Maize Supply Research Articles

Maize Supply Response in Vietnam

This study used a supply response model to determine factors affecting maize supply in Vietnam. It estimated response coefficients from semi-annual time-series data for the period 1986-2011. Using three criteria, it chose the rational expectation hypothesis supply response model (Model I) with the separated price expectation formation hypothesis according to the information set at time (t-1) to estimate the supply response model for maize. Farmers used the available information set to form their expected price. Estimated parameters’ results in Model I indicate that the farmers' supply had a positive response to the expected price of maize, but was negative to that of cassava. This means that maize and cassava are close substitutes in the supply response models. Maize production also positively responds to the amount of fertilizer per hectare, maize area, one-period lagged investment, irrigation, trend variable, and agricultural extension policy. Recommended policies include: enhancement of the judicious use of fertilizers and possible establishment of local factories; increase in maize area by changing the crop structure and multiple cropping with long-term industrial trees like perennials and fruit trees; improvement of the irrigation system in two deltas and in high production regions; increase in government support to farmers; increase in government spending on research and development of new maize varieties; and improvement of the extension system to provide farmers the needed market and technological information.

Effect of long-term fertilizer application in maize crop growing on chemical element leaching in Fluvisol

Abstract The study characterized the regime of nutrient leaching under different nitrogen and phosphorus supply of irrigated maize grown as monoculture on Fluvisol for the period 1999-2008 and additionally studied in the years 2009, 2010, and 2011. The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of longterm fertilizer application on the leaching of nutrients from the soil under maize grown as monoculture. The experiment design included four nitrogen fertilizer rates (B1-control, B5, B4, B3, B2) calculated to compensate 50, 75, 100, and 125% from the plant N uptake, respectively. The field plots were equipped with lysimeters (at 50 and 100 cm depth) for studying the relationship between the applied fertilizer rates and the nutrient concentrations in the lysimetric water. The greatest nitrogen concentration in lysimetric water was observed under variant (B3-N200 P150) throughout the study period and the highest N losses were registered (36 kg ha-1) in 2010 under the same treatment (B3). A very good correlation was found between the N rates, calcium, and magnesium losses. Lysimetric water component compensation shows that agricultural activities have only influenced the speed of weathering and had no significant effect on the rates.

Estrategias de abasto de maíz de los hogares campesinos en el municipio de Atlangatepec, Tlaxcala.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las estrategias de abasto de maíz de los hogares campesinos, tomando como referencia el municipio de Atlangatepec en el estado de Tlaxcala, México. Se encuestó a 90 ejidatarios de cuatro ejidos y se realizaron cinco entrevistas a autoridades ejidales y municipales en 2010. Se generó una tipología de hogares según las estrategias de abasto de maíz y se estimaron correlaciones no paramétricas entre los tipos de hogares con cuatro características de los mismos. Los resultados evidencian que las estrategias de abasto de maíz se sustentan en: 1) la producción de maíz blanco criollo; 2) la compra del mismo o de tortillas elaboradas a máquina; y 3) la siembra de otros cultivos más tolerantes a las adversidades climáticas. Se identificaron tres tipos de hogares: de autobasto, de semiabasto y deficitarios. Las primeras fueron las más frecuentes. Existe correlación positiva entre el tipo de hogar con la diversificación productiva y la edad de los encuestados, y negativa entre el tipo de hogar con el tama- ño de familia. Los tres instrumentan estrategias de abasto de maíz vinculadas a componentes de seguridad alimentaria. Las condiciones climáticas influyen en que estas estrategias sean diversas y cambiantes a través del tiempo.

Proveedores e industrias de destino de maíz en México

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la oferta, la demanda y las industrias de destino del maíz, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones de compra y venta que establecen los almacenes en México. Se procede con Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS), para lo cual se utiliza Microsoft Excel para la construcción de matrices, y Ucinet 6 - NetDraw 2.097 para el análisis y representación gráfica. Los resultados muestran que en el abasto de maíz a los almacenes predominan los productores individuales como proveedores, los principales compradores son empresas nacionales y los principales destinos son las industrias de la masa y la tortilla y de alimentos balanceados.

