Major Chronic Diseases Research Articles

Oxidized Lipids: Common Immunogenic Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Atherosclerosis.

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis to inflammatory steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, continues to rise, making it one of the major chronic liver diseases and indications for liver transplantation worldwide. The pathological processes underlying NAFLD not only affect the liver but are also likely to have systemic effects. In fact, growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for developing atherosclerosis. Indeed, cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Here, we aim to address common pathophysiological molecular pathways involved in chronic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on the role of oxidized lipids and the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes, which are important targets of host immunity. Acting as metabolic danger signals, they drive pro-inflammatory processes and thus contribute to disease progression. Finally, we summarize encouraging studies indicating that oxidized lipids are promising immunological targets to improve intervention strategies for NAFLD and potentially limit the risk of developing atherosclerosis.

Formation mechanism of AGEs in Maillard reaction model systems containing ascorbic acid

The dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contribute to the development of major chronic diseases. Maillard reactions are the main mechanism for AGEs formation but their formation involving ascorbic acid (AA) is far from being fully understood. This study investigated the effect of pH (6–10) and temperature (65, 100 and 120 ℃) on AGEs formation in three model systems: glucose (Glu) + lysine (Lys), AA + Lys and Glu + Lys + AA. In addition, the formation pathway of AGEs in Glu + Lys + AA model system was proposed by carbon module labeling (CAMOLA) technique. The results suggested alkaline environment can promote the production of N-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and N-carboxyethyllysine (CEL), but inhibit the production of pyrraline (Pyr). Meanwhile the high temperature favored AGEs formation. In the U-13C-Glu + Lys + AA model, AA produced glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), CML and CEL, which was significantly higher than with Glu alone. This study provides a theoretical basis for the formation mechanism of AGEs in the Maillard reaction involving AA.

Healthcare resource utilisation for chronic kidney disease and other major non-communicable chronic diseases in China: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the healthcare resource utilisation for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other major non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in China.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingA national inpatient database of tertiary hospitals in China.ParticipantsThe...

The impact of chronic disease and accompanying bio-psycho-social factors on health-related quality of life.

Most chronic illnesses lead to poor health outcomes. Bio-psycho-social sequelae and accompanying depression lead to further deterioration in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study explored the HRQoL of patients with major chronic diseases in a public tertiary health care institution in Trinidad and Tobago. This cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of adult patients with chronic illnesses in a public health institute in Trinidad. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews and consenting patients' records. A 43-item questionnaire comprising demographic, medical, and lifestyle questions, the nine-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) on depression, and the EQ-5D-5L HRQoL questionnaire were used. Psychological and social variables were divided into six groups: Group 1 (community attachment variables), Group 2 (family and friends), Group 3 (life satisfaction), Group 4 (depression symptoms), Group 5 (social support), and Group 6 (lifestyle variables). The impact of these variables on HRQoL was investigated using regression and canonical correlation analysis. Patients were primarily female (70.3%), Indo-Trinidadian (63.9%), having diabetes mellitus (46.0%) or cancer (35.8%). The quality of life was lower than Trinidad and Tobago EQ-5D-5L population norms. Females and older patients had worse HRQoL than males and younger patients, respectively. Furthermore, kidney failure, all cancer patients, and middle-aged female cancer patients fared worse than other categories. Life satisfaction and exercise were significantly associated with better HRQoL. Depressive symptoms were consistently and significantly negatively associated with HRQoL. HRQoL was lower among participants with chronic disease than in the general population. Depressive symptoms led to worse HRQoL, whereas life satisfaction and exercise significantly improved HRQoL. The EQ-5D dimension most frequently affected was anxiety/depression.

