes (fibers, fragments, and films), with fibers dominating the samples (96.2%), and 98.1% of the microplastics were less than 0.5 mm in size. Six different colors of MPs were observed, and transparent particles were dominant (63.9% of all observed MPs). FTIR infrared spectrum analysis revealed two major types of polymers: low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The projected daily consumption of microplastics was determined to be 2.65 particles per person per day, raising potential concerns for human health. The findings show that the treatment process of the water supply system is inadequate. Additionally, the sources of microplastics in tap water may come from where the water was collected for treatment and may be linked to a variety of anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, sewage discharge, industrial waste disposal, and runoff from catchment areas.

Perceived barriers to maintain physical activity and its association to mental health status of Bangladeshi adults: a quantile regression approach

Insufficient physical activity and unhealthy lifestyle preferences have been significant concerns for decades. This study aimed to determine the perceived barriers to maintaining physical activity among adults in three major cities of Bangladesh and their association with mental health status. This is a cross-sectional study where 400 participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Twenty municipal wards were randomly selected from three cities, followed by a convenient selection of the study participants from each ward. Questionnaires about perceived physical activity barriers were developed based on previously published literature. The DASS-21 scale assessed the mental health status of the study participants. Descriptive statistics were applied to narrate the baseline characteristics of the respondents. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the perceived physical activity scores. Quantile regression analysis was applied to model the physical activity barrier scores depending on several covariates. Five quantiles were used: the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant for hypothesis testing. Among the respondents, 68.50% were male, half of them were married, 68.0% belonged to nuclear families, 48.0% completed graduate level education, 34.25% were service holders, one-third of the respondent's working hours were 6–8 h, and 19.50% belongs to the overweight and obese groups. Poor traffic and construction work near the road (60.30%) was seen as the most significant barrier to physical activity. Over half of the respondents stated that lack of time, facilities, and expenses hinder physical activity. Mental health status reported mild to extremely severe levels of depression (32%), anxiety (47%), and stress (42.50%), respectively. Significant associations between the perceived physical activity scores and gender, family type, occupation, income, BMI, anxiety, and depression were obtained. Ensuring a safe environment, facilitating accessibility and availability of low-cost exercise facilities, improving road and traffic conditions, and providing appropriate mental health counseling may help to mitigate physical activity barriers.

Factors Associated with Reported COVID-like Symptoms and Seroprevalence Data Matched with COVID-like Symptoms in Slums and Non-Slums of Two Major Cities in Bangladesh.

To examine the levels and socio-demographic differentials of: (a) reported COVID-like symptoms; and (b) seroprevalence data matched with COVID-like symptoms. Survey data of reported COVID-like symptoms and seroprevalence were assessed by Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay. Survey data of 10,050 individuals for COVID-like symptoms and seroprevalence data of 3205 individuals matched with COVID-like symptoms were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic analysis. The odds of COVID-like symptoms were significantly higher for Chattogram city, for non-slum, people having longer years of schooling, working class, income-affected households, while for households with higher income had lower odd. The odds of matched seroprevalence and COVID-like symptoms were higher for non-slum, people having longer years of schooling, and for working class. Out of the seropositive cases, 37.77% were symptomatic-seropositive, and 62.23% were asymptomatic, while out of seronegative cases, 68.96% had no COVID-like symptoms. Collecting community-based seroprevalence data is important to assess the extent of exposure and to initiate mitigation and awareness programs to reduce COVID-19 burden.

Recognizing Zooeyia to Promote Companion Animal Welfare in Urban Bangladesh.

The One Health concept of zooeyia refers to the benefits of companion animals in human health and is gaining global research attention. This exploratory study aimed to understand contemporary experiences and perceptions of the social benefits and challenges of living with a companion animal in urban Bangladesh. Thirty-five qualitative interviews were conducted with companion animal owners (20), animal sellers (10), and livestock service department officers (5) from two major cities in Bangladesh, Dhaka and Khulna. Thematic analysis found that historically, animals had a utilitarian purpose, such as livestock for food and dogs for security. The role and perceptions of companion animals began to change for some around the turn of the century. Today, companion animal caretakers report social, psychological and physical health benefits from integrating companion animals into their lives. They also report that companion animal ownership can contribute to social problems due to the prevailing stigma against companion animals. This is rooted in the continued utilitarian role attached to companion animals by the majority of the Bangladesh population as well as religious-based non-acceptance. As a result, the Animal Welfare Act (2019) is not well implemented, posing a key concern for companion animal welfare. To tackle this, we propose various ways in which the emerging concept of zooeyia can help promote the welfare of companion animals by challenging the stigma associated with them in Bangladesh.