Identifikasi dan Evaluasi Risiko Manajemen Rantai Pasok Komoditas Jagung dengan Pendekatan Logika Fuzzy

<p><em>To meet the needs of the national corn on the feed industry that requires a continuous supply of raw materials with a definite quantity throughout the year, in the national maize production conditions </em><em>that </em><em>is not continuous and fluctuating, </em><em>it is </em><em>necessary supply planning and storage methods to avoid the risk of maize corn supply crisis form of food shortages or rising feed prices. One method is to apply the concept of supply chain risk management. The high level of dependence and complexity of networks makes supply chain of agricultural products supply chain is becoming more vulnerable to interference. The risk of supply chain disturbance can occur internally (the relation between the organization with a network of suppliers) and external (between network suppliers with the environment). Therefore it is necessary to identify and evaluate supply chain risks in order to avoid continuing problems that can occur at any point in the supply chain network. The objective of this study is to describe </em><em>the</em><em> model </em><em>of </em><em>identification and evaluation </em><em>for</em><em> maize supply chain risk. This model can be used to identify the dominant risk factors and variables at each level of supply chain so that it will </em><em>be </em><em>obtain</em><em>ed</em><em> appropriate recommendations action to anticipate them. Risk identification will be conducted with fuzzy AHP approach and risk evaluation would be done by using fuzzy logic with data input </em><em>form</em><em> the opinion of several experts maize supply chain.</em><em></em></p>

PREDIKSI PRODUKSI JAGUNG DALAM MODEL PENYEDIAAN TEPUNG JAGUNG PADA RANTAI PASOK JAGUNG

<p>Corn flour as one of the products made from corn is an intermediate product. This product<br />can be consumed directly, also can be used as raw materials in the food industry, feed<br />industry and other industrial raw materials. In the supply chain system, corn flour industry is<br />a part of the maize supply chain . To maintain the continuity of the flow of raw materials in<br />the supply chain , the industry needs to provide corn flour that meets quantity with good<br />quality according to consumer demand . It is closely related to the supply of corn as a raw<br />material for corn flour. The provision of corn are also closely related to the availability of<br />the amount of corn production obtained from the farmers. This paper discussed about<br />prediction of maize production using artificial neural networks and a statistical forecasting .<br />The input variables of corn production forecast in causal models were land and rainfall,<br />while the output variable was the amount of corn production per month . The forecasting<br />results would be used as input for the corn flour industry.</p>

Performance perceptions among food supply chain members

Purpose– A good supply chain relationship quality (RQ) is a crucial precursor for any stable exchange relationship which ensures relationship continuity. Although empirical research suggests that strengthening RQ improves supply chain performance (SCP), most studies have focused on dyadic business relationships. To fully understand the relational behaviour of a firm embedded in a supply chain, we need to look beyond the dyad into triads. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how SCP is influenced by RQ in a triadic agribusiness supply chain.Design/methodology/approach– Evidence is drawn from a quantitative survey of 150 agribusiness firms in the maize supply chain in Uganda. Data were collected in triadic context from 50 direct supply chains each composing of a supplier, focal firm and customer. Multi-group structural equations modelling (SEM) was used to assess the differences in perception on the influence of RQ on SCP amongst the supply chain members.Findings– Results provides empirical support for the positive influence of RQ on SCP. SEM reveals differences in perception between the upstream and downstream and amongst the supply chains members. While focal firms considered conflict, coercive power, commitment and trust to be important; suppliers considered trust, dependency and non-coercive power; and customers considered trust, dependency and coercive power to be important RQ factors affecting SCP.Practical implications– For agribusiness managers to enhance business performance there is need to cultivate strong and mutual relationship with supply chain members. It is also important to know how to handle conflicts and use of power so as to realise the benefits of supply chain relationships.Originality/value– The paper is novel in that it assesses SCP in a triadic context in an agribusiness sector from a developing country context. The authors used novel approaches including analysis of a triad, and multiple groups SEM to assess perceptions of each supply chain member’s.

