Major Antinutritional Factors Research Articles

The Effects of Fluidized Bed Drying, Soaking, and Microwaving on the Phytic Acid Content, Protein Structure, and Digestibility of Dehulled Faba Beans

Different pre-treatments of pulses affect the content of antinutritional factors and protein digestibility. This study addresses the challenge of removing phytic acid, which is one of the major anti-nutritional factors present in faba beans. From this study, fluidized bed drying at 120 °C and 140 °C removed 8–22% of the phytic acid present. Phytic acid is thermally stable, and drying did not lead to a large reduction in concentration. Greater drying temperatures and drying times had little effect on the removal of phytic acid. Soaking the dehulled faba beans in 0.1% citric acid for 12 h at 37 °C removed 51 ± 11% of the phytic acid. After soaking for 12 h, microwaving the faba beans for two minutes removed over 70% of the phytic acid, including soaking in water or soaking in 0.1% citric acid solution. The mechanism for phytic acid reduction after microwaving appears to be linked with changes in the cotyledon cellular structure of the faba bean, as demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy. The protein secondary structure in the faba bean was modified after microwaving. The in vitro protein digestibility of dehulled faba beans used in this study increased by 15.7% compared with the fresh faba beans of 75.5 ± 0.5%. The in vitro digestibility of dehulled faba beans increased to 88.3 ± 0.6% after two minutes of microwaving, so both dehulling and microwaving improved the digestibility of the faba bean proteins.

Fractionation, Structural Characteristics, Functionality, Aromatic Profile, and In Vitro Digestibility of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Proteins

Consumers’ attitudes toward more plant-based components in their diet has greatly driven the exploration of functional plant proteins. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the structural and functional properties, nutritional and aromatic profiles, and in vitro digestion of protein fractions from the underexploited lentil grain. Albumin (LA), globulin (LG), and its subunits legumin (LL) and vicilin (LV) were fractionated from red lentil flour through alkaline extraction–isoelectric precipitation and/or different salt extractions. LA and LV exhibited unique structural properties (more β-sheet and α-helix structures), higher solubility (almost 100% at pH 7.0), and foaming capacity (>200% at pH 7.0), while LG exhibited better emulsifying properties. LA showed a distinct aromatic profile including high numbers of volatile compounds, especially alcohols, esters, and acids. After in vitro gastric-intestinal digestion, the hydrolysis degree of LA (24.25%) was the lowest, owing to the presence of major antinutritional factors.

Evaluation of major anti-nutritional factors in oilseed Brassica

Evaluation of major anti-nutritional factors in oilseed Brassica

Optimization of Soybean Meal Fermentation for Aqua-Feed with Bacillus subtilis natto Using the Response Surface Methodology

This study aimed to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Bacillus subtilis natto (B. s. natto) to overcome the limitations of SBM usage in aquafeed. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to explore the relationships of fermentation conditions, such as temperature, time, water-substrate ratio, and layer thickness, on the degree of protein hydrolysis (DH) and the crude protein (CP) content. The optimum conditions for achieving the higher DH (15.96%) and CP (55.76%) were 43.82 °C, 62.32 h, 1.08 of water-substrate ratio, and a layer thickness of 2.02 cm. CP and DH in the fermented soybean meal (FSM) increased by 9.8% and 177.1%, respectively, and crude fiber decreased by 14.1% compared to SBM. The protein dispersibility index (PDI) decreased by 29.8%, while KOH protein solubility (KPS) was significantly increased by 17.4%. Flavonoids and total phenolic acid content in FSM were increased by 231.0% and 309.4%, respectively. Neutral protease activity (NPA) also reached a high level (1723.6 U g−1). Total essential amino acids (EAA) in FSM increased by 12.2%, higher than the 10.8% increase of total non-essential amino acids (NEAA), while the total free amino acids content was 12.76 times higher than that of SBM. Major anti-nutritional factors in SBM were significantly reduced during the process, and almost all SBM protein macromolecules were decomposed. Together with the cost-effectiveness of SSF, B. s. natto-fermented SBM products have great potential to improve the plant composition and replace high-cost ingredients in aquafeed, contributing to food security and environmental sustainability.

