Maize Genetics Research Articles

Genetics of sorghum, maize, rice and sugar-cane resistance to the cereal stem borer, Chilo spp.

Several species of Chilo are serious pests (stem borers) of sorghum, maize, rice and sugar-cane. Studies on genetics of resistance to Chilo species have been carried out only In a few cases. In maize and sorghum resistance to C. partellus, measured in terms of leaf-feeding, dead hearts and stem-tunnelling is polygenic. Both additive and non-additive gene effects are important in the inheritance of resistance to C. partellus. However, the importance of additive and non-additive gene effects in determining resistance, varies with the resistance parameter in two crops. Resistance to leaf-feeding and stem-tunnelling is governed predominantly by additive genes, while both additive and non-additive genes are important in the inheritance of dead hearts. The non-additive gene action, however, is of higher magnitude and more important in the inheritance of resistance to dead hearts in maize than that in sorghum. Recurrent selection using S1, S2 lines would be efficient in increasing levels of resistance both in sorghum and maize. Tolerance should be considered as an important factor in sorghum breeding for borer resistance.

Alterations in gene expression mediated by DNA insertions in the waxy gene of maize.

Studies on the waxy (wx) locus have played a central role in maize genetics and molecular biology. The locus encodes a starch granule-bound enzyme responsible for the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm, ovule sac, and pollen grain. The waxy mutants are viable and easily distinguished. For this reason, over 50 wx mutant alleles have been identified since the turn of the century.

The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures II. Harvesting time, number of kernels and plant height at maturity

A set of 11 inbred lines of grain maize and generations derived from them were grown at a latitude further north than the generally accepted limit of the crop in the U.K. Analyses of variance for harvesting time, number of kernels and final plant height showed significant differences between the inbred lines and between their F1, F2 and backcross generations.

The Early Years of Maize Genetics

The Early Years of Maize Genetics

McClintock, others continue work that earned Nobel

This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to 81-year-old geneticist Barbara McClintock, PhD, of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, NY, for her work of more than 30 years ago involving transposable genetic elements, or "jumping genes." McClintock developed her theories in the 1930s and 1940s from her work with the genetics of maize, or Indian corn. She noted certain patterns of pigmentation on the leaves and kernels that she felt were a reflection of what was happening at the molecular level, namely, that pieces of the chromosomes were rearranging spontaneously and that the genes in their new positions were effecting a change in phenotype. She referred to the jumping genes as "controlling elements," and she postulated that there were two types: one, Ds (dissociation) , that caused the chromosomal breakage, and the second, Ac (activator) , that was needed for Ds to be active. The Ds element "jumped"

The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures. II. Germination of inbred lines, F1 and further generations at fluctuating temperatures

Some Cambridge and some USA inbred lines were used to determine the type of gene action involved in the germination of seeds at fluctuating temperatures. The Cavalli (1952) weighted least squares procedure was used to analyze the means of the parental, F1, F2 and the two backcross generations ie. B1 and B2. The additive-dominace model was found to be adequate for the Cambridge material, but was inadequate for several crosses involving the USA material, thus indicating the presence of G x E interaction or epistasis, with or without linkage. Overall, however, the parental lines used and the populations derived from them showed sufficient additive genetic variability to justify an effective selection programme.

The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures. I. germination of inbred lines and their F1s

Two collections of inbred lines were divided into early (E), medium (M) and late (L) germinating lines, on the basis of days to germination under growth-cabinet conditions at 8°C and 6°C constant temperatures. Tolerance of low temperatures was found to be an heritable trait and characteristic of each inbred line. When the inbreds and F1s were tested at 6°C the single crosses of early germinating lines showed earlier germination than crosses between slow germinating lines. Thus the performance of F1s greatly depends on the parental lines used in the crosses. Differences observed in some of the reciprocal crosses were attributed to maternal effects.