Estimating the Supply Response of Maize in South Africa: A Nerlovian Partial Adjustment Model Approach

ABSTRACTMaize is the most important crop in South Africa, being both the major feed grain for livestock and the primary staple food crop for the majority of the population. Farmers’ production decisions regarding maize and their response to policy incentives are critical for national food security and regional trade. The aim of the study was to estimate the supply response of the South African maize sector to price and non-price incentives. A Nerlovian partial adjustment model was applied to historical time series data of area under maize cultivation, measured in hectares spanning from 1980-2012 to determine the supply response. Results indicate a short-run price elasticity of 0.24 and a long-run price elasticity of 0.36, signifying that maize farmers are less sensitive to price changes than non-price incentives. The results confirm that non-price incentives such as rainfall and technology seem to have more effect on maize supply than price incentives in South Africa. Given the findings, the study recommends policies and programmes that focus more on non- price incentives, such as technology and infrastructure development, investment in irrigation and research services, as a means of stabilising maize production in South Africa.

Competitiveness, Profitability, Input Demand and Output Supply of Maize Production in Bangladesh

The study assesses international competitiveness, profitability, output supply and input demand of maize production using a farm survey data of 165 farmers from two major maize growing areas (i.e., Dinajpur and Lalmonirhat districts) of northwestern Bangladesh. Results revealed that maize production is globally competitive and, therefore, can successfully substitute its import. Maize production is also profitable at the farm level (Benefit Cost Ratio = 1.21) with no adverse influence of farm size on yield and profitability. Maize farmers are also responsive to changes in market prices of inputs and outputs. A 1% increase in maize price will increase output supply by 0.4%. The most dominant driver of maize supply and other input demands is land. A 1% increase in available land will increase maize supply by a substantial 3.9%. In addition, landless laborers will benefit through an increase in hired labor demand when land area increases. Policy implications include investments in R&D, tenurial reform to consolidate land holding and smooth functioning of the hired labor market in order to increase maize production and profitability in Bangladesh.

Maize supply response to price and nonprice determinants in Nigeria: bounds testing approach

AbstractThis paper estimates the responses of maize supply to own price, price of yam, price of cassava, rainfall, and fertilizer use in Nigeria using a fully modified ordinary least squares and ordinary least squares estimators. I find that in the long run, maize supply responds significantly and positively to own price and yam price, rainfall, and fertilizer use, but negatively to the price of cassava. I observe that the short‐run supply responds only to the fertilizer use and rainfall, which are positive and negative, respectively.

A Question of Segregation: ‘GM‐free’ Maize Bread in Portugal

SummaryWe describe the maize supply chain in Portugal for maize bread, a traditional bread type. As this bread is not labelled as ‘contains genetically modified organisms’ it should not contain more than 0.9 per cent genetically modified ingredients. On the basis of interviews we identify a general lack of documentation of the presence or absence of genetically modified ingredients along the complete supply chain (farmers, traders, mills and bakeries). Part of this deficiency is probably driven by a lack of awareness of the labelling rules at the end of the supply chain. A test of maize bread showed that more than 40 per cent of breads were indeed over the labelling threshold, and should be labelled. This includes GM maize that is not cultivated in the EU and enters the supply chain via international trade. We conclude that the realisation of coexistence and segregation requires involvement of the full supply chain, rather than just segregation at the start, if bread is to be sold with a GMO content below the 0.9 per cent threshold level. Alternatively, retailers can label their bread. This might be a cheaper solution and as a study from Switzerland shows may not result in adverse consumer reaction.

Modeling the Effects of Input Market Reforms on Fertiliser Demand and Maize Production: A Case Study from Kenya

AbstractKenya is one of the few countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa to experience an impressive rise in fertiliser use following a series of input market reforms in the early 1990s. Two major consequences of these reforms were declining fertiliser marketing margins and distances between farmers and fertiliser dealers. We quantify the effects of these changes on commercial fertiliser use and maize production in Kenya by estimating fertiliser demand and maize supply response functions using nationwide household survey data. Our results indicate that between 1997 and 2010, the estimated 27% reduction in real fertiliser prices that can be attributed to falling marketing margins associated with market reforms led to a 36% increase in nitrogen use on maize fields and a 9% increase in maize production resulting from both yield and acreage effects. On the other hand, decreasing distances to fertiliser retailers from the perspective of a given household did not appear to raise fertiliser use or maize supply, although a comparison across households using average distances over the panel indicate that those closer to retailers do apply more fertiliser on their maize fields.