SPATIOTEMPORAL CHANGE OF LAND USE LAND COVER: A CASE STUDY OF NARAYANGANJ SADAR UPAZILA, BANGLADESH

Major cities of Bangladesh have been experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization. These are incurring positive externalities to national economy at the expense of environmental degradation and deterioration of living environment. The ambivalent sequel of industrialization has made it necessary to study urban areas and monitor spatiotemporal changes to facilitate decision-making process regarding land use planning, resource distribution, priority setting for planning interventions. Thus, this study aims to classify land use land cover (LULC) of Narayanganj Sadar Upazila and detect spatiotemporal changes within the period of 2015 to 2020 using MLC algorithm based supervised classification method. To serve this purpose, sentinel-2 satellite imagery are used. The results derived from the study elicit an increase (24.14 acre) in industrial land in 2020 compared to 2015. Approximately 1,538-acres land transformed into built-up area in 2020. Decrease in vegetation (15.85%) and water body (7.65%) are also evident from the findings. The results of the study will be conducive to have an initial glimpse of the LULC changing trend in the study area due to rapid urbanization and thus, will be instrumental for performing further research.

Spatial indices and SDG indicator-based urban environmental change detection of the major cities in Bangladesh

Understanding a city's urban growth trend and associated environmental change scenarios is necessary to ensure the quality of life of urban people by sustaining ecosystem health. We have performed urban environmental change detection for the major cities in Bangladesh based on the analysis of urban indices using remote sensing techniques. We have further correlated these indices-derived outcomes with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 11 (sustainable cities and communities) by estimating the SDG indicator 11.3.1. This indicator deals with the urban land consumption rate ratio to the population growth rate. We calculated the Impervious Surface Area (ISA), Vegetation Fraction (VF), and Biotope Area Ratio (BAR) for Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, and Khulna-the four major cities in Bangladesh. We have also estimated the Normalized Urban Area Composite Index (NAUCI) as NAUCI utilizes further information from other pertinent pre-established indices like NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI. These widely used indices are also essential to consider because these indicators are also directly related to land consumption and population growth. Here we find that each of the considered cities is expanding significantly faster. Therefore, the ecology of the urban environment is degrading as well as the cities' conditions are worsening in terms of SDG 11.3.1. Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet exhibit a lowering trend of the SDG indicator, whereas Khulna city show the opposite; however, we found Khulna's urban growth like the other cities under investigation is harming the ecology too.

Waste to Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review

Bangladesh has an impressive track record of development and has been among the fastest growing economies in the world over the past decade, supported by a demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment (RMG) exports, remittance, and stable macroeconomic conditions. With the growth of populace and the living standards, the goods and energy consumption in Bangladesh are seen to be increased which rises the waste generation. Thus, municipal waste management (MSW) and energy supply are becoming the great challenges for Bangladesh. Waste to energy (WTE) conversion technologies would be a very timely solution to an ever-growing problem. These technologies are environment-friendly and cost effective; however, these are not popular within the developing country Bangladesh. This paper discusses current waste status, significant progresses and future prospect of solid waste management process as well as evaluates the best possible WTE technology suitable for Bangladesh. It is found that Bangladesh produces approximately 13,332 tons of MSW per day in which almost 26% and 12% of total wastes are generated by its capital city, Dhaka and Chattogram, respectively. The incineration process for electricity production is seen to be the most effective WTE technology for Chattogram city. For instance, for one ton of MSW, the incineration process can provide 0.585 MWh electricity and 1.742 MWh heat with an emission factor of 0.28 ton of CO2. With an average plant capacity cost of 2.1 USD which is lower than other WTE technologies. Therefore, the incineration can be utilized as the most effective WTE technology for major cities in Bangladesh.

