Major Cause Of Conflict Research Articles

Morality and Immorality in Politics in Aceh Post 2005 MoU Helsinki (A Case Study on the Relevance of Actions Compared with Peace Promises)

This research analysed the morality of actions taken to implement promises made in Aceh post-2005 MoU Helsinki Peace Agreement. Consideration has been given to the current political conditions in Aceh. Morality is a product of a culture and differs between cultures: Differences between the morality of the Acehnese and that of the Javanese were a major cause of conflict between the Acehnese and the Government of Indonesia. The immorality of the Indonesian Government's actions has been a major cause of rebellion in Aceh in the past. Field research was done by recording participant observations, after which data analysis used the Miles et al. methods. Results showed that after nearly 2 decades of peace, not all the goals in the MoU have been realized. Yes, there were major improvements—there were no more security operations, and some special institutions have been set up: However, many Acehnese haven't felt the full morality of all the peace promises, and morality could be better amongst the elite in both Aceh and Jakarta.

Conflict among the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Akure, Nigeria: causes, consequences and management strategies

This study examined the causes, consequences, and strategies for managing organizational conflict among the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) in Akure, Nigeria, to achieve sustainable peace and harmonious relationships among union members, and actualize better transport service delivery to the larger society. A survey design was adopted to elicit primary data through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with NURTW members. Desk research was also used to gather relevant information from the literature. Hundred (100) questionnaires were purposively and randomly administered to commercial drivers who are members of the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Akure. The survey was done across three major parks in Akure: Cathedral Park, Ondo Road Park and Benin Garage Park. They were selected because they are mostly dominated by the members of NURTW, and mostly patronized by passengers. The data collected were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statistics; in the form of frequencies, percentages, bar charts, and logistic regression. The study found that most of the NURTW members were males, and were majorly in the economic productive year between the ages of 35 and 45. Findings further revealed that government or political interference is a major cause of conflict among NURTW members. The aftermath of conflict among the union usually resulted in disruptions of the union activities and destruction of lives and properties. The bargaining approach in managing conflict is the most effective strategy for addressing conflict among NURTW members in Akure, Nigeria.

Empirical Evaluation of Farmer-Herders’ Conflict in Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria

The conflict between crop farmers and cattle herders has become a persistent issue in many regions of Nigeria, including the Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State. This study evaluates the nature of such conflict in the state and how it is managed using a multistage sampling technique to select 120 arable crop farmers in the state. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires. The study findings show that poor communication, crop destruction, and cattle theft are the primary causes of conflict between the crop farmers and cattle herders in Kwara State. Of all these causes, 84.4% of the study participants ranked poor communication as the first major cause of conflict, 67.5% ranked crop destruction as the second major cause of conflict, and 53.1% ranked cattle theft as the third major cause of conflict. These conflicts result in detrimental effects, such as property damage and loss of life. This study reveals that negotiation (83.1%), mediation (3.2%), and sanctioning (3.3%) are the conflict management strategies employed in addressing conflicts among the farmers and herders in Kwara State. Despite the use of negotiation, mediation, and sanctioning as conflict management strategies, conflicts persist between arable crop farmers and cattle herders in the study location. This persistence shows there is a need for improved education and communication between stakeholders to address this issue. The study recommends educational programs and enhanced communication channels to foster peaceful coexistence. Overall, the findings underscore the complex dynamics of farmer-herder conflicts and the importance of sustainable conflict resolution approaches. Keywords: Farmer-herder conflict, conflict management, communication, sustainable coexistence.

Strengthening Slab Stiffness to Reduce Heavy-weight Impact Noise on the Floor

This study investigates the sound insulation performance of floor impact noise reduction method by slab stiffness reinforcement that can be applied to the existing lower unit of the apartment. The problem of floor impact noise is a major cause of conflict between upper and lower floor residents. Two experiments were conducted to verify the load capacity of the reinforcement system and to measure the noise and vibration reduction performance. The results showed that the slab stiffness reinforcement can generate up to 67 kN of load and can significantly reduce the sound pressure level and acceleration of floor impact noise in low frequencies, especially around 25Hz. The conclusion is that slab stiffness reinforcement is a feasible and effective method to improve the sound insulation performance of floor impact noise in apartment buildings.