English

This study assessed the effects of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) on market participation for maize smallholder farmers in the major maize producing districts of Mbozi and Momba in Mbeya region located in the Southern Highland of Tanzania. A two-stage stratified sampling was used in selecting 240 smallholder farmers from the selected villages in two districts and interviewed. In estimating the effects of NTBs on market participation and quantity of maize sold by farmers, the two-stage Henchman model was used. Results showed that, NTBs and distance to market had negative effects on the quantity of maize supplied and market participation. This implies that, for every 100% increase in application of NTBs by the government could decrease market participation and sell of maize by 77% from smallholder farmers. However, ownership of assets and amount of harvest were found to increase maize supply and market participation by 68 and 2%, respectively. The study concluded that, application of NTBs policies in Tanzania could not increase supply of maize especially on surplus regions and districts. In contrast could discourage farmers’ market participation. Therefore, it was recommend that, government should eliminate discriminative NTBs and improve market infrastructures such as roads and storage facilities in order to increase farmers’ market participation.   Key words: Market participation, maize, non-tariff barriers (NTBs), smallholder farmers.

Creating scarcity from abundance: bumper harvests, high prices, and the role of state interventions in zambian maize markets

In 2012/13 Zambia experienced a significant spike in maize meal prices, which coincided with three consecutive years (2010 - 2012) of record maize surpluses. This seemingly paradoxical price spike occurred in the wake of a dramatic escalation of the Government’s Food Reserve Agency (FRA ) interventions in the market, with the FRA purchasing approximately 80% of the available surplus during these surplus production years. Using a case study approach, this article explores Zambia’s maize price spikes amidst years of bumper harvests. The study findings reveal that maize procurement and marketing behavior of the Government through the FRA contributed to major structural changes to the maize market: (1) A withdrawal from the market by commercial mills. By purchasing majority of the maize on the market, the FRA limited the need for commercial mills to access maize directly from the market. This reduced competition in the wholesaling sector and concentrated maize supply chain around the FRA; (2) Rationing of the FRA maize sold at subsidized prices to commercial mills. The FRA depots were unable to consistently meet the demand requirements of the commercial milling sector and as a result, some mills were prioritized in terms of receiving FRA maize. Mills that could not consistently access subsidized maize from the FRA were put at a comparative disadvantage; (3) Exit of the commercial farming sector from maize production. Between 2010 and 2013 commercial maize production in Zambia halved, from 300,000 to less than 150,000 metric tonnes. This was due t o the price uncertainty created by FRA subsidies to commercial mills, which are the traditional markets for commercial farmers, as well as significant increase in smallholder production; and (4) Squeezing the informal processing sector out of the market. B y procuring the majority of the available surplus and selling it at subsidized rates to a selected group of commercial mills, the informal market, including small- scale traders, retailers, and hammer mills, were limited in their ability to participate in the market. This in turn undermined the market channel most often used by poorer urban and rural households. These structural changes in the organization of Zambia’s maize market led to a decline in available maize supplies and reduced levels of private- sec tor competition making the market vulnerable to unanticipated demand shocks.

Impacts of Price Incentives, Costs and Management Awareness on Maize Supply in Two Regions of the USA

Impacts of Price Incentives, Costs and Management Awareness on Maize Supply in Two Regions of the USA

Context Matters—Using an Agent-Based Model to Investigate the Influence of Market Context on the Supply of Local Biomass for Anaerobic Digestion