Quantitative maize genetics

Journal Article Quantitative maize genetics Get access Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding. A. R. Hallauer and J. B. Miranda. Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1981. 468 pp. $33.95. S. K. JAIN S. K. JAIN Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 73, Issue 4, July 1982, Pages 315–316, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109660 Published: 01 July 1982

DEPENDENCE OF THE R-MOTTLED ALEURONE PHENOTYPE IN MAIZE ON MODE OF SEXUAL TRANSMISSION

YPICAL R-mottling, the irregular distribution of anthocyanin in the aleurone Tlayer of maize endosperm, occurs upon crossing appropriate R R plants with r r (colorless) only when R R is the pollen parent (EMERSON 1918; KEMPTON 1919). When R R is used in the mating as female, the aleurone is solidly colored. From a conventional point of view the mottled and solidly colored phenotypes suggest the dosage effects associated with the unequal numbers of chromosome sets contributed to the triploid endosperm, two from the female and one from the male parent. This explapation assumes equal pigmenting action of R from the two origins. Furthermore, if parental source were to affect R expression, such an influence ordinarily would be confounded with the effect of dosage. ROMAN’S (1947) discovery that a given chromosome segment translocated to the centromeric portion of an accessory B chromosome in maize is transmitted by the male in duplicate provides an opportunity to vary the dosage of genes in such a segment independently of parental origin. Accordingly, his translocation B-loa, with the point of interchange in chromosome-10 between R and the centromere, permits introduction of two R factors into the endosperm via pollen. Unexpectedly on the R dosage interpretation, R R from the male when combined with rr from the female gave mottled, rather than solidly colored, kernels (ROMAN, cited by SCHWARTZ 1965; KERMICLE 1963). This observation called into question sufficiency of the dosage explanation and prompted further investigation. The evidence presented here shows the basis of the disparity in aleurone phenotype following reciprocal crosses between R R and r r plants is a pronounced difference in level of action at which R is transmitted to the endosperm through male and female gametophytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The various alleles of R involved affect anthocyanin pigmentation of the aleurone and vegetative parts of the plant as follows: RV-Pigmented aleurone, red seedling and anthers; representative of those alleles which give darkly mottled aleurone in crosses to rgrg as female but solidly colored aleurone when rgrg is male. The particular Rr employed in experiments involving translocation B-loa was that present in the TB-loa stock obtained from the Maize Genetics Stock Center, University of Illinois, Urbana. A second source of Rr, that designated standard Rr in the Wisconsin collection, was 1Paper No. 1357 from the Laboratory of Genetics. Supported by AEC contract AT(ll-1)-1300 and NIH grant GM 15422-01.

The Introduction of Maize into West Africa: An Assessment of Recent Evidence

Opening ParagraphIt is important to establish the date and route of the introduction of maize into West Africa for several reasons. It could throw light on early documents about the area, it would help to clarify certain questions of the contact of indigenous cultures with each other as well as with intrusive cultures, and it could introduce an element of absolute dating into the chronology of archaeological deposits in the area. The last point may well be the most important, since most techniques for dating archaeological material in absolute terms cannot be employed in the study of the ethnohistory of West Africa. The cob of the maize plant is widely used in West Africa as a decorative roulette on pottery, usually on the coarser wares. The presence or absence of such decoration is therefore used as a horizon in excavating archaeological sites in West Africa. (Cf. Goodwin, 1953, and Willett, 1959.) Moreover, botanists have studied the genetics of maize in West Africa in great detail so that a statistical study of maize impressions on pottery, although not permitting the identification of particular varieties of maize, could in theory permit the identification and relative location in time of changes in the maize population cultivated at a given site, and thus serve to date the pottery. (Cf. Jones 1959, Stanton and Willett.)

A Preliminary Survey of the Milpa System of Maize Culture as Practiced by the Maya Indians of the Northern Part of the Yucatan Peninsula