Quantification of lectin in soybeans and soy products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Lectin is one of the major anti-nutritional factors in soybeans and inhibits digestion of dietary protein. Here, an absolute quantification method was developed to detect lectin using synthetic peptide 183TTSWDLANNK192 as reference standard and corresponding isotope labeled peptide TTSWDLANNK (Alanine-13C3,15N) as internal standard to normalize results. After the ground soybeans and soy products were defatted with n-hexane and extracted with extraction buffer, the crude protein extract was digested on filter membrane by trypsin. Further, the enzymatic hydrolysis peptides were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The synthetic reference peptide showed a detection limit of 0.27 ng/mL and a linear relationship in the range of 3.2–1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.997). Correspondingly, the detect limit of lectin in soybean samples was 35.5 μg/g. The results showed that the recoveries of the lectin in spiked samples ranged from 80.9% to 108.7% with intra-day precisions (% CV) less than 9%. The method was successfully used to evaluate lectin levels in hundreds of soybean seeds from different varieties and soy products from different soybean processing techniques. Furthermore, the method may provide a potential application as a general method for the ultrasensitive detection of various protein anti-nutritional factors in food.

Genetic and molecular characterisation of subtropically adapted low-phytate genotypes for utilisation in mineral biofortification of maize (

Phytic acid (PA) is a major anti-nutritional factor in maize grains and significantly reduces the bioavailability of minerals such as iron and zinc in humans. Reduction of PA in maize (Zea mays L.) thus assumes great significance. Despite the availability of low phytic-acid (lpa) mutants in maize, their utilisation in breeding has been limited because of non-availability of well adapted lpa-based inbreds. A set of 24 subtropically adapted lpa1-1-based maize inbreds derived through molecular breeding was evaluated along with seven wild-type inbreds at multilocation. The lpa1-1 inbreds possessed 35.8% lower PA (1.68 mg/g) than the wild-type inbreds (2.61 mg/g). Mean proportion of PA was lower in the lpa1-1-based inbreds (62.8%) than in the wild-type inbreds (91.6%). The lpa1-1 inbreds showed similar performance for plant- and ear-height besides flowering behaviour as did wild types. Average grain yield among lpa1-1 inbreds (2735.9 kg/ha) was at par with the original versions (2907.3 kg/ha). Molecular profiling of these lpa1-1 inbreds using 60 genome-wide single-sequence repeats generated 172 alleles, with a mean of 2.87 alleles per locus. Mean polymorphism information content and mean gene diversity were 0.41 and 0.48 respectively. Genetic dissimilarity ranged from 0.23 to 0.81, with an average of 0.64. Cluster analyses grouped 24 lpa1-1 genotypes into three major clusters, and principal-coordinate analysis depicted the diverse nature of genotypes. The study also identified a set of potential hybrid combinations with low PA for their direct utilisation in biofortification program. This is the first study on comprehensive characterisation of lpa1-1-based inbreds adapted to subtropical conditions.

Determination of major antinutritional factors in Pennisetum glaucum L. and their relationship with protein and content yield

Twenty pearl millet genotypes were used to explore and evaluate the diversity of antinutritional factors along with establishing their relationship with protein content and yield that contributes to its quality and farmers interest, respectively. A wide variation was observed for each of antrinutritional factors along with protein (7.54 - 11.94%) and yield (19.67 - 27.6 g/plant). The genotype HBL-0825-1 identified for having highest phenol, phytic acid and C-glycosylflavone content while genotype 78/711 for lowest Cglycosylflavone and phytic acid content along with maximum protein content. HBL-72 was identified for having maximum yield. Significant positive correlation was observed within most of the antinutritional factors, whereas protein possessed negative and significant correlation with phytic acid content. On the other hand, phytic acid exerted a positive and direct effect while C-glycosylflavones had negative effect on grain yield per plant, which could be utilized for further breeding improvement programmes that can contribute to popularity towards increased use of pearl millet.

