Major Attacks Research Articles

Incidence and Management of Thromboembolism in Patients with Acute Leukemia.

Thromboembolic events (TE) in childhood are relatively rare but, serious complications of acute leukemia. The aim was to define the incidence and risk factors of thrombosis in children with leukemias. The electronic files of pediatric denovo/relapsed acute leukemia patients aged below 18 years, treated between 2011 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated for thrombotic attacks. Thirty out of 469 patients developed 35 thrombotic events. The median age at the time of the TE was 11.8 (2-17.6) years, and the median time from diagnosis to TE was 9 (0-58) months. The frequency of TE was found at 7.4% (n = 35/469). When catheterrelated (n = 13) events, superficial venous events (n = 10), and arterial central nervous system thrombosis (n = 1) were excluded, the frequency of TE was decreased to 2.3% (n = 11/469). Children older than 10 years old (13.8%; n = 21/152) had significantly higher thromboembolic events than the others (4.4%; n = 14/317) (p = 0.03). The majority of attacks were symptomatic 66% (n = 23/35). The most common complaints were local pain, swelling, and redness 52% (n = 12/23). The majority of attacks in patients with relapsed (75%; 6/8) and newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (40%; 10/25%) developed during the induction phase. Thrombosis recurred in 13.3% (n = 4/30) of cases more than once. Thrombotic attacks were successfully treated with low molecular weight heparin 60% (n = 21/35), and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 17% (n = 6/35). None of the children were lost due to thrombosis. Thrombosis is an important complication during acute leukemia treatment. Successful results are obtained with early diagnosis and treatment attempts by creating awareness.

Aspirin for suspected stroke patients?

Journal of Paramedic PracticeVol. 15, No. 3 CommentAspirin for suspected stroke patients?Graham McClellandGraham McClellandEmail:E-mail Address: [email protected]Visiting Clinical Researcher, Newcastle University; Paramedic Research Fellow, North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGraham McClellandPublished Online:6 Mar 2023https://doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2023.15.3.98AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Bath PM, Woodhouse LJ, Krishnan K et al.. Prehospital Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate for Ultra-Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: data From the RIGHT-2 Trial. Stroke. 2019;50:3064–3071. Crossref, Google ScholarBerkowitz AL, Westover MB, Bianchi MT, Chou SH. Aspirin for acute stroke of unknown etiology in resource-limited settings: a decision analysis. Neurology. 2014;83:787–793. Crossref, Google ScholarChen ZM, Sandercock P, Pan HC et al.. Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischemic stroke: A combined analysis of 40 000 randomized patients from the chinese acute stroke trial and the international stroke trial. On behalf of the CAST and IST collaborative groups. Stroke. 2000;31:1240–1249. Crossref, Google ScholarNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and tranisent ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management [NG128]. 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128/evidence/a-aspirin-pdf-6777399566 (accessed 22 February 2023) Google ScholarNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence.. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management [NG128]. 2022. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128 (accessed 22 February 2023) Google ScholarPrust ML, Saylor D, Zimba S et al.. Inpatient management of acute stroke of unknown type in resource-limited settings. Stroke. 2022;53:e108–e117. Crossref, Google ScholarQuaas J. Aspirin given immediately for a major heart attack (STEMI). 2009. https://www.thennt.com/nnt/aspirin-for-major-heart-attack/ (accessed 22 February 2023) Google ScholarRothwell PM, Algra A, Chen Z, Diener HC, Norrving B, Mehta Z. Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2016;388:365–375 Crossref, Google ScholarSaver JL, Eckstein M, Stratton S et al.. The field administration of stroke therapy - Magnesium (FAST-MAG) phase 3 trial: Primary results. Stroke. 2014;45. Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 March 2023Volume 15Issue 3ISSN (print): 1759-1376ISSN (online): 2041-9457 Metrics History Published online 6 March 2023 Published in print 2 March 2023 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Efficient Group Handover Authentication for Secure 5G-Based Communications in Platoons