Settler-Indigene Conflicts and National Integration in Nigeria: A Study of Lokoja Metropolis, Kogi State

Crisis in the world at large has become a phenomena issue. This situation has gone far that even remotest villages across borderlines have toed the part of war rather than dialogue. There are severally cases of communal clashes emanating from perennial matters among major ethnic groups in Kogi State. The objective of the study is to examine the role of settler-indigene conflict and its attendant consequences on national integration especially as it affects Lokoja metropolis. The theoretical framework of this research work was drawn from elite theory. This research has its methodology rooted in both quantitative and qualitative method and systematic technique was used to draw 100 respondents and data obtained was analyzed descriptively via content analysis. The study argues that settler-indigene conflict has created disunity among different ethnic groups in Kogi State. This perspective also assumes that frequent conflict among settlers will degenerate into chaos and breed disunity. The results of the study reveal that the major causes of conflict among settler-indigene in Lokoja was the quest for power, struggle for ownership of land and access to water for fishing. The study recommends amongst others that; there should be a strong sharing formula to foster unity among settler-indigenes; meritocracy should also be the watch word for appointments into key positions in the state. In other words, there is need for national integration through peaceful procedural way that will promote peaceful co-existence.

Assessment of Critical Stakeholders Conflict Factors on Tertiary Educational Trust Fund (TETFund) Building Construction Projects in Southwest Nigeria

Building construction project are complex, unique, and involved the use of multidimensional stakeholders to execute the project from the design stage through construction and completion. This leads to conflict and if not properly managed affects project performance. This study assessed critical stakeholders conflict factors on TETfund building construction projects performance in southwest Nigeria with a view to ameliorating the problems of dispute, non- performance and project abandonment. Qualitative research approach was adopted and a structured questionnaire was administered to three hundred and ninety-four (394) project stakeholders (client’s representative, consultants and contractors). Two hundred and ninety-seven (297) representing (75.38%) were retrieved from the respondents. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean Score (MS) was used to rank the level and effect of Stakeholders conflict on project performance while Kruskal-Wallis, Anova and LSD post hoc test was used to determine the convergence and divergent views of clients, consultants and contractors. The top three causes of conflicts on TETFund building construction projects are discrepancy between measured work and valuation, errors, discrepancies and omissions in contract documents and delay of task dependency activities. The top three effects of stakeholders conflict on project performance are poor quality of work executed, lag in construction programms and abuse of rule of engagement. It is hereby recommended that discrepancy between measured work and valuation, errors and omissions in contract documents and delay of task dependency activities which are the major causes of conflict should be addressed to improve performance of TETfund building construction projects.

Impact of Human-Wildlife Conflict and I’Ts Driving Force in and Around Gibe Sheleko National Park, Southwest, Ethiopia

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a continuous problem in the world and has a significant impact on both human and wildlife populations. The main objective of the study was to identify the driving force of HWC in the study area, to determine the major impact of HWC on conservation action and local people and to recommends the possible mitigation measure of HWC in the study area. The data for this study was collected through structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion, interview, direct observation and secondary sources. The collected data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 20). Human–wildlife conflict happens when the needs and behavior of wildlife impact negatively on humans or when humans negatively affect the needs of wildlife. The nature and extent of human wildlife conflict in the study area were profoundly impacted humans, wild animal and the environment through crop damage, habitat disturbance and destruction, livestock predation, and killing of wildlife. The major causes of conflict manifested that wildlife habitat disturbance (41%), increment of wildlife population (24.3%), expansion of agriculture around forest edge (24%), and deforestation (20.7%). To defend crop raider, farmers have been practiced crop guarding (39.5 %), scarecrow (20.6 %), chasing (7.6%), smoking (20.6%) and other traditional method (7.1%). As emphasized in the present study, human–wildlife conflicts are negative impacts on both human and wildlife. Accordingly, possible mitigate possibilities for peaceful co-existence between human and wildlife should be reduce heavy losses of crops, palatable seasonal crops such as maize, sweet potatoes should not be grown near the forest edge, Create or find work opportunities and find option for the local people who depended only on crop production, option like bee keeping, integrating farming for example poultry with other aquatic fauna and flora or organisms and the like. Keywords: Driving force, human wild life conflict, impact, Gibe Shelleko National Park. DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/64-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Implication of Land use Land Cover Change for Resource Conflicts and the Role of Community Leaders in Conflict Transformation: The Case at the Adjacent Districts of Amhara and Afar (Dewe) National Regional State, Ethiopia