Consumer preference for fish safety inspection in Bangladesh

Consumers are entitled to eat safe food, so authorities should ensure that this right is preserved by enacting regulations and ensuring compliance through enforcement activities. Safety inspection is key to the enforcement system. Therefore, this paper presents an analysis of consumer responses to a regulatory scheme for safe seafood. The regulations consist of national and local authority enforcement and subsequent follow up activities to ensure that all wild and farmed fish in all product formats are safe. We collected primary data from two major cities in Bangladesh, Dhaka and Chittagong. The data were analysed using conditional and generic multinomial logit models to identify different utility ratios. We find that consumers expect safety control information at a low mental cost or effort. They value fish safety inspection highly in their affective reaction, whereas this value is lacking in their cognitive response. The individual parameter estimates show that consumers' preferences for both wild and farmed fish are significantly positive. They are most likely to reject frozen fish and be willing to pay less for it. Wild-caught fish creates utility for consumers without any food safety inspection, but this is not the case for farmed, frozen fish. The lack of authorised food safety inspection significantly decreases utility, suggesting a positive market potential, particularly for farmed fish with local authority safety certification.

Assessment of Uhi and its Long-Term Impact on Temperature, Precipitation, and Evapotranspiration for the Major Cities in Bangladesh

Assessment of Uhi and its Long-Term Impact on Temperature, Precipitation, and Evapotranspiration for the Major Cities in Bangladesh

COVID-19 and Anemia in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome

Context: Children with COVID-19 present with less severe disease and require fewer hospitalizations than adults. Our previous study on children with renal disease and COVID-19, which included predominantly children with nephrotic syndrome, found anemia in a significant number of participants. Aims: This study aimed at evaluating the risk factors of anemia in children with nephrotic syndrome presenting with COVID-19 and the influence of anemia on hospital outcome. Methods: This case–control study was conducted at five pediatric nephrology centers in two major cities of Bangladesh. Consecutive patients with nephrotic syndrome and positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were included as cases, and subsequently, two cases of nephrotic syndrome with negative PCR were enrolled as controls. Participants who presented between April 2020 and December 2020 were included, and demographic data, clinical features, and laboratory parameters were retrieved from hospital records for analysis. Results: A total of 22 children with nephrotic syndrome were positive with COVID-19 and subsequently, 44 children were included as control. The median age was 6.4 years in the cases and 5.2 years among the control. Most children presented with the initial episode of nephrotic syndrome. The children in the case group had a significantly lower hemoglobin level than the controls, and anemia was associated with raised inflammatory markers. In multivariate analysis, female sex and impaired renal function was associated with lower hemoglobin, but anemia did not have effect on hospital outcome. Conclusions: Anemia in children can be multifactorial. Anemia in nephrotic syndrome associated with COVID-19 does not appear to influence length of hospital stay and outcome.

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON CITY’S AIR QUALITY: A TALE OF THREE CITIES IN BANGLADESH

The underlying endeavor of this paper is to understand the air pollution situation, particularly PM 2.5, in the major three cities of Bangladesh through the lenses of university students. In order to achieve this aim, a structured questionnaire was developed and scheduled interview was performed with the students from three universities of Bangladesh, namely Khulna University, Chittagong University, and Dhaka University. Data was collected on three categories: demographic, seasonal variation and consequences, and lastly some prevention perceptions. Accumulated data were analyzed by deploying descriptive statistics. Multinomial logistic regression, Pearson correlation along with PCA and cluster analysis were performed to understand the prevention perceptions. The result shows that air pollution has adverse effects on participants and air quality is most deteriorated during summer season. Statistically, pollution in Dhaka city is the most while least was found in Khulna city. Participants witness and bear the consequences of air pollution, but they think individual prevention measures are not at work. This study unveils the air quality problem in three major cities in Bangladesh and pollution problem is out of individual control. Further studies are encouraged to understand individual pollution control measures and policies.

Thermal and ecological assessment based on land surface temperature and quantifying multivariate controlling factors in Bogura, Bangladesh

In recent years, the world has shown considerable concerns about environmental degradation accompanied by urban expansion. In terms of size, Bogura is equivalent to most of the major cities in Bangladesh, yet no thermal and ecological assessment has ever been conducted here. This study uses multitemporal Landsat satellite images between 2001 and 2020 to investigate the thermal and ecological conditions of Bogura Sadar (sub-district). Land surface temperature (LST) is obtained from Landsat images using the widely used radiative transfer equation. The thermal and ecological conditions are evaluated by computing urban heat island (UHI) and urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI) from LST data. The influence of vegetation, built-area, water-body, and bare soil on LST are examined using land cover indices through pixel-level multivariate linear regression analysis. According to the findings of this sub-district-scale (urban and rural areas) study, the mean LST has increased by 0.62 °C in the last 20 years. As per local administrative-wise findings, LST has increased in most areas, regardless of their urban or rural function. The difference between the urban area and the rest of the surroundings was significant (1.74 °C) in 2020. In 2001, UHI affected area was 5.65 km2, which expanded to 8.84 km2 in 2020. Thermal and ecological conditions are worse in urban areas than its surrounding areas. The regression models of the LST and land cover indices could explain more than half (R2: 0.66 to 0.73) of LST variation over the years. Land cover could explain the LST in 2020 to the least extent implying that anthropogenic activities have greater influence than earlier. Land cover could explain less than half of the LST variation in the urban area.

