Major Break Research Articles

Long-Term Elasticity of Environmental Demand: Environmental Protection Expenditures in Sweden, 1972–2020

This study uses reconstructions of historical Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts (EPEA) in Sweden from 1970–2020 to present a time series approach that analyses the demand for environmental services. The paper’s aim is to analyse environmental adaptation as a historical, economic and environmental process and to explore structural shifts suggestive of an overall periodisation of environmental demand. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of demand-side factors in environmental adaptation as part of contemporary economic history. The investigation also provides evidence that the income elasticity of environmental demand was slightly higher than 1.0 and largely stable over time, and even though we were able to detect trend breaks, there is insufficient evidence for major structural breaks suggesting sharp shifts in societal environmental preferences. Policies requiring sharply rising environmental expenditures should consider this level of historical stability. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

1980 SONRASI ÇAĞDAŞ TÜRK SANATINDA DİSİPLİNLERARASILIK VE DİSİPLİNLERAŞIRILIK

The coup of 1980 in Turkey was considered a negative impact of effective and long-term changes. Everything, including the historical process, political, economic, social and cultural phenomena, as well as street and art concepts, has been shaped before and after the 80s. The first half of the 80s became a period for Turkish art when works were published and bought and sold as commodities. After 1980, there was a major break in the field of visual arts, both in reviewing the subjects discussed and in the forms of creation. Artists who worked on the distribution of arbitrary border lines between political, economic, social or cultural products until the 80s gained a freer understanding of art in the 80s. With these understandings, after the 1990s, Turkish artists have signed practices that are open to diversity in art and are increasingly appreciated as interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary. This diversity has been provided with opportunities in the interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary period in which the art environment has been cultivated along social and cultural mobility such as global production, freedom, technological developments and international markets. Expanding the interdisciplinary and extreme expressions of disciplines within the scope of the research and examining the selected examples in a more comprehensive manner, revealing the results that Bitcoin has created in the last period and afterwards. Keywords: Turkish Art, Interdisciplinary, Transdisciplinary

Lithic stories of broken relations after the Storegga tsunami in Mesolithic western Norway?

ABSTRACT Major changes in lithic technologies are often explained by either migration or crisis. Here we argue that continuity and minor adjustments in lithic production can tell equally dramatic tales of altered social situations. We base our interpretations on identified lithic blade production concepts and raw materials at 30 sites dating 7500–5000BC, i.e. from before and after the massive Storegga tsunami hit the coast of western South-Norway around 6150BC. Regional continuation, but also local variations in lithic production are interpreted inspired by a machine-oriented ontological framework. The tsunami disrupts the environment, society and its lithic traditions are affected. Although no immediate major breaks are observed, sometime after the tsunami, societies or lithic production as ‘machines’ in separate regions had begun to hum to different tunes. We suggest that variation in tsunami impact had created differing local social contexts which in turn pushed the lithic traditions down diverging paths.

