Major Adjustment Research Articles

China’s Aid to Vietnam, 1955–1965

The period between 1955 and 1965 saw major adjustment of China’s aid to Vietnam, which were relatively limited at the beginning with low-interest loan representing large proportion. The Chinese Government, however, under necessity of continuous adjustments of amounts of such aid, finally identified the general policy of massive aid in 1965 amid growing tension in Indochina accompanied by intensifying US interference in Vietnamese affairs and the adjustment of soviet Vietnam policy. Since then, China’s aid to Vietnam had been generally predominated by non-reimbursable assistance, which was also in increasing scale.

Decreased Km to dNTPs is an essential M-MuLV reverse transcriptase adoption required to perform efficient cDNA synthesis in One-Step RT-PCR assay.

Personalized medicine and advanced diagnostic tools based on RNA analysis are focusing on fast and direct One-Step RT-PCR assays. First strand complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized by the reverse transcriptase (RT) is exponentially amplified in the end-point or real-time PCR. Even a minor discrepancy in PCR conditions would result in big deviations during the data analysis. Thus, One-Step RT-PCR composition is typically based on the PCR buffer. In this study, we have used compartmentalized ribosome display technique for in vitro evolution of the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (M-MuLV RT) that would be able to perform efficient full-length cDNA synthesis in PCR buffer optimized for Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. The most frequent mutations found in a selected library were analyzed. Aside from the mutations, which switch off RNase H activity of RT and are beneficial for the full-length cDNA synthesis, we have identified several mutations in the active center of the enzyme (Q221R and V223A/M), which result in 4-5-fold decrease of Km for dNTPs (<0.2 mM). The selected mutations are in surprising agreement with the natural evolution process because they transformed the active center from the oncoretroviral M-MuLV RT-type to the lenitiviral enzyme-type. We believe that this was the major and essential phenotypic adjustment required to perform fast and efficient cDNA synthesis in PCR buffer at 0.2-mM concentration of each dNTP.

Experimental Analysis on Sinking Time of Littoral Submarine in Various Trim Angle

A submarine must conform to Archimedes’ Principle, which states that a body immersed in a fluid has an upward force on it (buoyancy) equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, (displacement). Submarines are ships capable of being submerged. The history of submarines and their operation have largely revolved around being able to alter the density of the vessel so that it may dive below the surface, maintain a depth, and return to the surface as needed. The way modern submarines accomplish this task is to bring in and remove water from tanks in the submarine called ballast tanks. Ballast tanks fit into two categories: those used for major adjustment of mass (main ballast tanks); and those used for minor adjustments (trim tanks). The effect of each tank is plotted and this is compared with the changes in mass and trimming moment possible during operations using a trim polygon to determine whether the ballast tanks are adequate. On the water surface, metacentric height (GM) is important, whereas below the surface it is the distance between the centre of buoyancy and the centre of gravity (BG) which governs the transverse stability of a submarine.

СПОТОВЫЙ РЫНОК ДЛЯ ИРАКСКОЙ НЕФТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ЦЕНООБРАЗОВАНИЯ НА СЫРУЮ НЕФТЬ

The article analyses perspectives for developing a new spot market for Iraqi oil in the context of the sharpening competition of oil-exporters for export niches. Since opening of its oil sector to foreign capital and technology in 2009/2010 Iraq has firmly established itself as an important supplier of oil to European, Asia-Pacific and even US markets. In the present mechanism of crude oil price-setting Iraq is forced to adjust its oil export prices to the benchmarks established by more powerful market players. Meanwhile, the produced volumes of both Iraqi brands – Basra Light and Basra Heavy – are sufficient for launching a sustainable spot trade. The spot market will allow exporters of Iraqi oil to build long lasting partnerships with its buyers, e. g. refining plants in Europe and Asia-Pacific. Besides, the liquid and transparent spot prices will help the central authorities of Iraq to impose a discipline on the oil export which presently is in a chaotic stance. The spot market is promoted by a cooperation between the State Oil Marketing Organization and the Swiss trading arm of the Russian oil company Lukoil. Transfer of Iraqi oil exports to spot could trigger major adjustment or, possibly, even dismantling of the current institute of the official selling price presently used by OPEC countries. It is highly probable that in the medium term perspective new transparent and liquid spot market, localized in The Dubai International Financial Centre, will be integrated into the financial market. Eventually, this will lead to a structural strengthening of the world oil market.