Soybean glycinin disrupted intestinal structural integrity related to aggravation of apoptosis and downregulated transcription of tight junction proteins in the intestine of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Glycinin is a major anti-nutritional factor of soybean. Glycinin inhibits growth and impairs intestinal health in grass carp and Jian carp, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study used grass carp to examine whether the negative influences of dietary glycinin are related to intestinal apoptosis signalling and tight junctions (TJs). The results showed that 8% dietary glycinin caused higher diamine oxidase activities and D-lactate content in the serum than did the control, indicating impairment of intestinal structural integrity. For the apoptosis indices, in the midgut and hindgut, glycinin aggravated the DNA fragmentation phenomenon, promoted caspase-3, −8, and − 9 activities, and increased cytochrome c protein abundance in the cytoplasm (apart from mitochondria) compared to those the control. In the midgut, glycinin increased the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic molecules, including caspase-3, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax), and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), and decreased the mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 compared to those in the control. In the hindgut, glycinin increased caspase-3, −8, and − 9, TNF-α, Fas-ligand (FasL), Bax, and Apaf-1 mRNA levels and decreased Bcl-2, myeloid cell leukaemia 1 (Mcl-1), and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) mRNA levels compared to those in the control. For TJs, compared to that in the control, glycinin reduced the mRNA abundance of barrier-forming TJs—including claudin-c in the foregut; ZO-1, ZO-2b, occludin, and claudin-7a in the midgut; and ZO-1, ZO-2b, occludin, claudin-3c, claudin-7a, claudin-7b, and claudin-11 in the hindgut. In contrast, glycinin increased the mRNA abundance of pore-forming TJs, including claudin-15a and claudin-15b, in the midgut and hindgut. As an important nuclear factor of TJ transcription, hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4α) protein abundance was reduced by glycinin in the midgut and hindgut. Glutamine alleviated apoptosis in the midgut. Glycinin aggravated apoptosis associated with both extrinsic and intrinsic signalling and disrupted TJ related to HNF-4α signalling in the midgut and hindgut, ultimately disrupting the intestinal structural integrity of grass carp.

Characterization and diagnostic marker for TTG1 regulating tannin and anthocyanin biosynthesis in faba bean

Condensed tannins, found in coloured-flowering varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L) are, after vicine and convicine, one of the major anti-nutritional factors for monogastric animals. The development of tannin-free cultivars is a key goal in breeding to broaden the use of this legume in the animal feed industry. Two recessive genes, zt-1 and zt-2, control the zero-tannin content and promote white-flowered plants. Previous studies exploiting synteny with the model Medicago truncatula reported a mutation in TTG1, a gene encoding a WD40 transcription factor located in chromosome II, as the responsible for the zt-1 phenotypes. Here a comprehensive analysis of VfTTG1 (including phylogenetic relationships, gene structure and gene expression) has been conducted to confirm the identity of the gene and to reveal structural changes that may result in different functional alleles. The results confirmed the identity of the candidate and revealed the existence of two different alleles responsible for the phenotype: ttg1-a, probably due to a mutation in the promoter region, and ttg1-b caused by a deletion at the 5′end of VfTTG1. Based on the sequencing results, an allele-specific diagnostic marker was designed that differentiate zt-1 from wild and zt-2 genotypes and facilitates its deployment in faba bean breeding programs.

Anti-Nutritional Factor of Vegetables and their Effect on Human Body- A Review

Vegetables are well known for their nutritional and medicinal property but some of them contain certain components that are not desirable for human consumption. They are designated as anti-nutritional factors. Plant essentially use these compound as defense mechanisms against Herbivorous, insect pest, pathogens, etc., however, many of them are likely to the human being on consumption. Many popular vegetables cope like tomato, potato, spinach contain toxic compounds capable of apoptosis. Some are again neurotoxin like Choline-esterase inhibitor in pumpkin. Few vegetables even contain HCN which is capable to block the ATP synthesis. In this review, the major anti-nutritional factor in the vegetables and their impact on the body is being discussed.