Spatiotemporal trends of selected air quality parameters during force lockdown and its relationship to COVID-19 positive cases in Bangladesh

Worldwide improved air quality in different cities is reported influenced by lockdown came in force due to COVID-19 pandemic; however, as expected, such changes might have been different in different places. And what is still not very clear whether air quality pollutants have some link to account COVID-19 positive cases and death tolls. This study aims to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of air pollutants and their relationship to COVID-19 positive cases in major cities in Bangladesh. The relevant data of air pollutants and COVID-19 positive cases are collected, analyzed, discussed for lockdown period of 26 March to 26 April 2020 in comparison to data for same period averaging over 2013 to 2019 for eight major cities in Bangladesh. To characterize air pollutants affected by lockdown, trend and rate of changes were carried out using Mann-Kandle and Sen's slope methods, while spatial variability across the cities was done using ArcGIS and statistics within ArcGIS. The substantial reduction of mean concentrations in the range of 30–65%, 20–80%, 30 - 80%, 65 - 90% and 75 - 90% across the cities is found during lockdown compared to typical mean in previous years for the PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, and NO2 concentrations in air. Among the cities studied, it is seen that relatively lesser reduction in Dhaka, Gazipur and Narayanganj and moderate reduction in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna and Barisal, while significantly bigger reduction in Sylhet influenced by the city attributes and climatic variabilities. Among all the pollutants studied, the increasing trends of NO2 and CO in Dhaka, Gazipur and Narayanganj are unexpected even in lockdown pointing the effectiveness of lockdown management. Correlation among the air pollutants and confirmed COVID-19 cases across the cities depict foggy relationship, while PCA integrated over the cities revealed association with gaseous pollutants pointing stronger effects of NO2. This relationship illustrates air pollution health effects may increase vulnerability to COVID-19 cases.

Spatial and temporal variation of aerosol optical depths over six major cities in Bangladesh

The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is a crucial parameter for assessing aerosol content and determining the level of air pollution. In this study, we represent almost seven years' aerosol optical behavioral patterns of six major cities in Bangladesh with emphasis on trends, seasonal variations, sources characterization, comparison between ground (AERONET) and satellite (MODIS Terra and Aqua) measurements, and relation with particulate matter (PM). High AOD values (>0.70) were obtained in most of the western parts of the country in all seasons. Decreasing patterns were observed from northwest to southeast. Average values of AOD for Dhaka, Chattagram, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barishal, and Sylhet were 0.71 ± 0.08, 0.50 ± 0.08, 0.78 ± 0.06, 0.72 ± 0.14, 0.64 ± 0.08, 0.60 ± 0.07 (Terra), and 0.59 ± 0.07, 0.48 ± 0.05, 0.69 ± 0.08, 0.64 ± 0.12, 0.56 ± 0.05, 0.56 ± 0.07 (Aqua), respectively. AERONET AODs at 870, 500, and 340 nm, and Ångström Exponent (AE440–870) values for Dhaka city were 0.40, 0.78, 1.06, and 1.18, respectively. Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Correlation coefficient (r) values were 0.23, 0.30, 0.64 (Terra) and 0.12, 0.29, 0.76 (Aqua), respectively. Both PM2.5 and PM10 were well correlated with all AODs but weakly correlated with AE. AODs, AE, and PM were negatively associated with meteorological variables such as rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and temperature. Anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols were dominated in all four seasons, but dust and mixed type aerosols were only dominated in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. This research would help researchers further know the nature of atmospheric aerosols and how they affect seasonal patterns.