The Correlation between Allergic Diseases and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Background: The prevalence of autoimmune diseases and major chronic allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis are increasing in line with the occurrence of climate change. Allergy and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are sometimes being linked since both are immune diseases involving gene-environment interactions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the correlation between allergic diseases and SLE. Method : This case-control study was performed on 39 SLE subjects from the Tittari Community and 39 non-SLE subjects aged 15-49 years old, from September until October 2021. All of them were females. The independent variable was allergic disease and the dependent variable was SLE. Partici­pants' characteristics and allergy data were collected through answering the online Score for Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) questionnaire, then the results were processed with bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results : The correlation between allergic diseases and SLE was significant for atopic dermatitis but not for allergic rhinitis and asthma (p=0.018; p=0.352; p=0.151 respectively). The bivariate analysis revealed that the risk of SLE was 3.17 times higher in atopic dermatitis patients (OR=3.17; 95% CI=1.20-8.39; p=0.018). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis found that subjects with atopic dermatitis had the highest risk of SLE (OR= 3.18; 95% CI= 1.07-9.51; p=0.031). Conclusion: Among allergic diseases, atopic dermatitis was found to be significantly correlated with SLE, where the risk of SLE was raised as the number of atopic dermatitis increased. Keywords: systemic lupus erythematosus, allergic diseases, allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis Correspondence: Dewi Pratiwi. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret – Moewardi Hospital, Indonesia. Email: pratiwidewi81@staff.uns.ac.id. Phone: (0271) 664569. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2022), 07(01): 19-27 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2022.07.01.03

Using Bayesian network model with MMHC algorithm to detect risk factors for stroke.

Stroke is a major chronic non-communicable disease with high incidence, high mortality, and high recurrence. To comprehensively digest its risk factors and take some relevant measures to lower its prevalence is of great significance. This study aimed to employ Bayesian Network (BN) model with Max-Min Hill-Climbing (MMHC) algorithm to explore the risk factors for stroke. From April 2019 to November 2019, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital conducted opportunistic screening for stroke in ten rural areas in Shanxi Province. First, we employed propensity score matching (PSM) for class balancing for stroke. Afterwards, we used Chi-square testing and Logistic regression model to conduct a preliminary analysis of risk factors for stroke. Statistically significant variables were incorporated into BN model construction. BN structure learning was achieved using MMHC algorithm, and its parameter learning was achieved with Maximum Likelihood Estimation. After PSM, 748 non-stroke cases and 748 stroke cases were included in this study. BN was built with 10 nodes and 12 directed edges. The results suggested that age, fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and family history of stroke constitute direct risk factors for stroke, whereas sex, educational levels, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio represent indirect risk factors for stroke. BN model with MMHC algorithm not only allows for a complicated network relationship between risk factors and stroke, but also could achieve stroke risk prediction through Bayesian reasoning, outshining traditional Logistic regression model. This study suggests that BN model boasts great prospects in risk factor detection for stroke.

Congestive Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Management in Primary Health Care

Heart failure disease has been one of the major chronic cardiovascular diseases that cause morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization of all cardiac patients. Heart failure has a significantly increased lifetime risk of development is about 20%. Symptomatic predictions are usually non-specific and hardly can discriminate the occurrence of heart failure from other diseases. It represents a challenging problem because of its economical and medical burden on the health care system. However, the mana

Dynamics of morbidity and mortality of the population of the North Caucasus Federal District from major chronic non-communicable diseases and the system of preventive care

<h3></h3> Аналитический обзор проведен на основании официальных данных Росстата в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации (РФ) от 2019 г. Проанализированы следующие показатели: смертность в трудоспособном возрасте, в том числе по основным классам причин; финансирование здравоохранения; объемы оказания бесплатной и высокотехнологической медицинской помощи; обеспеченность медицинским персоналом лечебно-профилактических учреждений (ЛПУ) и организация профилактики хронических неинфекционных заболеваний (ХНИЗ). Смертность в трудоспособном возрасте на Северном Кавказе оказалась самой низкой, что является в первую очередь отражением относительно низкой частоты заболеваемости ХНИЗ и их осложнений. Смертность среди мужчин на Северном Кавказе в 1,5—2 раза, а среди женщин — в 2—2,5 раза меньше по сравнению с другими округами РФ. Среди причин смерти в Северо-Кавказском федеральном округе (СКФО) первое место занимают болезни системы кровообращения, так как каждый второй фатальный инцидент связан с осложнениями сердечно-сосудистых событий (инфарктом миокарда и мозговым инсультом). Второе место занимают новообразования, частота которых оказались в 3 раза меньше, чем частота болезней системы кровообращения (БСК). В СКФО показатели по основным классам причин смерти являются более низкими по сравнению со средними параметрами РФ. Самая высокая смертность от БСК зарегистрирована в Ставропольском крае и Северной Осетии, тогда как в Ингушетии, Дагестане и Чечне данный показатель в 3 раза меньше. Фактические объемы бесплатной медицинской помощи, предоставляемые населению в рамках территориальных программ государственных гарантий в 2018 г. в СКФО, оказались на 17% меньше по сравнению с установленным нормативом, а по сравнению со средними показателями РФ — на 32,6%. По количеству центров здоровья для взрослых СКФО занимает последнее место среди всех федеральных субъектов РФ. Несмотря на то что численность взрослого населения в Северо-Кавказском (9866,8 тыс.) и Дальневосточном федеральных округах (8188,6 тыс.) в целом сопоставима, количество центров здоровья различается в 2 раза: 19 и 35 соответственно. При этом число лиц, обучившихся основам здорового образа жизни в этих федеральных округах, оказалось сопоставимым.