Role of Intercollegiate Athletics' Identification in Student Adjustment to College Life

The study focused on the impact of intercollegiate athletic programs on students’ college adjustment. The purpose of this study was to extend existing theory on whether intercollegiate athletic programs significantly assist college students’ academic adjustment with roles of social and psychological aspects in college life. Using a sample of 320 undergraduate students, students who have higher identification with college sport teams were found to positively evaluate themselves through active interaction with other college fans, and enhance their level of academic adjustment in higher education. Additionally, team identification had a direct function to enhance academic adjustment while personal self-esteem and social adjustment played significant mediating roles between team identification and academic adjustment. Finally, this study suggests college counselors utilize college sport events for students who have faced major adjustment challenges, such as such as a lack of social relationships and academic difficulties in college life in higher education.

Pilot Design and Implementation of an Innovative Mental Health and Wellness Clinic at a Historically Black College/University.

A pilot mental health and wellness clinic was developed and implemented on the campus of Paul Quinn College, a small Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in Dallas, TX, to address mental health disparities in an African-American student population. Additionally, a series of student engagement activities was developed and implemented to address stigma and enhance linkage to the clinic. The student engagement activities were well attended. In all, 14 students requested a total of 97 appointments during the spring 2016 semester, but attended only 41 appointments. Students sought treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders, most commonly major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder. A model based on this program could conceivably be extended to serve students more broadly in other HBCUs as well as in community colleges.

Comparison of Academic Engagement, Academic Burnout, Stress, and Social Support by Grade among Undergraduate Nursing Students

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the academic engagement, academic burnout, stress, and social support among undergraduate nursing students by grade. Methods: The study is a descriptive comparative survey. The participants were 247 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in 3 universities located in G city. The collected data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, x2 tests, and analysis of covariance, using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Results: The students showed significant differences in academic engagement, academic burnout, and stress according to their grade. The post-hoc analysis results showed that sophomores and juniors had lower academic engagement and higher academic burnout and stress than others (i.e., freshmen, or seniors). There was no significant difference in social support among nursing students. Academic engagement had a positive correlation with social support and a negative correlation with academic burnout and stress. Also, academic burnout had a positive correlation with stress and a negative correlation with academic engagement and social support. Conclusion: The findings indicate that nursing students in second and third grade were at risk of academic burnout and under severe stress. Therefore, sophomores and juniors need more attention and care to help them relieve and control stress and burnout and to improve their academic engagement. Also, the findings should be considered when developing plans and/or interventions for nursing students’ major adjustment and academic achievement.

Psychiatric morbidity among physically injured Syrian refugees in Turkey

ObjectiveTo the best of our knowledge, the mental health status of physically injured Syrian refugees has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among physically injured Syrian refugees in Turkey receiving treatment at the main rehabilitation centre near the Syrian border. MethodThis is a cross sectional study. Information was collected from consenting injured Syrian refugees at Dar-el-Shefa'a Hospital in Reyhanlı (Turkey) during a one week period in December 2012 and another one week period in August 2013. A clinical psychiatric interview was conducted to determine a diagnosis according to the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV-TR. ResultsA total of 40 refugees consented and completed a clinical psychiatric interview. All refugees in this study did not have a significant past psychiatric history. The most prevalent current diagnosis was major depressive disorder (22.5%), adjustment disorder (20%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (15%). Five (12.5%) patients had no evidence of a psychiatric disorder. ConclusionThe prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among injured Syrian refugees in our study was extremely high. This may help guide the treatment and management of this select population. LimitationsThis study had a low number of participants. The method of assessment was not standardized with a validated tool. Clinical implicationsThis study may help guide the treatment and management of this select population, both in neighbouring countries and as resettled refugees in Western host countries.

Business Model Adaptation to Institutional Voids: The Case of Jumia, the Amazon of Africa

Business model adaptation to institutional voids in developing countries is critical for the survival of firms seeking to explore the opportunities in these markets. However, extant literature has not articulated the central issues relating to how firms adapt business model to developing countries. We tackle this issue by taking the perspective of a developing country-based firm adapting a business model designed for developed economies to its local context. Based on a longitudinal case study of Jumia - an online retailing company in Africa, we show that a developing country- based firm attempting to exploit the success of established business models proposed by developed country-based firms in its local context cannot simply replicate the model proposed by developed country-based firms, but has to adapt it with the aim of filling the various infrastructural voids, regulatory voids and cultural voids of its home country. We find that the business model adaptation to these various types of institutional voids in developing countries involves three phases consisting of legitimacy phase, localization phase and consolidation phase. Throughout these phases, significant adjustments are made to various components of the business model, with the value creation and delivery component witnessing the major adjustment and modification at the localization phase of the business model adaptation process.