An integrated stratigraphic re-evaluation of key Central Atlantic DSDP sites

Re-sampling and new analysis of DSDP core from key Central Atlantic sites, drilled over 30 years ago, has allowed an updated stratigraphic framework to be developed. This study refines the timing and nature of key unconformities that have previously been documented to occur elsewhere in the oceanic domain of the Central Atlantic during the drilling of many DSDP legs. Biostratigraphic dating using calcareous nannofossils and palynology has been performed on 168 samples. This higher biostratigraphic resolution improves regional correlation and has allowed identification of major hiati previously unrecognised within the oceanic domain stratigraphy.This work builds on the pioneering work of the DSDP cruises, and utilises the valuable data collected for new age dating, supplemented with new organic geochemistry analysis and sedimentological characterisation to improve documentation of the Mesozoic strata. Results are extrapolated along the continental margin of northwest Africa and the conjugate in South America, using regional two-dimensional seismic sections, providing a correlation between the oceanic domain stratigraphy and shelfal depositional systems penetrated by hydrocarbon exploration wells.At DSDP Site 367, a middle Berriasian unconformity is recognised for the first time in Core 33, where middle Berriasian white pelagic limestones (Blake-Bahama Formation) sit unconformably on Early Tithonian red argillaceous limestones (Cat Gap Formation). Faunal dating indicates a ca. 5 Myr hiatus at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Marl interbeds within the pelagic limestones increase in occurrence through the Barremian, reflecting increased terrigenous input, with associated total organic content (TOC) averaging 5%.A second major lithological break is identified at DSDP Site 367, interpreted as a base Albian unconformity, between the Blake-Bahama and overlying Hatteras Formations. Sediments above are intra late Albian variegated claystones with abundant terrestrial detritus and distal turbidites. Seismic data that intersects the well location show onlapping reflections of early-middle Albian strata landward of DSDP Site 367, indicating paleo-topography prior to Albian deposition. These sediments are contemporaneous with a major progradational phase on the shelf and a sedimentary wedge observed at the base of the carbonate escarpment. Early Albian sediments sit above the interpreted base Albian unconformity at DSDP Site 534 A on the conjugate US Atlantic margin, suggesting the super-regional nature of this event. The refined dating provides age calibration of a basin-wide unconformity, previously known from seismo-stratigraphic studies as Reflector β.In addition to the revised stratigraphic framework, evidence is presented for the occurrence of seaward dipping reflectors (SDRs) northwest of the Guinea Plateau. SDRs have not been reported along this section of the African margin, demonstrating volcanic addition during early seafloor spreading and extending the occurrence of volcanics associated with the African Blake Spur magnetic anomaly further south beyond the Cap Vert fracture zone previously mapped. At DSDP Site 368 we also note that the late Albian to late Cenomanian strata (Hatteras Formation) is composed of a 164 m thick organic-rich interval, containing up to 37% TOC, with facies and organic geochemical heterogeneity. This transgressive sequence is associated with a flooding of the shelf.This revised stratigraphic framework provides a solid foundation for future Central Atlantic studies intending to use these sites as calibration of the oceanic domain stratigraphy.

Growing Like a Tree: Finding Trunks From Graph Skeleton Trees.

The message-passing paradigm has served as the foundation of graph neural networks (GNNs) for years, making them achieve great success in a wide range of applications. Despite its elegance, this paradigm presents several unexpected challenges for graph-level tasks, such as the long-range problem, information bottleneck, over-squashing phenomenon, and limited expressivity. In this study, we aim to overcome these major challenges and break the conventional "node- and edge-centric" mindset in graph-level tasks. To this end, we provide an in-depth theoretical analysis of the causes of the information bottleneck from the perspective of information influence. Building on the theoretical results, we offer unique insights to break this bottleneck and suggest extracting a skeleton tree from the original graph, followed by propagating information in a distinctive manner on this tree. Drawing inspiration from natural trees, we further propose to find trunks from graph skeleton trees to create powerful graph representations and develop the corresponding framework for graph-level tasks. Extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of our model. Comprehensive experimental analyses further highlight its capability of capturing long-range dependencies and alleviating the over-squashing problem, thereby providing novel insights into graph-level tasks.

Stem Defect Rates and Ice Storm Damage for Families of Pinus taeda from Coastal and Piedmont Provenances Planted on a North Carolina Piedmont Site

Abstract Twenty Pinus taeda L. families from both the Coastal Plain and Piedmont provenances in the southeastern United States were planted on an upper Piedmont site that experienced a severe ice storm at age 3 years. Storm damage and defect rates through age 11 years were compared with the seed transfer distance and the seed parents’ breeding values to develop prediction models for storm damage and rates of forking, stem break, and sawtimber potential. Warmer-source families had higher probability of limb or stem breaks and foliage injury from the storm. Taller trees were more likely to experience breaks and foliage injury, even after accounting for seed transfer distance. Trees with forks or fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme) infection had a higher probability of breaks. Trees with limb breaks or foliage injury did not have reduced sawtimber potential, but broken stems reduced sawtimber potential. The storm did not cause immediate mortality, but trees with major limb breaks, stem breaks, or foliage injury were less likely to be alive at age 8 years. At age 11 years, families with the best combination of breeding values for forking, straightness, and rust resistance had a predicted 60% of stems having sawtimber potential, whereas families with the worst combination had 30%. Study Implications: Planting warmer-source Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) families farther north and inland may lead to greater growth but poses a risk of damage from cold temperatures and ice storms. Trees grown for solid-wood products must be relatively defect-free and require a longer rotation, whereas bioenergy and pulpwood can use smaller, defective trees. This analysis presents predictions of defect rates through age 11 years based on the seed source and breeding values using data from a planting in the upper Piedmont of North Carolina. Land managers can use these models to weigh the benefits and risks when choosing families for reforestation.