In recent years, the world of vehicular communication is in full progress. With the emergence of the fifth-generation (5G) technology, the high bandwidth and low latency features in the 5G vehicle to everything (5G-V2X) network become possible. However, the current 5G mechanism specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 16 incurs high signaling overhead over the radio access network and the core network when a vehicle platoon moves from a source base station to the target base station. Moreover, it also has several security problems in terms of the failure of key forward secrecy (KFS) and lack of mutual authentication. In this paper, we propose an efficient authentication protocol for vehicle platoons in all handover scenarios. By the proposal, the identities of base stations and vehicles are mutually authenticated by certificateless aggregated signatures, which can also reduce signaling overhead and is free from key escrow problems. The proposed protocol has been formally evaluated by BAN-logic and the Scyther tool to show its ability to resist major typical malicious attacks. It has also been analyzed on its security functionality. The performance evaluation demonstrates that the proposed protocol is efficient in terms of signaling, computational and communication cost.

Secure Modern Wireless Communication Network Based on Blockchain Technology

Sixth-generation (6G) wireless networking studies have begun with the global implementation of fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems. It is predicted that multiple heterogeneity applications and facilities may be supported by modern wireless communication networks (MWCNs) with improved effectiveness and protection. Nevertheless, a variety of trust-related problems that are commonly disregarded in network architectures prevent us from achieving this objective. In the current world, MWCN transmits a lot of sensitive information. It is essential to protect MWCN users from harmful attacks and offer them a secure transmission to meet their requirements. A malicious node causes a major attack on reliable data during transmission. Blockchain offers a potential answer for confidentiality and safety as an innovative transformative tool that has emerged in the last few years. Blockchain has been extensively investigated in several domains, including mobile networks and the Internet of Things, as a feasible option for system protection. Therefore, a blockchain-based modal, Transaction Verification Denied conflict with spurious node (TVDCSN) methodology, was presented in this study for wireless communication technologies to detect malicious nodes and prevent attacks. In the suggested mode, malicious nodes will be found and removed from the MWCN and intrusion will be prevented before the sensitive information is transferred to the precise recipient. Detection accuracy, attack prevention, security, network overhead, and computation time are the performance metrics used for evaluation. Various performance measures are used to assess the method’s efficacy, and it is compared with more traditional methods.

DNS Intrusion Detection (DID) — A SNORT-based solution to detect DNS Amplification and DNS Tunneling attacks

Domain Name System (DNS) plays a critical role in the Internet ecosystem, translating numerical IP addresses to memorable domain names and vice versa. The malicious user targets DNS by taking advantage of vulnerabilities in DNS. The most complex attacks in the DNS attacks vector include Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) based DNS amplification attacks and sophisticated DNS tunneling attacks. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a solution available to monitor the traffic for intrusion in the network but not exclusively for DNS intrusions. In this research paper, we present – DNS Intrusion Detection (DID), a system integrated into SNORT – a prominent open-source IDS, to detect major DNS-related attacks. We developed novel IDS signatures for various tools used in the tunneling, amplification, and DoS attacks and added them to the existing ruleset file of IDS to detect DNS-based intrusions. Our approach successfully identifies empirical DNS attacks carried out by various known tools available over the Internet. Evaluation of DID showed a high detection rate and a very low false-positive rate.

A Provably Secure Lightweight Key Agreement Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks in Healthcare System

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a vital application of the Internet of Things (IoT) that plays a significant role in gathering a patient's healthcare information. This collected data helps special professionals like doctors or physicians analyze patients' health status to cure different diseases. However, collecting such information from an insecure channel can be threatening due to the potential security threats. Therefore, it is crucial to secure this sensitive information. This article proposes a secure and lightweight authentication protocol for WBAN. The devised protocol is scalable, secure, and lightweight compared to various relevant competing protocols. The informal security analysis shows that the designed protocol is lightweight, secure, and efficient in resisting various major attacks. The performance analysis demonstrates our protocol's supremacy over various competing protocols in terms of computation and communication costs, inducing efficiency of 20.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Moreover, the practical performance of the designed protocol from the network point of view is measured using the widely recognized NS3 simulation tool.