Physiological, Morphological Changes and Storage Root Yield of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] under PEG-Induced Water Stress

Sweetpotato is an important tuberous root crop rich in nutrients such as vitamins and carbohydrates, and can grow well in arid regions with less water consuming crop. The aim of this research was to evaluate the storage root yields, physiological, biochemical and morphological traits in sweetpotato cv. ‘Japanese Yellow’ subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficit. At harvest (4 months after planting) the number of storage roots per plant and storage root fresh weight in sweetpotato treated with 5% PEG (-0.54 MPa) in nutrient solution of hydroponic culture declined by 20.0% and 47.4% compared to the control without PEG, respectively. Leaf area and leaf dry weight significantly decreased by 85.6% and 95.3%, respectively when exposed to water deficit stress. Sucrose content (114.7 mg g-1 dry weight; DW) in storage roots of sweetpotato grown under PEG-induced water deficit conditions was enriched by 2.2 fold of control (52.5 mg g-1 DW) and was greater than in storage roots derived from soil culture (70.3 mg g-1 DW). Total soluble sugar in the root and storage root tissues was enriched and may play a key role as osmotic adjustment (OA) in PEG-induced water stressed plants. Free proline and sucrose contents were also dominated in the leaf tissues to maintain the leaf osmotic potential in water stressed plants. In addition, chlorophyll degradation, chlorophyll fluorescence diminution and stomatal closure were found in plants grown under PEG-induced water deficit conditions, leading to reduction in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and subsequently lesser amounts of glucose and fructose contents in the leaf tissues. Sucrose and free proline in the roots of sweetpotato play a key role as major osmotic adjustment when subjected to PEG-induced water deficit condition. Basic knowledge gained from this research will further be investigated the drought defense mechanism in sweetpotato via osmoregulation system.

Lower limb explosive strength capacity in elderly women: effects of resistance training and healthy diet.

The effects of 24 wk of resistance training combined with a healthy diet on lower limb explosive strength capacity were investigated in a population of healthy elderly women. Participants (n = 63; 67.5 ± 0.4 yr) were randomized into three groups; resistance training (RT), resistance training and healthy diet (RT-HD), and control (CON). Progressive resistance training was performed at a load of 75-85% one-repetition maximum. A major adjustment in the healthy dietary approach was an n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio below 2. Lower limb maximal strength, explosive force capacity during dynamic and isometric movements, whole body lean mass, and physical function were assessed. Whole body lean mass significantly increased by 1.5 ± 0.5% in RT-HD only. Isometric strength performance during knee extension as well as the performance in the five sit-to-stand and single-leg-stance tests increased similarly in RT and RT-HD. Improvements in dynamic peak power and time to reach peak power (i.e shorter time) during knee extension occurred in both RT (+15.7 ± 2.6 and -11.0 ± 3.8%, respectively) and RT-HD (+24.6 ± 2.6 and -20.3 ± 2.7%, respectively); however, changes were significantly larger in RT-HD. Similarly, changes in peak force and rate of force development during squat jump were higher in RT-HD (+58.5 ± 8.4 and +185.4 ± 32.9%, respectively) compared with RT (+35.7 ± 6.9 and +105.4 ± 22.4%, respectively). In conclusion, a healthy diet rich in n-3 PUFA can optimize the effects of resistance training on dynamic explosive strength capacity during isolated lower limb movements and multijoint exercises in healthy elderly women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Age-related decline in lower limb explosive strength leads to impaired ability to perform daily living tasks. The present randomized controlled trial demonstrates that a healthy diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) enhances resistance training-induced gains in dynamic explosive strength capacity during isolated lower limb movements and multijoint exercises in healthy elderly women. This supports the use of strategies combining resistance training and dietary changes to mitigate the decline in explosive strength capacity in older adults.

Complicated grief: Is there a place in psychiatry?