Ginger nanoparticles mediated induction of Foxa2 prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.

Rationale: The obesity epidemic has expanded globally, due in large part to the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFD), and has increased the risk of major chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Diet manipulation is the foundation of prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the diet-based prevention of insulin resistance, however, remain to be identified. Here, we report that treatment with orally administered ginger-derived nanoparticles (GDNP) prevents insulin resistance by restoring homeostasis in gut epithelial Foxa2 mediated signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).Methods: Ginger-derived nanoparticles (GDNP) were added into drinking water to treat high-fat diet fed mice for at least one year or throughout their life span. A micro array profile of intestinal, liver and fat tissue of GDNP treated mice was used to analyze their gene expression profile. Genes associated with metabolism or insulin signaling were further quantified using the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used for determining the interaction between Foxa2 protein and phosphatic acid lipid nanoparticles.Results: HFD-feeding inhibited the expression of Foxa2; the GDNPs increased the expression of Foxa2 and protected Foxa2 against Akt-1 mediated phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of Foxa2. Increasing expression of Foxa2 leads to altering the composition of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) exosomes of mice fed a HFD and prevents IEC exosome mediated insulin resistance. Collectively, oral administration of GDNP prevents insulin resistance in HFD mice. Interestingly, oral administration of GDNP also extended the life span of the mice and inhibited skin inflammation.Conclusion: Our findings showed that GDNP treatment can prevent HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance via protecting the Foxa2 from Akt-1 mediated phosphorylation. GDNP treatment provides an alternative approach based on diet manipulation for the development of therapeutic interventions for obesity.

Healthy Lifestyle and Life Expectancy Free of Major Chronic Diseases at Age 40 in Chinese Population: A Prospective Cohort Study

Healthy Lifestyle and Life Expectancy Free of Major Chronic Diseases at Age 40 in Chinese Population: A Prospective Cohort Study

Changes in Mortality Rates of Major Chronic Diseases Among Populations Aged Over 60 Years and Their Contributions to Life Expectancy Increase - China, 2005-2020.

What is already known about this topic?The impacts of population aging have appeared in China, leading to a marked shift in the major contributors to life expectancy. Longevity improvements are now mainly promoted by reductions in mortality rates of the aged.What is added by this report?This study systematically evaluates both changes in mortality rates of major chronic diseases among populations aged over 60 years as well as their contributions to life expectancy increases in China, from 2005 to 2020.What are the implications for public health practice?The results of this study demonstrate that more attention should be paid to health conditions of the elderly, especially for the prevention and control of major chronic diseases.

Ageing, Age-Related Cardiovascular Risk and the Beneficial Role of Natural Components Intake.