CS-SPT: Secure and Packet Loss-Resilient Audio Transmission Based on Compressive Sensing

Packet loss-resilient and security are two major challenges faced by real-time audio transmission over IP networks. Due to the capability of recovering the signal from a small set of samplings and the randomness in the acquisition process, compressive sensing (CS) has a vast prospect in dealing with these problems. In this paper, we propose a secure and packet loss-resistant real-time audio transmission framework (CS-SPT) based on the principle of CS. Inspired by the interleaving technique, an ultralow complexity scrambling matrix was adopted in the proposed CS-SPT to improve its packet loss-resilient capability by increasing the information redundancy. Moreover, the energy of ciphertext is homogenized using a diffusion operation. Experimental results show that compared with existing methods, the proposed CS-SPT not only improves the packet loss-resilient ability significantly but also can resist several major attacks, such as COAs and KPAs.

A Retrospective Comparative Study in Patients with SUNA and SUNCT.

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA) are rare primary headache disorders. The aim of the study is to describe and compare the clinical characteristics of patients with SUNA and SUNCT. Patients with SUNCT or SUNA observed in a neurology clinic of a tertiary hospital in India between January 2017 and December 2022 were evaluated. Thirteen patients with SUNA (seven female, 54%) and 16 patients with SUNCT (nine female, 56%) were identified for the evaluation. The mean ages at the onset of SUNA and SUNCT were 36.8.5 ± 8.1 years and 37.2 ± 8.4 years, respectively. The age of onset in our patients was somewhat younger than that of other large series. The demographic and clinical features of SUNA patients were comparable to those of SUNCT patients. Orbital/retro-orbital area was the most common site of pain in both types of headaches. The pattern of pain was noted as single stab (in all patients), repetitive stabs (SUNA vs. SUNCT: 77% vs. 75%), and sawtooth patterns (SUNA vs. SUNCT: 23% vs. 25%). The majority of attacks in both groups lasted less than two minutes. Conjunctival injection and tearing were present in all SUNCT patients (as a part of the diagnostic criteria). The prevalence of conjunctival injection and tearing in SUNA was 46% and 31%, respectively. All patients reported spontaneous attacks. Triggers were reported in seven (54%) patients with SUNA and nine (56%) with SUNCT. Only one patient in each group had a refractory period following a trigger-induced episode. Two patients in the SUNCT group had compression of the trigeminal nerve by a vascular loop. This is the largest case series from India. There were no significant differences between patients with SUNA and SUNCT.

An Effective Model of Countering Terrorist Danger: Successful Experience of Mauritania

The article analyzes the approaches of the Mauritanian authorities to the fight against terrorism. While the countries of the Sahel region are suffering from a crisis caused by the actions of jihadist groups, Mauritania has become a positive exception in this regard. There have been no major terrorist attacks there in the last 10 years, although there are significant problems in the country that make it vulnerable to extremism. These are unresolved political issues, huge social and ethnic differences, and the weakness of the economy. The terrorist group Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), which has been organizing terrorist attacks in the country since 2005 and recruiting young Mauritanians into the ranks of jihadists, tried to take advantage of the numerous problems of Mauritania and the popularity of political Islam there. The peak of terrorist activity in Mauritania was 2005–2011, when more than ten attacks were carried out. Since coming to power in 2009, President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz began the formation of a new anti-terrorist strategy that took into account both the Algerian experience and the Mauritanian realities. This strategy was complex in nature and included both military measures and “soft approaches”. Among the military measures, a successful military reform should be noted, affecting military education, increasing the mobility of the armed forces and the capabilities of special forces units. The approach of the Mauritanian authorities to the internal religious and political arena has also undergone a radical change. In addition to offering dialogue to hardliners and the legalization of the Islamist Tevassul party, the approach aimed at involving the nomadic population of remote desert areas in the public space of Mauritania has fully justified itself.