IntroductionGrief is as normal reactive to a significant personal loss. It is characterized by affective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms. The grieving process is usually divided in five different stages, but in most cases presents a benign course, with decreased suffering and better adaptation to the new context. However, when high levels of emotional suffering or disability persist over a long time period, it becomes a case of complicated grief (CG), which should be adequately addressed.ObjectivesTo review the characteristics of CG, the evidence that supports it as an individual pathological entity, and its place in current classification systems.MethodsWe performed a bibliographic search in Pubmed and PsychInfo, of articles written in English, Portuguese and Spanish, containing the key words: grief, bereavement, psychiatry, classification.ResultsThe main issue regarding grief is the degree to which it is reasonable to interfere with a usually benign process. Since DSM-III bereavement has been referred to as an adaptive reaction to an important loss, which should not be diagnosed as major depressive disorder or adjustment disorder. However, DSM-5 has stated persistent complex bereavement disorder as an independent entity. In fact, CG fulfils the general criteria of every psychiatric syndrome, namely regarding specific diagnosis criteria, differential diagnosis from depressive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder, and improvement with adequate treatment.ConclusionIt is important to correctly approach CG, since it presents with characteristic diagnosis features and much improvement may be achieved once adequate treatment is provided.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Gender Relations, Livelihood Strategies, Water Policies and Structural Adjustment in the Australian Dairy Industry

AbstractConcerns about water scarcity and consequent environmental impacts are driving major structural adjustment in the Australian irrigated dairy industry. This has resulted in government policy initiatives including water licence buybacks and grant schemes to improve water use efficiency. One consequence is the loss of many small farms and the development of larger technologically efficient farms with altered access to irrigation water. In farm families, who dominate the dairy industry, livelihood strategies, labour demands and the boundaries between traditional female and male spheres of labour are changing. We present findings from an Australian Research Council funded project examining the impacts of these changes on dairy families in the Murray Dairy region. We note that reshaped livelihood strategies and increased labour demands are further entrenching traditional gender relations and that labour is being re‐allocated in highly gendered ways. We note a ‘farmer‐manager’ role is evolving amongst male dairy farmers and a critical but less public role comprising significant input to labour tasks is evident amongst women on larger farms. Drawing on interviews with couples, most of whom were interviewed separately, we examine how gendered livelihood strategies are being reshaped at the same time as the significant contributions of women are being obscured.

Mindestlohn, Arbeitsqualität und Arbeitszufriedenheit

The effects of minimum wage adjustments on job quality and job satisfaction have not been intensively investigated. Economic theory offers little guidance; the theory of compensating wage differentials and the high road/low road theory reach opposing conclusions regarding the relationship between the wage and job quality. However, more qualitative research shows that raising labour productivity is one of the major adjustment channels after minimum wage hikes. The authors investigate this relationship following the introduction of the German minimum wage using the PASS database of the IAB. The data covers the low-wage sector exceptionally well and includes detailed information on work organisation and employees’ satisfaction. Differences-in-differences estimations indicate that employees eligible for the minimum wage reported more motivational management styles, improved work atmosphere, and higher pay and job satisfaction (relative to a control group). Effects on the organisation of work seem to have been more limited in the short time frame between the introduction of the minimum wage and the interviews, but they indicate a higher work load. All in all, the results are not in line with compensating wage differentials but do lend some support to the high road/low road theory.

The Mediating Effects of Emotional Stability and Social Support in the Relationship between Major Satisfaction and Academic Adjustment of College Freshmen Majoring in Nursing and Health Science

The Mediating Effects of Emotional Stability and Social Support in the Relationship between Major Satisfaction and Academic Adjustment of College Freshmen Majoring in Nursing and Health Science

THe Question on Excitation of Criminal Cases Against Judges

The subject of research are the legal provisions governing the institution of criminal proceedings against a judge or bringing him in as a defendant, as well as their practical implementation. In the study we used systematic methods of analysis, generalization of legislation, research papers, statistical, sampling method. Analysis of the practice revealed a number of problems in the application of complicated procedure brought against a judge of the criminal case (bringing him in as a defendant), in which the excitation of proce- dure of the criminal case against a judge needs a major adjustment in the way of closer relationship guarding the status of a judge of the constitutional norms and the criminal procedural rules guaranteeing protection of the rights of victims of crimes committed by them.