This study aimed at investigating LULC detection and the role of community leader in the conflict transformation among the adjacent Afar and Oromo ethnic groups in Afar and Amhara National Regional States. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood techniques were used for image classification and Multi-stage purposive sampling procedure was used for the selection of both study district and kebeles. Both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data was gathered through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, case studies and personal observations. A total of 12 focus group discussions and 42 key informant interviews were held in six adjacent kebeles of the two districts. The period of 2009 to 2018 bare land is increased by 161.21 km2 where as bushed grass land is decreased by 160.15 km2. This may be resulted from population and livestock pressure on land. The major causes of conflict identified were attached resource competition on farm land, grazing land and theft. Institutions applied in conflict transformation in the study area are mostly by customary institutions with some degree of cooperation with the formal one. The result also shows some challenges attached to the law and local judges’ viz. limited legal permissive stance, urbanization, community trust issue against clan elders in the process of integrating the two law sources. This paper recommends full recognition of the joint roles of Makaabon’s and Aba Gada’s through creating reporting systems of local tribunal activities for the state and capacity building for them by the state and NGOs. In order to legitimize the role of the leader and incorporate customary laws into the formal system, the customary law laws of both ethnic groups should be studied and written further, potential points of adjustment and cooperation must be identified, broader policy and legislative options has to be set, and laws contradict the country’s constitution.

CONFLICT AND REFUGEES CRISIS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

The paper examines conflict and migration in different countries couple with the new crisis facing global governance in battling refugee’s problem. The major causes of conflict are irreconcilable differences between political elites and rebels, bad governance and economic crunch leading to war and refugees movement. Refugees movement have overpopulated border in some states causing socio- economic disputes in host state sparking up confrontation between the local people and the migrants. The method used in this research is secondary and interview of returned migrants to ascertain the patterns of treatment and problems of migration. The study reveals that the pressure of escaping from their homeland either through war or seeking for jobs in another country have made migrants to be confrontational whenever they get to border that security guards are mindless of their long distance suffering. The study recommends that there should be development centres in both developed and developing countries to accommodate migrants running away from war-like state to stay for four years before repatriation to a place that demand their services, in doing so, they would have save for the purpose of investment and at the same time discourage request for permanent status in host state.

Forced Displacement, Statelessness and Nationality Issues in Nigeria

The paper is anchored on persons of concern and nationality issues in Nigeria. The theory of social exclusion is adopted to explain the extent to which people of concern have been excluded from exercising and accessing their right to nationality in Nigeria. The paper is based on a desk review of secondary sources of information from international organizations, state agencies, and other relevant publications. Findings of the study revealed conflicts involving non-state actors in Nigeria and Cameroon largely account for forced displacement and nationality crises in Nigeria. The study also found that changes in Nigeria’s borderlines, undocumented migration and ethnic agitations accounts for nationality crises in Nigeria. The study recommended that the government of Nigeria should ensure the proper registration and management of forced migrants and address the major causes of conflicts. There should be proper border management and clear laws on the acquisition of citizenship by persons of concern in Nigeria.

A comprehensive analysis of water security from historical perspectives to contemporary challenges

Water is a vital resource for both human life and the economy, and its use and management are critical security issues. The scarcity of water resources has adverse effects on the economy, ecology, and public health, leading to lower crop yields, increased food costs, reduced living standards, and a higher risk of conflict between states. Water security has become a major cause of conflict in recent times. This article provides a historical overview of the term water security and conducts a comparative analysis of the various definitions of water security presented by authors and organizations. The article examines the theories of scholars who have written about water security and concludes that it is a complex concept encompassing various aspects of ensuring the safety of water resources, including preventing pollution, ensuring access to clean drinking water, protecting water bodies, developing mechanisms for managing water resources, and preventing conflicts over water. Furthermore, this article analyzes water security within the framework of national security and provides examples from different regions to emphasize the importance of water for individuals and the state.