Blockchain-Based Lightweight Multifactor Authentication for Cell-Free in Ultra-Dense 6G-Based (6-CMAS) Cellular Network

Cell-Free mMIMO is a part of technology that will be integrated with future 6G ultra-dense cellular networks to ensure unlimited wireless connectivity and ubiquitous latency-sensitive services. Cell-Free gained researchers’ interest as it offers ubiquitous communication with large bandwidth, high throughput, high data transmission, and greater signal gain. Cell-Free eliminates the idea of cell boundary in cellular communication that reduces frequent handover and inter-cell interference issues. However, the effectiveness of the current authentication protocol could become a serious issue due to the dynamic nature of Cell-Free in densely distributed, high number of users, high mobility, and frequent data exchange. Secondly, secure communication may be achieved in such a dynamic environment at the expense of high authentication overhead, high communication and computational costs. To address the above security challenges, we proposed a lightweight multifactor mutual authentication protocol for Cell-Free communication using ECC-based Deffie Hellman (ECDH). This scheme utilizes timestamping, one-way hash function, Blind-Fold Challenge scheme with public key infrastructure. The proposed cryptosystem integrates with blockchain technology using proof of staked (POS) as a consensus mechanism to ensure integrity, non-repudiation and traceability. The proposed scheme can enforce the mitigation of several major security attacks on communication links such as spoofing attacks, eavesdropping, user location privacy issues, replay attacks, denial of service attacks, and man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, which is one of the significant features of the scheme. Furthermore, this scheme contributes to reducing authentication, communication, and computational overheads with an average of 32.8%, 52.4% and 53.2% better performance respectively as compared baseline authentication protocols.

Phishing Website Detection Using Several Machine Learning Algorithms: A Review Paper

Phishing is one of the major web social engineering attacks. This has led to demand for a better way to predict and stop them in a commercial environment. This paper seeks to understand the research done in the field and analyse the next steps forward. This is done by focusing on what goes into the selection of proper features, from manual selection to the use of Genetic Algorithms such as ADABoost and MultiBoost. Then a look into the classifiers in use, Neural Networks and Ensemble algorithms which were prominent alongside some novel approaches. This information is then processed into a framework for cloud-based and client-based phishing website detection, alongside suggestions for possible future research and experiments that could help progress the field.

Preparing for compounding crises: Staff shortages and cyber-attack vulnerability in the era of COVID-19

In 2020, while the USA was experiencing successive waves of COVID-19, Universal Health Services experienced a major cyber attack that crippled electronic systems in over 200 hospitals, including a major academic medical centre that was playing a key regional role in COVID-19 care and clinical trials. This paper discusses the impact of the attack on clinical operations, informatics, research and teaching, contextualising the case study within more wide-scale trends driving the rise in cyber attacks on healthcare systems. The compounding relationships between COVID-19, healthcare workforce depletion and cyber-security vulnerabilities form the framework of the discussion and action plan. Commitments to institutional best practices, large-scale investments in infrastructure, and above all increasing support for the critical human actors carrying out the work, are urgently needed to secure the healthcare system against these destabilising threats. Within this context, this paper argues that information security in the healthcare sector must be reimagined and integrated with greater support for the needs of frontline healthcare workers.

Review of Botnet Attack Detection in SDN-Enabled IoT Using Machine Learning.

The orchestration of software-defined networks (SDN) and the internet of things (IoT) has revolutionized the computing fields. These include the broad spectrum of connectivity to sensors and electronic appliances beyond standard computing devices. However, these networks are still vulnerable to botnet attacks such as distributed denial of service, network probing, backdoors, information stealing, and phishing attacks. These attacks can disrupt and sometimes cause irreversible damage to several sectors of the economy. As a result, several machine learning-based solutions have been proposed to improve the real-time detection of botnet attacks in SDN-enabled IoT networks. The aim of this review is to investigate research studies that applied machine learning techniques for deterring botnet attacks in SDN-enabled IoT networks. Initially the first major botnet attacks in SDN-IoT networks have been thoroughly discussed. Secondly a commonly used machine learning techniques for detecting and mitigating botnet attacks in SDN-IoT networks are discussed. Finally, the performance of these machine learning techniques in detecting and mitigating botnet attacks is presented in terms of commonly used machine learning models' performance metrics. Both classical machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques have comparable performance in botnet attack detection. However, the classical ML techniques require extensive feature engineering to achieve optimal features for efficient botnet attack detection. Besides, they fall short of detecting unforeseen botnet attacks. Furthermore, timely detection, real-time monitoring, and adaptability to new types of attacks are still challenging tasks in classical ML techniques. These are mainly because classical machine learning techniques use signatures of the already known malware both in training and after deployment.