The Impact of Ramadan Fasting on Sleep and Treatment Compliance in Psychiatric Patients: A Survey Study.

Background: During Ramadan, fasting is a duty for all healthy adult Muslims. During this month, there is a major and abrupt break in chrono-biological rhythms, sleep duration and timing, and the activity/rest cycle.
 Aims: This study aims to explore the impact of the month of Ramadan, with its various biological, behavioral, and social repercussions, on mental health in Tunisian psychiatric patients who may or may not be fasting.
 Objective: To determine the impact of the month of Ramadan on sleep and treatment compliance in psychiatric patients.
 Methods: This was a survey study of all patients under follow-up at the Monastir psychiatric outpatient department for mental disorders, with two measurements during and after the month of Ramadan in 2019 (i.e., from May 05 to June 04, 2019, the number of hours of fasting in Tunisia was between 15h 43 min and 16 h 36 min). The data was analyzed in 2020.
 Results: After studying 107 survey responses twice, during and after Ramadan, this study shows that sleep quality was significantly impaired during Ramadan for both fasters and non-fasters. There was also a significant difference between Ramadan and post-Ramadan in terms of treatment compliance; hence, adherence to treatment in the study population depended on the Ramadan effect and not the Fasting effect.
 Conclusion: This study showed that sleep quality assessed by the ISI insomnia scale was significantly impaired during the month of Ramadan for both fasting and non-fasting subjects. Also, adherence to treatment in the study population depended on the Ramadan effect and not the fasting effect.

A Poorly Known Catfish Clade in an Endangered Neotropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Relationships and Distribution Patterns of the Cambeva variegata Group (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

The Cambeva variegata group (CVG) is endemic to a region situated in the intersection of two endangered biodiversity hotspots, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, and drained by two important South American river basins, the upper Rio Paraná and upper Rio São Francisco basins. Presently, CVG comprises two nominal species, besides some still undescribed. We first performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis (total of 3368 bp) for five species of the CVG and 30 outgroups, which supported the monophyly of the CVG and its inclusion in Cambeva. Most morphological character states distinguishing the CVG from congeners are also present in Scleronema, possibly consisting of plesiomorphic features. We also performed the first time-calibrated phylogeny of the group, which supported possible relationships between present geographical distribution patterns and palaeogeographical events. The estimated time of origin of CVG in the Middle Miocene is nearly contemporaneous to a past hydrographical configuration when part of the upper Rio Paraná basin was connected to the Rio São Francisco basin. The first CVG lineage split occurring in the Miocene end corresponds to a major break in that palaeo basin. Species diversification between the Pliocene and early Pleistocene is compatible with final drainage rearrangement. This study highlights the urgent need for more detailed studies on the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of still poorly known organisms in this highly diverse and threatened region.

A Kingdom of Possibility

A Kingdom of Possibility

Decline of a North American rocky intertidal foundation species linked to extreme dry, downslope Santa Ana winds