Phytase production by Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis URM 4924 using factorial planning

Phytates represent a complex class of natural occurring compounds formed during the maturation process of seeds and grains, the main storage form of phosphorus in vegetables. The phytate molecule is a major anti-nutritional factor for monogastrics animals, possessing in their structure highly ionizable groups orthophosphate, which affect the availability of minerals in the gastrointestinal tract. Phytases form a group of enzymes with the ability to release phosphorus bound to phytate molecule, with the aim of increasing the utilization of phosphorus for absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate parameters of the medium, such as the concentration of nitrogen and carbon source in the production of phytase by Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis URM 4924, using a factorial design. To evaluate the influence of parameters of the culture medium in the production of phytase was carried out factorial design and response surface methodology. The best conditions for production of phytase (8.80 U/mL) in submerged fermentation by A. niger var. phoenicis URM 4924 were 1.25% of the carbon source (rice bran) and 3.0% nitrogen source (corn steep liquor). A. niger var. phoenicis URM 4924 has potential for biotechnological production of phytase can be added to feed non-ruminant animals, thus contributing to the increased use of nutrients and production rates.

Integrins Were Involved in Soybean Agglutinin Induced Cell Apoptosis in IPEC-J2.

Soybean agglutinin (SBA), is a non-fiber carbohydrate related protein and a major anti-nutritional factor. Integrins, transmembrane glycoproteins, are involved in many biological processes. Although recent work suggested that integrins are involved in SBA-induced cell-cycle alterations, no comprehensive study has reported whether integrins are involved in SBA-induced cell apoptosis (SCA) in IPEC-J2. The relationship between SBA and integrins are still unclear. We aimed to elucidate the effects of SBA on IPEC-J2 cell proliferation and cell apoptosis; to study the roles of integrins in IPEC-J2 normal cell apoptosis (NCA) and SCA; and to illustrate the relationship and connection type between SBA and integrins. Thus, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with SBA at the levels of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL to determine cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. The cells were divided into control, SBA treated groups, integrin inhibitor groups, and SBA + integrin inhibitor groups to determine the integrin function in SCA. The results showed that SBA significantly (p < 0.05) lowered cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in IPEC-J2 (p < 0.05). Inhibition of any integrin type induced the cell apoptosis (p < 0.05) and these integrins were involved in SCA (p < 0.05). Even SBA had no physical connection with integrins, an association was detected between SBA and α-actinin-2 ACTN2 (integrin-binding protein). Additionally, SBA reduced the mRNA expression of integrins by down regulating the gene expression level of ACTN2. We concluded an evidence for the anti-nutritional mechanism of SBA by ACTN2 with integrins. Further trials are needed to prove whether ACTN2 is the only protein for connecting SBA with integrin.

Total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus contents and the correlation of phytates with amylose in selected edible beans in Sri Lanka

Phytate a major anti nutritional factors in legumes and it accounts for larger portion of the total phosphorus, while limiting the bioavailablity of certain divalent cations to the human body. Legumes of eleven varieties cultivated in Sri Lanka, Mung bean (MI5, MI6), Cowpea (Waruni, MICP1, Bombay, Dhawala, ANKCP1), Soybean (MISB1, Pb1) and Horse gram (ANKBlack, ANKBrown) were analyzed for phosphorus content and phytate content. Total phosphorus content was quantified by dry ashing followed by spectrophotometrical measurement of the blue colour intensity of acid soluble phosphate with sodium molybdate in the presence of ascorbic acid while phytate phosphorus using anion exchange chromatographic technique followed by spectrometrical measurement of the digested organic phosphorus and amylose content by Simple Iodine-Colourimetric method. Where the least value for phosphorus was observed 275.04 ±1.44 mg.100g-1 in ANKBlack (Horse gram) and the highest in MISB1 (Soyabean) with 654.94 ±0.05 mg.100g-1. The phytate phosphorus content (which is a ratio of phyate to total phosphorus) was highest in Dhawala (Cowpea). The phytate phosphorus (which is a ratio of phyate to total phosphorus) was highest in Dhawala with 67.42% and least in Bombay (Cowpea) with 24.87%. The amylose content of the legumes was least in Pb1 with 8.71 ±0.13 mg.100mg-1 and the highest in MI6 22.58 ±0.71 mg.100mg-1. The correlation between phyate and total phosphorus was significant (p &lt;0.05) and positive (r = 0.62). Similarly the correlation coefficient for phytate phosphorus and total phosphorus was significant (p &lt;0.05) and positive (r = 0.63). Amylose content of legumes was significantly correlated negatively (p &lt;0.05) with the total phytates content (r = -0.82).