CyberNSOF – A CRUCIAL FORCE MULTIPLIER IN MODERN WARFARE

Cyber security and special operations (CyberSOF) in the 21st century are constantly evolving and changing to meet today's threats. CyberSOF are constantly evolving as allied countries, strategic partners and key players in the Black Sea discover new tactics to achieve strategic objectives. So far, the one that has remained below the threshold of armed conflict by operating in the grey zone is the Russian Federation. The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation is the first strong indicator that CyberSOF binomial operations have been executed. The Romanian Naval Special Operations Forces community is still developing specific guidelines or responses to deter or prevent a major cyber attack on Romania and its NATO partners. This research addresses an aspect of special operations and cyber community that has yet to be explained adequately. To achieve this goal, we will describe how the symbiotic relationship between Naval Special Operations Forces and Cyber Defense Command is crucial within the national military instrument of power at the strategic level and the impact of this binomial on the operational and tactical levels of hybrid conflict can be treated as both a force multiplier and force protection generator for Naval Forces and beyond. According to the specified causes to achieve our objectives, we will present the concept of Cyber Operations and Naval Forces for Special Operations (CyberNSOF), a novel concept that can produce strategic-level effects with minimal forces. Although the two entities presented above are services in the Romanian Military, used as a binomial (CyberNSOF) in support of the supported element, will be able to be used both as force multiplier, force protection element and last but not least as forces executing pre-emptive actions to deter the enemy. Taking these recommendations into account will increase the effectiveness of SOF maritime operations with the support of cyberoperations while ensuring the transition to a robust/ real joint capability in response to any emerging existing threats.

An ACP-Based Parallel Approach for Color Image Encryption Using Redundant Blocks.

Public concerns on image encryption grow significantly as the development and application of edge computing and the Internet of Things intensified recently. However, most existing image cryptosystems are not sophisticated enough to resist the two major attack strategies available currently, that is: 1) differential attacks and 2) chosen-plaintext attacks, which are famous for their destructive power, especially their capability of exploiting cryptosystems' features to recover the secret key. In this article, we propose an artificial image, computational experiment, and parallel execution (ACP)-based color image encryption approach using redundant blocks. First, a redundant blocks strategy with redundant spaces is proposed to prevent differential attacks and accelerate operating speed while guaranteeing the security of image cryptosystems. Second, real-world chaotic data (e.g., stock data) are obtained to generate artificial images and conduct computational experiments. Furthermore, artificial images are encrypted via real-world chaos, while the original images are encrypted via simulated chaos (such as Chen's hyperchaos). Finally, we design the process of parallel execution for image encryption and use DNA XOR to merge two groups of encrypted subimages to fuse the effect of the chaotic characteristics in both the real world and the simulation. The final encrypted image is realized through the recovery of redundant blocks. The ACP mechanism of color image encryption achieves the goal of improving the sophistication of chaos-based cryptosystems and resists both the differential and chosen-plaintext attacks. Experimental results and security analysis show that our approach provides not only excellent encryption but also security sufficient to prevent known attacks.

JointNIDS: Efficient Joint Traffic Management for On-Device Network Intrusion Detection

Data plane programmability enables the embedding of a network intrusion detection system (NIDS) on programmable switches to dynamically control the efficiency of attack type detection and the overhead in the computation and network side. However, it is a challenging task to implement a feasible embedded detection model with advanced machine learning techniques such as deep learning. It is due to the limited support provided by programming languages on the data plane and the computing resource constraints at the edge. We propose a joint traffic classification architecture called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">JointNIDS</i> that splits a classification model into two sequential sub-models. In this model, the primary switch is dedicated to major attack classification. The secondary switch is used mainly for a further in-depth inspection of the rest of the minor traffic types. The presence of some partially overlapping hidden units in the two sequential switches can help to reduce the computational overhead at the edge, while increasing the packet inspection throughput. Experimental results on the P4 framework demonstrate that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">JointNIDS</i> has reduced attack detection time, while achieving a similar accuracy performance, as other counterpart algorithms. To further develop the proposed architecture, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">JointNIDS</i> implements an optimization step. It maximizes the amount of data to be inspected by a system, taking into account the constraints of computing resources and network bandwidth for a given performance requirement. We validate the effectiveness of collaborative joint optimization in various scenarios.