CAUSES OF INTERNAL CONFLICT IN FRANK HERBERT’S NOVEL DUNE

This research is aimed to analyse internal conflicts as well as the major causes of those conflicts. In order to analyse the two types of conflict proposed by Robert Stanton as well as other theories or concepts related to the study and identification of conflict, such as Lewis Coser and William Kenney, the researchers employ a psychology of literature approach since the core analysis of this study is through the psychology of the character and is supported by behaviourism perspective because it deals with the behavioural phenomena. The boundaries for choosing the causes of conflicts are set by Hoffman where he states that the two major causes of conflicts are conflicting perception and conflicting needs. Frank Herbert's novel Dune serves as the primary source of information for this qualitative descriptive study, while other books and related publications serve as secondary sources following Creswell's data collection and analysis methodology. The results of the analysis show that internal conflicts experienced by Paul Atreides are often caused by conflicting perception and conflicting needs, since those conflicts caused by conflicting perceptions and needs are almost always on the intersections which Paul needs to choose for the story to progress.

Religion and Nation Building in Nigeria: A Critique

From its etymological definition, religion connotes relationship, bond and reverence. Ipso facto, it ought to be fundamental and a veritable tool for nation building, if nation building implies a systematic process of making a people with cultural and ethnic differences become integrated as one and feel belonged under one nation. Unfortunately, religion as it is practiced in Nigeria by the adherents of the dominant religions: Christianity, Islam and African Traditional Religion, rather than integrate the peoples of Nigeria, turns out to be one of the major causes of conflict and division among Nigerians. What is the reason behind this paradox? The philosophical method of critical analysis is employed to dissect the historical cause of this in view of finding lasting solutions. On this, the nature and mode of propagation of these faiths in Nigeria is identified as the major cause of the seed of division witnessed among these religions. If only the government and the religious leaders would liaise to educate the populace on the need for religious tolerance and freedom of worship, religion would have assumed its natural role of bridge building among the peoples of Nigeria.

Human-Wild Animal Conflict in Banja Woreda, Awi Zone, Ethiopia

Human-wild animal conflict has serious conservation consequences, both for populations of wild animals and for the people who live around wild animals’ habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the human-wild animal conflict in Banja Woreda, Awi Zone, Ethiopia. First, the area was selected purposively because it is expected to be prone to a high level of human-wild animal conflict, and then the selected areas were stratified based on the distance to wild animals’ habitats. A total of 95 household heads (HHs) from the two kebeles were interviewed using structured and semistructured questionnaires. Additional information was also gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews, and personal observation during data collection. About 84 (88%) of the respondents replied that wild animals had an effect on the livelihood of the local communities through both crop and livestock loss. The crop and animal loss was different across the distance categories of the study area ( P < 0.05 ). The highest proportion of loss was reported in the closest settlement than far-located settlements. The chi-square association test shows that there was a significant association ( P < 0.05 ) between livelihood activity across crops and domestic animal loss. The farmers who led their livelihoods in both farming and livestock activity reported higher animal and crop losses than the only farming or livestock activity. The crop types that were more raided by wild animals were maize and potato. The risks of crop raiding were significantly different among crop varieties ( P < 0.05 ). Wild animals affected crops in different development stages, and mature stage ranked the first followed by fruiting stage. Crop growth stages that were attacked by wild animals showed significant variations ( P < 0.05 ). Of the crop type that was attacked by wild animals, potato was highly attacked, which reaches to 113.8 quintals (28%), followed by maize 96 quintals (23%) and small millet 74.7 quintals (18%) within three years. The loss of crops in the kebeles was not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ). Wild animals also affected the domestic animals; accordingly, 79 (83.2%) of the respondents replied that wild animals attacked all domestic animals and the remaining 16 (16.8%) said wild animals attacked goats, sheep, and chickens. However, the animal loss in the kebeles was not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ). The trend of the population status of wild animals was significantly different among the perceptions of respondents ( P < 0.05 ). The settlement near the forest habitat of wild animals and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and deforestation were the major causes of conflict. The proportion of the causes of human-wild animal conflict in the area was significantly different ( P < 0.05 ). According to the respondents, the most effective controlling mechanisms of the conflict were guarding, followed by fencing and slipping at night in cropland. Out of the total number of respondents, 65 (68.4%) said guarding is the most effective conflict control mechanism, for protecting both crop and livestock. To limit the negative impact of human-wild animal conflict, good wild animal habitat management is required, such as minimizing agricultural expansion and overgrazing, demarcating the forest habitats for wild animals only, and creating awareness among local communities.