Foundation species are essential to ecosystem function, but their role as habitat providers is predicated on their spatial dominance. Worldwide, kelps, seagrasses, corals, and other marine foundation species have declined. This is true also for rockweeds, the canopy-forming analog of subtidal kelp forests in temperate rocky intertidal ecosystems. On the west coast of North America, dense beds of the rockweed Silvetia compressa occur across large biogeographic regions, benefitting numerous species by ameliorating physical stress caused by sun exposure, desiccation, heat, and wave disturbance. Like many rockweed species, Silvetia is long-lived, slow-growing, and short-dispersing – characteristics that reduce its resilience to disturbance. Using a generalized additive mixed-effects model with explicit spatial effects, we analyzed canopy cover data from 30 sites spanning 18 years, and we tested the hypothesis that Silvetia population trends are tightly linked to atmospheric climate conditions, particularly Santa Ana wind events (SAWs): strong, hot, and dry downslope winds that originate inland and move offshore. We found that the rockweed had declined markedly, particularly at sites south of the major biogeographic break, Point Conception (PC), including the California Channel Islands and southern California mainland, and a highly significant negative effect of dewpoint depression, a measure of moisture content in the atmosphere, on Silvetia cover across all three regions in this study. Our results suggest that any increases in the frequency or intensity of SAWs are likely to lead to large declines and possible extirpation of Silvetia, as well as the important ecological services the species provides.

Prognostic Factors in Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization.

Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute myeloid leukemia (Ph+ AML) is a rare leukemia subtype first classified by the World Health Organization in 2016. The incidence of Ph+ AML is approximately 0.5 - 3%, and its prognosis is poor. Ph+ AML with additional chromosomal abnormalities in children has rarely been reported, and its treatment and prognosis remain uncertain. We retrospectively analyzed 649 patients with AML from 2006 - 2021. Six (0.9%) patients with Ph+ AML were identified and treated with conventional chemotherapy. The clinical features and prognoses were retrospectively analyzed. Six cases of AML with a Ph chromosome were reported. One of the six individuals exhibited a biphenotypic immunophenotype, one exhibited a simple myeloid immunophenotype, and the other four exhibited myeloid and lymphoid expression. Karyotypic analysis (R banding) was performed in six cases, four of which were classical Ph chromosomal abnormalities, two of which had additional abnormalities outside the Ph chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the BCR/ABL fusion gene distinguished that the BCR major breakpoint break in three cases was type P210 and the BCR minor breakpoint break in three cases was type P190. The complete remission rate of the six patients in this study using conventional chemotherapy was 60%, with a median survival time of 7.5 months. In summary, Ph+ AML is a heterogeneous disease often associated with additional chromosomal abnormalities. Ph+ AML is seen with a lymphoid immunophenotype and alterations in associated genes such as the IGH gene. Adults were predominantly P210 and two cases in children were both P190. Conventional treatments are less effective, and there are no standard treatment regimens.

Technology and Institutions: What can research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and institutions learn from each other?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not contained within the walls of technological organizations; over the decades, it has significantly impacted other industries due to the exponential practical implications of the technology and major break throughs as a result of AI implementation. Many authors have conducted relevant research about AI and its assistance in industries like banking and finance, education, manufacturing, healthcare, and others to find direct correlation between application of AI technology in data analysis, decision-making, end user impact and satisfaction, time, and cost savings. This study aims to perform in-depth analysis of various previous studies, and to conduct market research to comprehend the meeting point of Artificial general intelligence and Institutions and what they have to offer to each other; a detailed analysis of the way various strategies applicable through machine learning, deep learning techniques, voice and face recognition applications, expert systems assisting in comprehending customer behavior and patterns, and to identify potential demand, automation of key functions of inter-organization departments through algorithms, and building blocks that form institutions can be adopted by AI for future models and prospectives, and also to understand any gaps in the practical implications of AL that institutions can possibly incorporate in the future; thereby increasing efficiency and effectiveness of both AI and Institutions.

Wittgenstein on Proof and Concept-Formation

Abstract In his Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Wittgenstein claims, puzzlingly, that ‘the proof creates a new concept’ (RFM III-41). This paper aims to contribute to clarifying this idea, and to showing how it marks a major break with the traditional conception of proof. Moreover, since the most natural way to understand his claim is open to criticism, a secondary goal of what follows is to offer an interpretation of it that neutralizes the objection. The discussion proceeds by analysing a well-known geometrical proof.