Preparing for the unexpected: Comparing plans for post-terror health response in Norway and France

Abstract Background How healthcare systems should respond to health and psychosocial needs in the population after terrorism is debated. Still, there has been recent interest for more coordinated health threat governance in Europe. Studies comparing approaches to health emergency contingency in different countries are thus needed. This poster will present a comparative study of how France and Norway planned for disaster follow-up prior to four major terrorist attacks, and how differences in the approaches can be understood. Methods National plans and guidelines from France and Norway, planning the response to mass casualty incidents relevant to four terrorist attacks in 2011, 2015 and 2016 were analyzed, by document analysis. Walt and Gilson's health policy model, focused on context, process, content and actors guided the analysis. Results The countries’ approaches were similar regarding identified target groups of prescribed measures and contents of some measures, however historical and systemic differences shaped approaches to post-terror needs. The countries deviated particularly on who the actors responsible for providing care were, and also the content of some measures. For instance, in France specialized mental health care were more involved in early psychosocial care than in Norway, where primary care approaches were more salient. Conclusions Contextual factors appear to affect how healthcare contingency is planned, and finding one approach applicable in all national contexts appears challenging. Still, the presentation will discuss the potential for identifying core elements for psychosocial and healthcare follow-up that can be relevant in different contexts. Key messages

A Story with Characters and Action

A Story with Characters and Action

A Distributed Intrusion Detection System for AODV Network

Abstract: The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, designed for mobile ad hoc networks, offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing and memory overhead, and low network utilization. However, without keeping in mind the security issues in the protocol design, AODV is vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. This thesis analyzes some of the vulnerabilities, specifically discussing attacks against AODV that manipulate the routing messages. We propose a solution based on specification-based intrusion detection to detect attacks on AODV. Briefly, our approach involves the use of finite state machines for specifying correct AODV routing behavior and distributed network monitors for detecting run-time violation of the specifications. In addition, one additional field in the protocol message is proposed to enable the monitoring. We illustrate that our algorithm, which employs a tree data structure, can effectively detect most of the serious attacks in real time and with minimum overhead. Routing attacks will have distressing effects over the network and bequest a significant challenge once planning strong security mechanisms for vehicular communication. In this paper, we examine the effect and malicious activities of a number of the foremost common attacks and also mention some security schemes against some major attacks in VANET. The attacker's aim is only to modify the actual route or provides the false data about the route to the sender and also some attackers are only flooding unwanted packets to consume resources in available network. Various routing approaches are also mentioned in the paper because the routing of data is very important to deliver the traffic information to leading vehicles. It's advised that a number of the ways that to approach this made field of analysis issues in VANET might be to fastidiously design new secure routing protocols in which attacks are often rendered meaningless and because of the inherent constraints found in the network, there's a desire for light-weight and sturdy security mechanisms.

The effect of the lunar cycle on migraine: preliminary findings from a retrospective study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the lunar cycle and attacks observed in patients diagnosed with migraine and under follow-up in our pediatric neurology clinic. Cases diagnosed with migraine and under follow-up at the Balıkesir University Medical Faculty Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Turkey, undergoing attacks between 01.09.2019 and 01.09.2021, and whose attacks were recorded were included in the study. Patients' migraine attacks were investigated retrospectively, and the stage of the lunar cycle at which they occurred, based on the lunar calendar, was determined. The mean age of the patients in the study was 13.39 ± 2.64 (8-17) years. Female gender was observed in the majority of attacks in all lunar cycles, and was most common in the first quarter. Headache was most common in the frontal region during the first quarter and full moon, and auras were also most frequent in the first quarter. Stress and exercise were the most frequent migraine-triggering factors in the first and third quarters, and in the full moon. Migraine attacks were shortest in duration in the full moon, and longest in the first quarter. The frequency of attacks (per week) was highest in the new moon and third quarter, and lowest in the full moon. This study investigated the relationship between migraine attack characteristics in children and the lunar cycle. It represents the first such investigation of the association between the lunar cycle and pediatric migraine attacks.