Biogas plant managers often face difficulties in obtaining feedstock at stable and affordable prices. The context in which the biogas plant manager needs to purchase the feedstock could be important when the biomass is also used in valorization trajectories besides anaerobic digestion. Using a combination of qualitative research and agent-based modelling, we investigated the effect of market context on the purchase of local biomass for anaerobic digestion. This paper details the institutional arrangements of our case study, the silage maize market in Flanders and the results of a scenario analysis, simulating nine different market contexts. Silage maize is an interesting case study, as it is both used for feed by farmers and as an input in biogas plants. The results show that mainly the time of entry into the market explains the difficulties in obtaining a stable supply of silage maize to biogas plants. Furthermore, we found a silage maize price increase for farmers in competition with a biogas plant, especially in case of a silage maize deficit in the market. The different institutional arrangements used have no significant effect. Our findings may guide biogas plant managers in assessing and reducing the consequences of the establishment of a biogas plant, competing for local biomass resources.

Drought tolerant maize for farmer adaptation to drought in sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of adoption in eastern and southern Africa

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), “maize is life,” due to its importance to food security and economic wellbeing. Around 40 % of Africa’s maize-growing area faces occasional drought stress, resulting in yield losses of 10–25 %. Around 25 % of the maize crop suffers frequent drought, with losses of up to half the harvest. To reduce vulnerability and improve food security, the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) project has made releases of 160 drought tolerant (DT) maize varieties between 2007 and 2013. These have been tested in experimental and farmers’ fields, and disseminated to farmers in 13 African countries through national agricultural research systems and private seed companies. Yields of the new varieties are superior to those of currently available commercial maize varieties under both stress and optimum growing conditions. Although the benefits of DT maize for African farmers have been repeatedly predicted, realization of those benefits depends on farmer uptake, which has received limited empirical study. We use new plot-level data from surveys of 3,700 farm households in six countries (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) to measure DT maize adoption rates and their determinants. The data reveal considerable inter-country variation in farmer uptake of DT maize, from 9 % of maize plots in Zimbabwe to 61 % in Malawi. The major barriers to adoption include unavailability of improved seed, inadequate information, lack of resources, high seed price, and perceived attributes of different varieties. Based on the results, we recommend that seed companies and agro-dealers ensure adequate supply of DT maize seed in local markets and sell seed in affordable micro-packs (1 or 2 kg). Furthermore, the DTMA project and partners should ramp up promotional efforts to ensure widespread awareness and understanding of the benefits of the new DT maize varieties.

The Four Decades Journey and Future Prospects of Indonesia to Meet Its Demand for Maize

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Analysis of Determinants of Demand and Supply of Maize in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria

This study on the analysis of determinants of demand and supply of maize was conducted in Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State with particular emphasis on some selected villages in the Local Government. The study covered forty maize producers randomly selected from eight villages from randomly selected two clans in the study area. Frequencies, means percentages and chi-square statistics were employed in the determining the data obtained. Chi-square statistics was used to ascertain whether socio-economic factors are significant determinants of demand and supply of maize in the study area. The result shows that the value of C hi-square calculated (2.45) < chi-square critical value (14.1) at five percent level of significance with degree of freedom of seven as was conducted. This implies that socio-economic characteristics were not significant determinants of demand and supply of maize. The result agrees with the null hypothesis which says that socio-economic characteristics are not significant determinants of demand and supply of maize in the study area. Hence it was accepted.

Supply Response of Maize in Ethiopia: Cointegeration and Vector Error Correction Approach

This study aimed at estimating the supply response of maize and suggest measures for improving production using secondary data from FAOSTAT pertaining from the year 1966-2010. Augmented Dick Fuller was used for unit root test while both maximum eigen value and trace statistics used for cointegeration test. Vector error correction (VECM) approach was used to estimate long run and short run relationships between maize supply and its estimators. The result of the study indicated that one of the series are non stationary at level but not for the first difference while, some of the series were stationary and the Johanson's method indicated the cointegration of the series. Price factors were more important in the long run than in the short run and maize supply was price inelastic in the long run and technology in elastic in the low lands of the country could be due to predominance of small and marginal land holdings, weak R&D and extension. Non-price factors were comparatively more important for higher supply growth of maize so that policy interventions should focus on improving rural infrastructure specially in the lowlands. More investment on R&D would bring about shift on the maize supply by assuring technological breakthrough on maize yield that many countries have achieved and made the sub-sector attractive.