Ageing, in a natural way, leads to the gradual worsening of the functional capacity of all systems and, eventually, to death. This process is strongly associated with higher metabolic and oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, accumulation of DNA mutations and increased levels of related damage. Detrimental changes that accumulate in body cells and tissues with time raise the vulnerability to environmental challenges and enhance the risk of major chronic diseases and mortality. There are several theses concerning the mechanisms of ageing: genetic, free radical telomerase, mitochondrial decline, metabolic damage, cellular senescence, neuroendocrine theory, Hay-flick limit and membrane theories, cellular death as well as the accumulation of toxic and non-toxic garbage. Moreover, ageing is associated with structural changes within the myocardium, cardiac conduction system, the endocardium as well as the vasculature. With time, the cardiac structures lose elasticity, and fibrotic changes occur in the heart valves. Ageing is also associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis. The results of studies suggest that some natural compounds may slow down this process and protect against age-related diseases. Animal studies imply that some of them may prolong the lifespan; however, this trend is not so obvious in humans.

Rare variants in Toll-like receptor 7 results in functional impairment and downregulation of cytokine-mediated signaling in COVID-19 patients

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are crucial components in the initiation of innate immune responses to a variety of pathogens, triggering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I and II interferons, which are responsible for innate antiviral responses. Among the different TLRs, TLR7 recognizes several single-stranded RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2. We and others identified rare loss-of-function variants in X-chromosomal TLR7 in young men with severe COVID-19 and with no prior history of major chronic diseases, that were associated with impaired TLR7 signaling as well as type I and II IFN responses. Here, we performed RNA sequencing to investigate transcriptome variations following imiquimod stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients carrying previously identified hypomorphic, hypofunctional, and loss-of-function TLR7 variants. Our investigation revealed a profound impairment of the TLR7 pathway in patients carrying loss-of-function variants. Of note, a failure in IFNγ upregulation following stimulation was also observed in cells harboring the hypofunctional and hypomorphic variants. We also identified new TLR7 variants in severely affected male patients for which a functional characterization of the TLR7 pathway was performed demonstrating a decrease in mRNA levels in the IFNα, IFNγ, RSAD2, ACOD1, IFIT2, and CXCL10 genes.

Nutritional and Antioxidant Value of Horticulturae Products

The recent growing interest towards the nutraceutical and antioxidant value of fruit and vegetables has arisen from their content of phytochemicals, which provide desirable health benefits, beyond basic nutrition, to reduce the risk of major chronic diseases [...]

Oral Health’s Transformative Impact on Diet and Systemic Health Outcomes

The 2020-25 Dietary Guidelines for Americans identified dental caries as a major diet-related chronic disease of public health concern and suggested in the section for adults over 60, “Good dental health is critical to overall health, as well as the ability to chew foods properly." Poor oral health can lead to chronic diseases and impede one’s ability to chew fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other nutrient-rich foods across the life span. Almost 90 percent of adults ages 20 to 64 years and 96 percent of those over 65 years of age have dental caries. The overall prevalence of complete tooth loss is 2.2 percent among adults ages 20 to 64 years and jumps to 17.3 percent for those over age 65. As a result of COVID-19, some seniors are not seeking regular oral health services, which increases the need for preventive oral health practices and consuming a healthy dietary pattern recommended in the new Dietary Guidelines. Recent research will underscore the importance of saliva and oral health in cancer patients on radiation and in other chronic diseases. Saliva has also been shown to reduce specific infections that are related to influenza and HIV. Participants in this session will gain understanding of factors linking poor oral health and nutrition practices to chronic diseases and guidance on critical preventive oral health practices to increase saliva flow and decrease dental caries through all stages of the life cycle. Promoting oral health is the responsibility of the interdisciplinary team overseeing older adults.

Lipid control in adult Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis of time trends and geographic regional differences.

Lipid control in adult Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective analysis of time trends and geographic regional differences.

Correlation between internal damage due to seven emotions in traditional Chinese medicine and pathogenesis of breast cancer from perspective of psychological stress

Breast cancer is a major chronic disease threatening women's health. It has topped the global cancers as the diagnosed cases outnumbered lung cancer patients in 2020. Internal damage due to the seven emotions is an important cause of breast cancer and the disorders of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis and endocrine system and the abnormal immune defense mechanism in response to psychological stress all affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer. It is noteworthy that the theory of seven emotions in traditional Chinese medicine and the psychological stress theory of modern medicine have something in common in some aspects. Therefore, this study explored the correlation between internal damage due to the seven emotions and psychological stress and analyzed the molecular biological mechanisms of psychological stress influencing breast cancer from the perspective of modern medicine, which is helpful to reasonably prevent breast cancer and other related tumors and improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients through emotion regulation.

Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies

BackgroundObesity is a worldwide epidemic that has been associated with a plurality of diseases in observational studies. The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies of the association between body mass index (BMI) and chronic diseases.MethodsPubMed and Embase were searched for MR studies on adult BMI in relation to major chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus; diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems; and neoplasms. A meta-analysis was performed for each disease by using results from published MR studies and corresponding de novo analyses based on summary-level genetic data from the FinnGen consortium (n = 218,792 individuals).ResultsIn a meta-analysis of results from published MR studies and de novo analyses of the FinnGen consortium, genetically predicted higher BMI was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 14 circulatory disease outcomes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, five digestive system diseases, three musculoskeletal system diseases, and multiple sclerosis as well as cancers of the digestive system (six cancer sites), uterus, kidney, and bladder. In contrast, genetically predicted higher adult BMI was associated with a decreased risk of Dupuytren’s disease, osteoporosis, and breast, prostate, and non-melanoma cancer, and not associated with Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease.ConclusionsThe totality of the evidence from MR studies supports a causal role of excess adiposity in a plurality of chronic diseases. Hence, continued efforts to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity are a major public health goal.

Environmental risk factors of type 2 diabetes-an exposome approach.

Type 2 diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases accounting for a substantial proportion of disease burden in Western countries. The majority of the burden of type 2 diabetes is attributed to environmental risks and modifiable risk factors such as lifestyle. The environment we live in, and changes to it, can thus contribute substantially to the prevention of type 2 diabetes at a population level. The 'exposome' represents the (measurable) totality of environmental, i.e. nongenetic, drivers of health and disease. The external exposome comprises aspects of the built environment, the social environment, the physico-chemical environment and the lifestyle/food environment. The internal exposome comprises measurements at the epigenetic, transcript, proteome, microbiome or metabolome level to study either the exposures directly, the imprints these exposures leave in the biological system, the potential of the body to combat environmental insults and/or the biology itself. In this review, we describe the evidence for environmental risk factors of type 2 diabetes, focusing on both the general external exposome and imprints of this on the internal exposome. Studies provided established associations of air pollution, residential noise and area-level socioeconomic deprivation with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, while neighbourhood walkability and green space are consistently associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. There is little or inconsistent evidence on the contribution of the food environment, other aspects of the social environment and outdoor temperature. These environmental factors are thought to affect type 2 diabetes risk mainly through mechanisms incorporating lifestyle factors such as physical activity or diet, the microbiome, inflammation or chronic stress. To further assess causality of these associations, future studies should focus on investigating the longitudinal effects of our environment (and changes to it) in relation to type 2 diabetes risk and whether these associations are explained by these proposed mechanisms.

MOLECULAR MODELLING AND EVALUATION ON SYNTHESISED 2-PHENYL-2,3-DIHYDRO-4 H-CHROMAN-4-ONE CORE AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS

The aim of the study was to synthesis and characterization of 2,3-dihydro-4h-chroman-4-one core screened for antioxidant activity. The oxidative stress was related to the generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is responsible for the enhancement of several degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Due to this fact, the study was targeted for the development of myeloperoxidase inhibitor for overcoming the oxidative stress. The molecular docking analysis were afforded that the titled compounds possess noteworthy potency against myeloperoxidase (PDB ID: 1DNU). The docking simulation of seven hybrid of flavanone showed the better binding score ranging between -6.66 to -8.56 kcal/mol. Based on the result, the synthesised compounds were screened for the evaluation of various in-vitro antioxidant studies by hydroxy radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. In which, the hydroxyl substituted flavanones (HFA3-HFA7) were afforded significant IC50 values compared with their respective standards due to their electron donating property which foraging the radicals responsible for oxidative stress were noted. Among the synthesised compounds, HFA5 and HFA6 produced excellent free radical scavenging on hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical methods were observed. From which the study initiated that synthesised flavanone core with hydroxyl and electron donating groups over the moiety should helpful in the management of major chronic diseases were initiated.