Patterns and potential drivers of mesophotic communities of the warm-temperate Amathole shelf of South Africa

Temperate mesophotic ecosystems are generally poorly understood and in South Africa, few studies have analysed imagery from benthic assemblages in this depth range. This study used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to survey and describe benthic communities off the Kei River in the Amathole Region of South Africa's Indian Ocean. The CATAMI classification scheme was used to annotate 215 images from 14 sites in the 30–100 m depth range. Multivariate analyses (Cluster and MDS) produced eight benthic communities and nine corresponding environmental variables were investigated as potential drivers of observed patterns in epifauna. LINKTREE analysis identified depth and substratum as the best distinguishing environmental variables and generated three groups that represent rhodolith beds, macroalgal reefs and animal forests. A major depth break was evident at 74 m that separated rhodolith beds and macroalgal reefs into the upper mesophotic and animal forests into the lower mesophotic zones. Information from this study is important for marine spatial planning and management and contributed directly to the delineation and zonation of the Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area.

Genetic stock structure of the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis in the Indo-Pacific Ocean.

The silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, is a cosmopolitan species commonly caught as a bycatch for longline fisheries. However, the genetic stock structure for the Indo-Pacific Ocean is not well-defined yet. Here, we used eight microsatellite loci to examine the genetic stock structure and effective population size of 307 silky sharks across 5 Indo-Pacific sampling locations. A major genetic break was found between Aceh and the remaining locations (FST = 0.0505-0.0828, p = 0.001). The Indian Ocean displayed a slightly lower effective population estimate (Ne) compared to the Pacific Ocean, potentially due to the higher fishing pressure in the Indian Ocean region. The lowest Ne was found in the Aceh population (Ne = 2.3), suggesting it might be a small and endemic population. These findings offer valuable information for the conservation and management of the silky shark. We suggest that the population around Aceh waters constitutes a distinct stock and should be managed independently. Further investigations into migratory and movement patterns are needed to define the boundaries of different stocks, ensuring effective management the silky shark across the Indo-Pacific region.

Younger Adults and the Coping of Chronic Disease - Community Health Nursing as A Flexible Approach to Care

Background: Dealing with chronic illness is a major challenge for patients. For younger adults, this means a major break in life but there are few suitable offers for this target group. Good integration of the disease into life is the starting point for well-being and quality of life. Community health nurses (CHNs) have the competency to help younger adults cope with their illness. Individualized care requires knowledge of what coping strategies the patient has established over a lifetime. Therefore, an analysis of the coping strategies of younger adults with chronic disease seems worthwhile. Aim: This study aims to develop a care offer by a CHN that is specifically oriented towards the needs of people in health-disadvantaged neighborhoods and the associated difficult access to health care. Methods: The narrative-biographical interview method was used to gain insight into the coping strategies of younger adults with chronic illness. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the interviews. Results: A total of n=12 interviews were conducted with younger adults with a chronic or long-term illness. From these, six categories of coping strategies were identified. These are: (re)establishing the ability to act, illness as a focus in life, dealing with emotions, dealing with the outside and dealing with the inside, and the search for meaning. Conclusion: The analysis of the different coping strategies provides the basis for care that fits the individual needs of young adult patients. The CHN concept responds flexibly to patients’ needs. Therefore, it can be assumed that it also responds individually to the forms of coping of the six categories. It can therefore be expected that CHN is suitable for the care of young adults with chronic diseases. There are numerous points of contact for the category that (re)establish the ability to act.

Tectono-geomorphic and active deformation studies in the Ujh basin of Northwestern Himalaya

This study focuses on the morphotectonic analysis of the Ujh River basin, examining various aspects related to geometrical changes in the drainage basin caused by tectonic and erosional processes. The topographic development of the Ujh River basin is a response to enhanced tectonic deformation caused by Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). We assume that the basin asymmetry, tilting, incision, and migration of the river basin are regulated by the compressive force generated between MBT and MCT. The results were characterized by a high Asymmetry Factor (Af) indicating greater asymmetry suggesting a rightward tilting with low Valley Floor to Valley Width (Vf) values which indicate differential uplift and incision owing to ongoing tectonic processes. The high Stream Length Gradient (SL) Index values in the MCT zone, indicate sudden topographic breaks caused by the vertical tectonic uplift with active erosion processes. The Ujh River basin is in a disequilibrium state, with convex portions indicating uplift and concave portions indicating subsidence on the slope-area plot. The χ analysis, plotting χ values against elevation, highlights upliftment and erosion zones along the trunk stream, with major slope breaks and high χ values observed in the upstream region, particularly along the MCT. Overall, the Ujh River basin exhibits morphotectonic characteristics indicating ongoing tectonic activity and a state of disequilibrium.