In January and February of 1935, Professor R. A. Emerson, of Cornell University, and Mr. J. H. Kempton, then of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, studied maize farming among the Maya Indians at the request of the Carnegie Institution. The following report, circulated in mimeographed form under Dr. Emerson's name, is one of the tangible results of this preliminary survey. Though it has been cited in at least two bibliographies its very existence has been unsuspected by many students of maize. We are indebted to Mrs. Ida K. Langman, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for supplying us with a copy, and to Dr. H. E. D. Pollock, of the Department of Archaeology of the Carnegie Institution, for granting permission to reprint the document. Up until the time of his death Dr. Emerson was the heart and center of research in maize genetics. He was not only the outstanding authority; most of the other workers had either been trained under him or had been closely associated with the work of his laboratory. Mr. Kempton, on his part, has been identified with much of the research on maize which was carried on in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and had taken the lead in studying maize and its relatives in Latin America. During the last decade, Mexico, in general, and Mexico's pattern of growing maize, in particular, have changed at an ever-accelerating rate. Dr. Emerson's report, though preliminary and informal, gives us an over-all picture of maize in an out-of-the-way part of Mexico fifteen years ago as seen through the eyes of the greatest maize scholar of his time.-EDGAR ANDERSON.

The Effect of the Bronze Locus on Anthocyanin Formation in Maize

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Effect of the Bronze Locus on Anthocyanin Formation in MaizeM. M. RhoadesM. M. Rhoades Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 86, Number 827Mar. - Apr., 1952 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/281710 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 19Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Héctor A. Peniche-Pavía, Tereso J. Guzmán, Jesús M. Magaña-Cerino, Carmen M. Gurrola-Díaz, Axel Tiessen Maize Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Human Health Relevance: A Review, Molecules 27, no.1616 (Aug 2022): 5166.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165166Jan Bettgenhaeuser, Simon G. Krattinger Rapid gene cloning in cereals, Theoretical and Applied Genetics 132, no.33 (Oct 2018): 699–711.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3210-7E. H. Coe, M. G. Neuffer, D. A. Hoisington The Genetics of Corn, (Oct 2015): 81–258.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr18.3ed.c3Ch. Jayaram, Peter A. Peterson Anthocyanin Pigmentation and Transposable Elements in Maize Aleurone, (Feb 2011): 91–137.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118061053.ch4Yeon Lee, Hye Ryon Yoon, Yong Sook Paik, Jang Ryul Liu, Won-il Chung, Giltsu Choi Reciprocal regulation ofArabidopsis UGT78D2 and BANYULS is critical for regulation of the metabolic flux of anthocyanidins to condensed tannins in developing seed coats, Journal of Plant Biology 48, no.44 (Dec 2005): 356–370.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030577Huihua Fu, Zhenwei Zheng, Hugo K. Dooner Recombination rates between adjacent genic and retrotransposon regions in maize vary by 2 orders of magnitude, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no.22 (Jan 2002): 1082–1087.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.022635499Huihua Fu, Wonkeun Park, Xianghe Yan, Zhenwei Zheng, Binzhang Shen, Hugo K. Dooner The highly recombinogenic bz locus lies in an unusually gene-rich region of the maize genome, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no.1515 (Jul 2001): 8903–8908.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.141221898Xianghe Yan, Isabel M Martínez-Férez, Steven Kavchok, Hugo K Dooner Origination of Ds Elements From Ac Elements in Maize: Evidence for Rare Repair Synthesis at the Site of Ac Excision, Genetics 152, no.44 (Aug 1999): 1733–1740.https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.4.1733E. J. Ralston, J. J. English, H. K. Dooner Stability of deletion, insertion and point mutations at the bronze locus in maize, Theoretical and Applied Genetics 74, no.44 (Aug 1987): 471–475.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289823T. Helentjaris, M. Slocum, S. Wright, A. Schaefer, J. Nienhuis Construction of genetic linkage maps in maize and tomato using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Theoretical and Applied Genetics 72, no.66 (Sep 1986): 761–769.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00266542Peter A. Peterson Transposon-induced events at gene loci, BioEssays 3, no.55 (Nov 1985): 199–204.https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950030504Hugo K. Dooner Flavonol glucosyltransferase activity in Bronze embryos of Zea mays, Phytochemistry 18, no.55 (Jan 1979): 749–751.https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(79)80007-2R. L. Larson, E. H. Coe Gene-dependent flavonoid glucosyltransferase in maize, Biochemical Genetics 15, no.1-21-2 (Feb 1977): 153–156.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00484558Myron G. Neuffer, Edward H. Coe Corn (Maize), (Jan 1974): 3–30.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2994-7_1E. Amano, H.H. Smith Mutations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate in maize, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 2, no.44 (Aug 1965): 344–351.https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(65)90070-9G. M. Reddy, E. H. Coe Inter-tissue Complementation: A Simple Technique for Direct Analysis of Gene-Action Sequence, Science 138, no.35373537 (Oct 1962): 149–150.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.138.3537.149 E. H. Coe, Jr. Anthocyanin Synthesis in Maize-A Gene Sequence Construction, The American Naturalist 91, no.861861 (Oct 2015): 381–385.https://doi.org/10.1086/282002A. C. Faberg� The analysis of induced chromosome aberrations by maize endosperm phenotypes, Zeitschrift f�r Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 87, no.33 (Jan 1956): 392–420.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00737159S. H. Yarnell Cytogenetics of the vegetable crops, The Botanical Review 20, no.55 (May 1954): 277–359.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02887280

EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INBRED AND HYBRID ZEA MAYS L.

EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INBRED AND HYBRID ZEA MAYS L.

EARLY RESEARCHES IN MAIZE GENETICS

EARLY RESEARCHES IN MAIZE GENETICS

EARLY RESEARCHES IN MAIZE GENETICS

EARLY RESEARCHES IN MAIZE GENETICS

The Genetics of Maize

In a general botanical symposium such as this, it would seem that the broader and more recent aspects of this genetical subject should be of greater interest than the detailed, technical developments. The layman often becomes weary of the expert who delights in telling him'more and more about less and less.' Moreover, the time limit definitely precludes any very detailed presentation. Accordingly, I shall attempt a general picture of what has happened during the past decade in the field of maize genetics. Maize has now been sufficiently analyzed genetically and cytologically to make it reasonably certain that its chromosomal mechanism of heredity is of the orthodox or Drosophila-like type. The ten pairs of corn chromosomes undergo typical parasynaptic conjugation and assort at random. There are no major deviations from what might be called normal, neoMendelian inheritance. With the possible exception of a few 8-rowed varieties like the Black Mexican and Golden Bantam sweet corn, as well as some flint varieties, which possess more than 20 (21 to 28) chromosomes, maize is relatively free from abnormal cytology. Both the independent and linked types of inheritance prevail; and crossing-over occurs in microand megasporogenesis with almost equal frequency, albeit with some small variability. On the whole the genetic mechanism has proven remarkably stable; and has enabled maize geneticists to exchange material with assurance that they may still remain on speaking terms with their colleagues. The general botanist is perhaps interested in knowing the types of hereditary characters and the parts of the plant they affect, which have been discovered up to date. For this purpose I have prepared a chart in which are outlined the known hereditary characters of maize, showing the number of genes concerned in their development (table 1). First, we may direct attention to the hereditary characters that involve the entire plant. The most striking of these is that called Teopod

The Unexpected Occurrence of Aleurone Colors in F2of a Cross between Non-Colored Varieties of Maize

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Unexpected Occurrence of Aleurone Colors in F2 of a Cross between Non-Colored Varieties of MaizeR. A. EmersonR. A. Emerson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 46, Number 550Oct., 1912 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/279311 Views: 149Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:P Leszek D Vincent Zea Mays (Maize, Corn), (Aug 2012).https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003687.pub2Bruno Müller, Ueli Grossniklaus Model organisms — A historical perspective, Journal of Proteomics 73, no.1111 (Oct 2010): 2054–2063.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2010.08.002Edward H. Coe The origins of maize genetics, Nature Reviews Genetics 2, no.1111 (Nov 2001): 898–905.https://doi.org/10.1038/35098524Ed Coe East, Emerson, and the Birth of Maize Genetics, (): 3–15.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77863-1_1S. H. Yarnell Cytogenetics of the vegetable crops, The Botanical Review 20, no.55 (May 1954): 277–359.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02887280 E. M. East Xenia and the Endosperm of Angiosperms, Botanical Gazette 56, no.33 (Oct 2015): 217–224.https://doi.org/10.1086/331144 R. A. Emerson Simplified Mendelian Formulae, The American Naturalist 47, no.557557 (Sep 2015): 307–311.https://doi.org/10.1086/279350