Anti-nutrient analysis of 30 Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) accessions in South Africa

ABSTRACTBambara groundnut is a leguminous crop that originated in West Africa. It is a drought-tolerant crop and has the potential to provide improved food and nutritional security in the dry areas of Africa. However, the plant contains anti-nutritional factors that affect its food value chain. The objective of this study was to assess the content of four major anti-nutritional factors in 30 bambara groundnut accessions in South Africa. The seeds of the bambara groundnut landraces were ground to make a fine powder and assessed for condensed tannins (CTs), phytic acid phosphate (PAP), polyphenol, and trypsin inhibitor content. Each assay was done in triplicate. The content of the four anti-nutritional compounds varied widely among the bambara groundnut accessions. The mean values for CTs ranged between 0.2 and 6.2 mg/g of prodephinidin equivalent, whereas that of the PAP was between 1.4 and 4.9 mg/g. A low mean polyphenol content of 0.4 mg/g of GA (gallic acid) equivalent was observed among the accessions. The level of trypsin inhibitor ranged from 5.3 to 73.4 TI/mg. With the exception of CTs and trypsin inhibitor, no significant correlation was observed among the four anti-nutritional factors assessed in this study. Generally, higher levels of anti-nutrients were observed in this study compared with certain studies reported earlier.

Effects of Bacillus fermentation on the protein microstructure and anti-nutritional factors of soybean meal.

There is limited information about the structural property changes of soybean protein during fermentation. In this study, physicochemical analysis of soybean meal protein showed evidence that the increase in invitro digestibility and absorbability of fermented soybean meal reflected the decrease in β-conformation and destruction of original structure in soybean meal protein. The results directly gained the understanding of nutritional quality improvement of soybean meal by Bacillus fermentation, and supply the potential use of Bacillus siamensis for fermented soybean meal production.

Soybean saponin modulates nutrient sensing pathways and metabolism in zebrafish

Soybean saponin (SA) is known as a major anti-nutritional factor that causes metabolic disturbances and growth reduction in fish. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects were far from fully understood. In particular, the influences of SA on nutrient sensing and downstream metabolic pathways remain largely unexplored. Using zebrafish as an animal model, this study was conducted to examine the phenotypic and molecular responses after dietary SA treatment for 2 weeks. SA at both 5 and 10 g/kg diet levels significantly reduced growth performance and feed efficiency, and damaged the morphology of the intestinal mucosa. SA stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase but reduced target of rapamycin (TOR) activities in both feeding trial and cellular studies. Furthermore, SA increased the mRNA expressions of growth axis genes including growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth hormone receptor A, and growth hormone receptor B, but decreased insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 at both mRNA and protein levels. SA also increased the expressions of key metabolic enzymes involved in glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and lipolysis, hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase. Our results demonstrated that SA modulated nutrient sensing pathways and metabolism, thus provide new aspects on the explanation of the physiological effects of SA.

Purification and Quantification of Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor in Soybean Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) is one of the major antinutritional factors in soybean and results in inhibition of digestion of dietary protein. In this study, we developed a novel strategy to purify and quantify KTI from soybean using two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Lipids from ground soybean were removed using hexane after which the ground soybean was extracted with protein extraction buffer. The crude extract was first purified by weak anion exchange chromatography, and then the fraction containing KTI was further separated by size exclusion chromatography. The fraction containing KTI was collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Results indicated that purified KTI has a molecular mass of 20 kDa and a purity of ~98% with inhibitory activity of 2425 TIU/mg protein. This assay was used for the quantification of KTI in soybean samples. The assay showed concentrations with a range between 7.81 and 500.00 μg/mL and a limit of detection of 0.12 mg/g. The recoveries of KTI in spiked soybean samples were between 82.19% and 86.65%, and intra- and interday precisions (% CV) were less than 7.35% and 8.42%. The developed method was used to analyze soybean samples from different sources and soybean products derived from different processing techniques, which demonstrated that the developed procedure provided an accurate and sensitive tool for separation and quantification of intact KTI in soybean.