Human-Wildlife Conflict in Save Valley Conservancy: Residents' Attitude Toward Wildlife Conservation.

Human settlement in protected areas (PAs) is a major conservation concern in developing nations as it fuels human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs). The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the key wildlife species causing conflict, (ii) assess the perceptions of residents toward the major causes of conflict with wildlife, and (iii) evaluate the attitudes of residents toward problem animals. We conducted face-to-face semistructured interviews and two reconnaissance field surveys with 290 respondents residing in Save Valley Conservancy (SVC), in Southeast Lowveld Zimbabwe from January 2014 to June 2014. Results showed that lions (Panthera leo), spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), elephants (Loxodonta africana), and Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) were the major animals involved in the conflict. Our results also showed that the land-use change from wildlife ranching to farming and contested land ownership were perceived as the major causes of HWCs. Respondents who had lived in the area longer were more likely to agree that change in land use (Ordinal logistic regression: B = 1.32, Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.74) and contested land ownership (B = .67, OR = 1.95) were major sources of conflict. In addition, increased encounters between people and wildlife triggered mixed attitudes toward problem animals. For example, males were less likely to have a negative attitude toward problem animals compared to females (Multinomial logistic regression: B = −1.39; OR = .25). Residents who had stayed for less than five years were more likely to have a negative attitude toward problem animals than those who had stayed longer (B = 3.6; OR = 36.71). These results suggest that there is a need to relook at the resettlement pattern because coordinating HWCs and implementing sustainable conservation objectives are easy in a well-planned settlement. Stakeholders need to come together and create awareness of the use of HWCs mitigations measures.

River Churni: Assessing Trans boundary River Pollution and Options for Livelihood Protection

Trans-boundary Rivers are one of the major causes of conflict among the riparian states. Mathabhanga Churni is one of such 54 shared rivers between India and Bangladesh flowing in the Ganga Brahmaputra river basin which is a major source of fresh water as well as livelihood support to the people of its riverbanks for various reasons. The water quality of Churni deteriorated due to industrial waste disposal by a company, located in Bangladesh, in the river Churni. Moreover, in Indian side there are open defecation in the river Churni along with industrial and municipal waste disposal which are responsible for degradation of water quality affecting the livelihood of the common people of the riverbank of both sides. Initiatives have been taken to revive the course of river and purify its water quality by the National Green Tribunal, local environmental activists, like-minded people and organizations through awareness programme and protest. The article argues that initiatives for revival of the river Churni were taken by local activists and Government agencies but there is an acute absence of trans-boundary attention from both sides. While both the countries are busy with the Teesta and the Ganga as a result diplomatic parleys, government officials seem to have ignored the issue of pollution in the river Churni which can actually act as a catalyst for inculcating trans-boundary water diplomacy. It finds that diplomatic or bilateral engagements, issues revolving around Centre-State relations also need to be addressed in order to prevent an ecological disaster on both sides of the boundary and also to sustain livelihoods.

Assessing causes of inter- ethnic conflict in Ethiopia: Emphasis on Anuak and Nuer conflicts in Gambella Regional State

This study was directed on causes of inter- ethnic conflict in Ethiopia by stress on Anuak and Nuer conflicts in Gambella Regional State of Ethiopia. The general objective of this paper was an assessment on the causes of inter-ethnic conflict among Anuak and Nuer ethnic groups in Gembela regional state. The data was collected based on secondary sources. The researcher employed descriptive and explanatory types of research design. The findings from this study confirm that questions regarding property and land right, language and access to weapons are the major causes of conflict between the two ethnic groups. In addition, the paper found the solution for the Anuak and Nuer conflict would be, development initiatives along the Ethiopia and Sudanese border, full pledged arms control along the Ethiopia and Sudanese border could be an important factor in minimizing conflict and causalities in the future. The two groups could reach similar agreements, provided that they are offered the right opportunity to talk to each other, discuss their problems and apply traditional mechanisms of conflict resolution.