An Evaluation of the Challenges Farmers Face in the New Era of E-Commerce: A Study of the Sehore District in Madhya Pradesh, India

Agriculture is the one of the most significant solution to the inclusive development of any country. The internet keeps on becoming more widespread among people who transact with the agricultural business. The inadequate health crisis about COVID 19 has exaggerated all communities Frontline Health Responders are a priority for countries in saving the lives of the people suffering from this disease. The purpose of the study is to examine the E-commerce sources selected for the agriculture sector and challenges faced by the farmers. E-Commerce has succeeded a major break in the agriculture sector. Now a day's internet becomes more popular among all customers. Some people use the internet for agriculture or irrigation. There are increasing awareness of the software and hardware among farmers. The thing which is needed is the internet with both the parties i.e. the one that is buying and therefore the one that is selling. My study is focused on the agriculture marketing & challenges faced by farmers by using E-commerce in agriculture sector .While examining the current scenario, farmers in India fail to make a living. Farmers are manipulated by so many intermediaries in Indian Farming Marketing. We used the sample size through which we build up a building of questions with multiple choices in answers but it is optional for the samplers who participate in this survey.

Bighorn sheep associations: understanding tradeoffs of sociality and implications for disease transmission.

Sociality directly influences mating success, survival rates, and disease, but ultimately likely evolved for its fitness benefits in a challenging environment. The tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of sociality can operate at multiple scales, resulting in different interpretations of animal behavior. We investigated the influence of intrinsic (e.g., relatedness, age) and extrinsic factors (e.g., land cover type, season) on direct contact (simultaneous GPS locations ≤ 25 m) rates of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) at multiple scales near the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. During 2002-2012, male and female bighorn were equipped with GPS collars. Indirect contact (GPS locations ≤ 25 m regardless of time) networks identified two major breaks whereas direct contact networks identified an additional barrier in the population, all of which corresponded with prior disease exposure metrics. More direct contacts occurred between same-sex dyads than female-male dyads and between bighorn groups with overlapping summer home ranges. Direct contacts occurred most often during the winter-spring season when bighorn traveled at low speeds and when an adequate number of bighorn were collared in the area. Direct contact probabilities for all dyad types were inversely related to habitat quality, and differences in contact probability were driven by variables related to survival such as terrain ruggedness, distance to escape terrain, and canopy cover. We provide evidence that probabilities of association are higher when there is greater predation risk and that contact analysis provides valuable information for understanding fitness tradeoffs of sociality and disease transmission potential.

A giant volcanic island in an early Martian Ocean?

Tracking early oceans on Mars has fundamental climatic and exobiological implications but requires unambiguous datable markers. Here we show that the Olympus Mons giant volcano shares morphological similarities with active volcanic islands on Earth where major constructional slope breaks systematically occur at the sea-air transition in response to sharp lava viscosity contrasts. We propose that the upper rim of the 6-km high concentric main escarpment surrounding Olympus Mons most likely formed by lava flowing into liquid water when the edifice was an active volcanic island during the late Noachian - early Hesperian. Similar features on the northern flank of the 1800 km-distant Alba Mons volcano further support an extended early Ocean initially occupying Martian lowlands. Abnormal current shoreline heights imply major surface uplift promoted by internal dynamics during the main phase of development of the Tharsis Bulge at some time during the Hesperian. After ocean retreat, the uplifted shorelines were partly blanketed by late sub-aerial activity during the Amazonian. The newly proposed volcanic shorelines can be dated by radiometric methods, constituting exceptional targets to track early liquid water at key temporal steps and provide valuable insights into the timing and fate of Martian Oceans.