Research on the Development of Service Outsourcing Industry based on the Perspective of Resource Type City Transformation

In the new era, the world economic environment and national conditions have changed deeply, and industrialization, informatization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization model have been deeply developing for a long time. After the financial crisis, the global economic situation is a major adjustment. The gradual loss of China's economic factors, the pressure of population, resources and environment are becoming more obvious, therefore transformation of the mode of economic development has become the theme of this era. In the trend of world economic development and the environment, looking for the transformation model which is in line with the process of regional development, getting rid of simple imitation, opening up new paths can make it possible to realize the characteristic and difference in the tide of the transformation of the new period, and to form a new growth pole and a new competitive power. Resource type cities which are under the background of economic globalization and the adjustment of the world industrial structure, and in the process of the establishment of a modern industrial system using carrier of the information revolution, seeking in the industrial chain advantage module production, will make it possible to break the resource curse.

Modeling and Upscaling Unstable Water and Polymer Floods: Dynamic Characterization of the Effective Viscous Fingering

Summary The upscaling of unstable immiscible flow remains an unsolved challenge for the oil industry. The absence of a reliable upscaling approach hinders effective reservoir simulation and optimization of heavy-oil recoveries by use of waterflood, polymer flood, and other chemical floods, which are inherently unstable processes. The difficulty in scaling up unstable flow lies in estimating the propagation of fingers smaller than the gridblock size. Using classical relative permeabilities obtained from stable flow analysis can lead to incorrect oil recovery and pressure drop in reservoir simulations. Extensive experimental data in water-wet cores indicate that the heavy-oil recovery by waterfloods and polymer floods has a power-law correlation with a dimensionless number (named “viscous-finger number” in this paper), a combination of viscosity ratio, capillary number, permeability, and the cross-sectional area of the core. On the basis of the features of unstable immiscible floods, an effective-fingering model is developed in this paper. A porous-medium domain is dynamically identified as three effective regions, which are two-phase flow, oil single-phase flow, and bypassed-oil region, respectively. Flow functions are derived according to effective flows in these regions. Model parameters represent viscous-fingering strength and growth rates. The new model is capable of history matching a set of heavy-oil waterflood corefloods under different conditions. Model parameters obtained from the history match also have power-law correlations with the viscous-finger number. This model is applicable to water-wet reservoirs; it has not been tested for mixed-wet and oil-wet systems, low-interfacial-tension (IFT) environments, low permeability, and heavy-oil reservoirs with free gas cap. In reservoir simulations, having such a correlation enables the estimation of model parameters in any gridblock of the reservoir by knowing the local viscous-finger number. The model was first applied to a heavy-oil field case with channelized permeability by waterfloods. Simulation results with the new model indicated that viscous fingering strengthened the channeling. Also, the new model shows that a lower injection rate leads to a higher oil recovery. In contrast, oil recovery in waterflooding of viscous oils is overpredicted by classical simulation methods that do not incorporate viscous fingering properly. We further showed that coarse-grid simulations with the new model were able to obtain saturation and pressure maps consistent with fine-grid simulations. The new model was then used to model a real field case in the Pelican Lake heavy-oil field. It was able to match the field-production data without major adjustment of reservoir/fluid properties from the literature, showing its competence in capturing subgrid viscous-fingering effects. Overall, the new model shows encouraging capability to simulate unstable water and polymer floods in heavy-oil reservoirs, and hence can facilitate the optimization of heavy-oil enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) projects.

Centralized resource allocation with emission resistance in a two-stage production system: Evidence from a Taiwan’s container shipping company

This paper proposes a centralized network data envelopment analysis model that combines the centralized data envelopment analysis model and network data envelopment analysis to allocate resources among sub-units. In the proposed model, this paper also considers the situations in which undesirable outputs are jointly produced with desirable outputs, the reduction of undesirable outputs is associated with the reduction of energy inputs, and some inputs are dedicated to the specific sub-unit while some inputs are shared among sub-units. To comprehensively investigate this issue, two cases are discussed. One case explores the situation in which common inputs are shared among the first process of sub-units, while the other case explores the situation in which common inputs are also shared among two processes of sub-units. The proposed model is illustrated in an empirical example of 14 Asian shipping routes operated by a Taiwanese container shipping company. In order to avoid organizational resistance, minor and major adjustment policies are demonstrated. The minor adjustment policy transfers inputs among routes but maintains the original levels of input resources, whereas the major adjustment policy reduces the total amount of input resources. The results provide valuable information for the centralized decision-maker on how to reallocate resources among the sub-units.

The Differences of Basic Psychological Needs by Interest - Major Congruence and Major Adjustment in Engineering Sophomore year of University

The Differences of Basic Psychological Needs by Interest - Major Congruence and Major Adjustment in Engineering Sophomore year of University