Identification of QTL underlying soybean agglutinin content in soybean seeds and analysis for epistatic effects among multiple genetic backgrounds and environments

Abstract: Soybean agglutinin (SBA), a major anti-nutritional factor in soybeans, seriously affects the safety of and effects on feed animals. Soybean varieties with lower SBA contents could play a positive role in the promotion of the fodder industry. In the present study, one male parent, Hefeng 45, was used in three recombinant I bred line (RIL) populations to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with SBA content across three different environments. As a result, a total of six, six, and four QTL related to SBA content were identified in the groups Hefeng 45 × Zhongdou 27 (HZ), Hefeng 45 × Dongnong 48 (HD), and Hefeng 45 × Taipingchuan Blacksoy (HT), respectively. Most of the QTL underlying SBA explained less than 10% of the phenotypic variation, but some major QTL with higher additive effects have stable expressions across different environments and RIL populations. On the contrary, many QTL dependent on the environment or RIL populations showed mainly weak effects, and gene × environment int...

Combination of Xylanase and Debranching Enzymes Specific to Wheat Arabinoxylan Improve the Growth Performance and Gut Health of Broilers.

Arabinoxylan (AX) is the major antinutritional factor of wheat. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of xylanase and debranching enzymes (arabinofuranosidase [ABF] and feruloyl esterase [FAE]) on AX. During in vitro tests, the addition of ABF or FAE accelerated the hydrolysis of water-soluble AX (WE-AX) and water-insoluble AX (WU-AX) and produced more xylan oligosaccharides (XOS) than xylanase alone. XOS obtained from WE-AX stimulated greater proliferation of Lactobacillus brevis and Bacillus subtilis than did fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and glucose. During in vivo trials, xylanase increased the average daily growth (ADG), decreased the feed-conversion ratio (FCR), and reduced the digesta viscosity of jejunum and intestinal lesions of broilers fed a wheat-based diet on day 36. ABF or FAE additions further improved these effects. Broilers fed a combination of xylanase, ABF, and FAE exhibited the best growth. In conclusion, the synergistic effects among xylanase, ABF, and FAE increased AX degradation, which improve the growth performance and gut health of broilers.

Effect of anti-nutritional factors of oilseed co-products on feed intake of pigs and poultry

Soybean, canola, camelina and flaxseed co-products from the oilseed industry are used to formulate pig and poultry feeds. However, these co-products contain various anti-nutritional factors (ANF). The major ANF in soybean and potentially co-products is trypsin inhibitor (TI). Pigs and poultry can tolerate TI levels up to 3.00 and 4.00TIU/mg in the diet, respectively. Solvent-extracted soybean meal has low TI activity (<14.0TIU/mg); most TI is destroyed during the desolventising-toasting stage of oil extraction. Thus, inclusion of soybean meal in diets for pigs and poultry does not affect feed intake and nutrient utilization. However, soybean or expeller-pressed soybean co-products can contain considerable amounts of TI (>50.0TIU/mg), implying that the raw soybean or expeller-pressed soybean co-products should be sufficiently heated to inactivate most of the TI before feeding. The major ANF in canola co-products are glucosinolates. Poultry and pigs can tolerate up to 2.00 and 2.50μmol/g of glucosinolates in their diets. Total glucosinolate content in most canola co-products is moderate (<10μmol/g). Thus, while co-products from modern canola cultivars do not affect feed intake, dietary inclusion of original canola co-products (with total glucosinolate content of ≤35μmol/g) reduced feed intake of grow-finish pigs by 80g/day and of broiler chickens in the starter phase by 4g/day. Glucosinolates and TI are the major ANF in camelina co-products. In camelina co-products, total glucosinolate content ranged from 34.4 to 36.3μmol/g and TI activity from 12 to 28TIU/mg. Camelina co-products are not solvent-extracted and thus have high TI activity. Dietary inclusion of camelina co-products reduced feed intake of broiler chickens in the starter phase by 3.4g/day. Cyanogenic glucosides are the major ANF in flaxseed co-products. Flaxseed meal contained 127mg cyanogenic glucoside/kg. Dietary inclusion of flaxseed meal reduced feed intake by poultry by 3.4g/day. In conclusion, soybean, canola, camelina and flaxseed co-products contain various ANF that reduce feed intake by pigs and poultry.