Surface urban heat island intensity in five major cities of Bangladesh: Patterns, drivers and trends

There is currently a lack of knowledge regarding the spatiotemporal variation of day and night surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) in the major cities of Bangladesh. These cities have a large population base and generally lack the resources to deal with rapid urbanisation impacts, so any increase in urban temperature has the potential to affect people both directly (due to heatwave conditions) or indirectly (due to loss of livelihood). Time series diurnal (day/night) MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data for the period 2000–2019 was used to produce baseline information about SUHI intensity, drivers and temporal trends. Five large cities were selected based on population size and historical urban expansion rates. Results indicated that annual SUHII was greater in the larger cities of Dhaka and Chittagong than in the smaller cities. SUHII observed during the day was also greater than at night. Population (in terms of city size and surface cover), lack of greenness and anthropogenic forcing were major factors affecting SUHII. Trend assessments revealed positive trends during daytime in four out of five cities, while one city recorded negative trends at night. The findings may provide new insights into impacts arising from rapid urbanisation and demographic shifts.

Development of a Novel Design and Subsequent Fabrication of an Automated Touchless Hand Sanitizer Dispenser to Reduce the Spread of Contagious Diseases.

Background: The use of a touchless automated hand sanitizer dispenser may play a key role to reduce contagious diseases. The key problem of the conventional ultrasonic and infra-red-based dispensers is their malfunctioning due to the interference of sunlight, vehicle sound, etc. when deployed in busy public places. To overcome such limitations, this study introduced a laser-based sensing device to dispense sanitizer in an automated touchless process. Method: The dispensing system is based on an Arduino circuit breadboard where an ATmega328p microcontroller was pre-installed. To sense the proximity, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) is used where the laser light is to be blocked after the placement of human hands, hence produced a sharp decrease in the LDR sensor value. Once the LDR sensor value exceeds the lower threshold, the pump is actuated by the microcontroller, and the sanitizer dispenses through the nozzle. Results and discussion: A novel design and subsequent fabrication of a low-cost, touchless, automated sanitizer dispenser to be used in public places, was demonstrated. The overall performance of the manufactured device was analyzed based on the cost and power consumption, and environmental factors by deploying it in busy public places as well as in indoor environment in major cities in Bangladesh, and found to be more efficient and cost-effective compared to other dispensers available in the market. A comprehensive discussion on this unique design compared to the conventional ultrasonic and infra-red based dispensers, is presented to show its suitability over the commercial ones. The guidelines of the World Health Organization are followed for the preparation of sanitizer liquid. A clear demonstration of the circuitry connections is presented herein, which facilitates the interested individual to manufacture a cost-effective dispenser device in a relatively short time and use it accordingly. Conclusion: This study reveals that the LDR-based automated hand sanitizer dispenser system is a novel concept, and it is cost-effective compared to the conventional ones. The presented device is expected to play a key role in contactless hand disinfection in public places, and reduce the spread of infectious diseases in society.

Spatiotemporal Investigations of Multi-Sensor Air Pollution Data over Bangladesh during COVID-19 Lockdown

This study investigates spatiotemporal changes in air pollution (particulate as well as gases) during the COVID-19 lockdown period over major cities of Bangladesh. The study investigated the aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Terra and Aqua satellites, PM2.5 and PM10 from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), and NO2 and O3 from TROPOMI-5P, from March to June 2019–2020. Additionally, aerosol subtypes from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder (CALIPSO) were used to explore the aerosol types. The strict lockdown (26 March–30 May 2020) led to a significant reduction in AOD (up to 47%) in all major cities, while the partial lockdown (June 2020) led to increased and decreased AOD over the study area. Significant reductions in PM2.5 (37–77%) and PM10 (33–70%) were also observed throughout the country during the strict lockdown and partial lockdown. The NO2 levels decreased by 3–25% in March 2020 in the cities of Rajshahi, Chattogram, Sylhet, Khulna, Barisal, and Mymensingh, in April by 3–43% in Dhaka, Chattogram, Khulna, Barisal, Bhola, and Mymensingh, and May by 12–42% in Rajshahi, Sylhet, Mymensingh, and Rangpur. During the partial lockdown in June, NO2 decreased (9–35%) in Dhaka, Chattogram, Sylhet, Khulna, Barisal, and Rangpur compared to 2019. On the other hand, increases were observed in ozone (O3) levels, with an average increase of 3–12% throughout the country during the strict lockdown and only a slight reduction of 1–3% in O3 during the partial lockdown. In terms of aerosol types, CALIPSO observed high levels of polluted dust followed by dust, smoke, polluted continental, and clean marine-type aerosols over the country in 2019, but all types were decreased during the lockdown. The study concludes that the strict lockdown measures were able to significantly improve air quality conditions over Bangladesh due to the shutdown of industries, vehicles, and movement of people.