ANALYSIS OF PERCEIVED CAUSES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING VEGETABLE FARMERS-PASTORALISTS CONFLICTS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

The study was carried out on analysis of perceived causes and factors influencing vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 360 respondents from the study areas of Northern, Southern and Central Senatorial districts of Kaduna State. Data were collected through structure questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive (mean, frequency distribution, percentages and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistics regression). The results showed that 80.6% and 91.6% of the vegetable farmers and pastoralists were found to be male, majority (80.2%) and (86.1%) were married farmers and pastoralists, respectively. Also, the vegetable famers and pastoralists had relatively higher education of 34.1% and 31.8%, respectively. A grand mean of 3.79 was revealed as the perceived causes of vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts meaning there was persistence conflicts in the study area. So, the results disclosed the major causes of farmer-pastoralists conflicts to include influx of migrant herders/transhumance and night grazing (= 4.32), inadequate grazing reserve (= 4.25) and destruction of crop by animals (= 4.24) as perceived by vegetable farmers. However, the pastoralists perceived major causes of conflicts to include inadequate grazing reserve (= 4.44), destruction crops by animals (= 4.21) and encroaching grazing reserves (= 4.11). The results of logit regression on factors influencing farmers-pastoralists showed that age, and widow, number of livestock were found to be positively significant (P≤0.01), respectively. Household size, educational level and farm size were significant (P≤0.05) in influencing conflicts. The coefficient (-0.16) of number of livestock was found to be negative but significant (P≤0.01) implying that as number of livestock increases, the tendency to participate in a conflict also increases.it was concluded that vegetable farmers-pastoralists conflicts in the study was mostly influenced by age, education level, household size, farm size and number of livestock. The study recommended that grazing areas should be provided for pastoralists as a means of preventing farmers and pastoralist conflicts like the ranching (ruga) policy by the federal government and private partners.

The Demographic Implications of Crop Farmers-Pastoralists Conflict in Benue North-West, Nigeria

Conflicts between crop farmers and pastoralists have become a common feature of economic livelihood in West Africa. The study assessed the demographic implications of crop farmers-pastoralists conflict in Benue North-West, Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and a sample of 120 respondents was purposively selected from the three LGAs mostly affected by the pastoralists’ attacks. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, key informant interview and field observations and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages and mean). The study in its course found that availability of evergreen arable land (3,27), competition over available evergreen arable lands (3.0), damage to crops (3.12) and the proliferation and availability of cheap small arms and light weapons (2.52) are the major causes of conflict in the area. The study also revealed that the conflict has both short and long term demographic implication on the affected communities. The study recommended sustainable measures towards addressing conflict in the affected communities.

Identifying root causes of conflicts at farm level and conflicts resolution strategies in Punjab, Pakistan

The present study was conducted in three districts of the Punjab province. Muzaffargarh district from southern Punjab, Gujranwala district from center, and Attock district from North were selected randomly from three different zones (South, North, and Central Punjab) of Punjab, Pakistan. In each district, 200 farm families (100 male and 100 female) were selected purposively (involved in the conflict) for data collection rationally with help of key informants hence the total sample size was 600 in three selected districts. A well-planned and well-structured interview schedule was prepared for the collection of data. Two focus group discussions were planned for an in-depth discussion in each district. Each focus group consisted of 8 to10 members. Results indicate that passageway among agricultural land (x̄= 3.73), water distribution at farm level (x̄= 3.64), crop destroyed by the animals (x̄= 3.47), and burning of crops (x̄= 3.34) were the major causes of conflicts at the farm level as perceived by the respondents. Wastage of money and time (x̄= 3.74), affects daily routine life (x̄= 3.72), affects child education (x̄= 3.63), affects the marriage of the family members (x̄= 3.52) and less farm production (x̄= 3.32) and family break up (x̄= 3.27) were the consequences of farm-level conflicts. Participation of elder family member (x̄=3.69/5.00), negotiation among the conflicted parties (x̄=3.49/5.00), use of local politicians (x̄=3.41/5.00), social relationship (x̄=3.35/5.00), involvement of informal judiciary (panchayat) (x̄=3.20/5.00) were the modalities used by the local communities for conflicts resolution as perceived by the respondents. It was recommended that local panchayat and local administrative bodies should be promoted in the conflict management process.