Maize Dextrin Research Articles

Dietary Fiber-Bound Polyphenols Modify Canine Fecal Endocannabinoid Levels and Improve Stool Firmness

Abstract Objectives Not all dietary fibers are equal in effect. Fiber may entrap bioactive polyphenols (PP), enabling them to bypass digestion and arrive in the colon. We documented effects of fiber combinations on stool firmness and fecal metabolomics in dogs fed a hydrolyzed meat diet, hypothesizing that fiber-bound PP would deliver these bioactives to the colon, improve stool firmness and alter the fecal metabolome. Methods Dogs were group housed, provided daily exercise in outdoor grassy runs, had access to natural light that varied with season and were fed to healthy body weight. Health was monitored through clinical and physical indices. Fecal collections were under IACUC protocols. Fibers were measured by AOAC and PP by Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Nine foods using a base of hydrolyzed chicken and cornstarch together allowed parsing of the effects of fiber-bound PP-containing food ingredients (active blend; AB). Control food had cellulose as a fiber source, AB added pecan, citrus, beet, flax and cranberry. Cellulose, psyllium and pumpkin were explored as supplements to AB. Additionally, other fiber sources were tried alone and in combination: pea fiber, tomato pomace, maize dextrin, silica dioxide inulin, fructooligosaccharide. Dogs (n = 6) offered a diet for 10 days, with daily stool scoring on day 6–10 for firmness on an ordinal scale. A sample for fecal metabolomics by LC-MS was frozen within one hour of defecation on day 10. Linear Mixed Modeling was used to examine diet effects. Results The AB was 65% fiber and 20% PP by weight, with PP mostly in bound form. Stool firmness was highest from dogs fed the AB-containing foods; inclusion of cellulose was not required for maximal stool score. AB-containing foods increased fecal fiber-derived sugars, PP and microbial products of PP metabolism; this was not apparent from foods devoid of PP sources. Across foods, inclusion of whole flax increased fecal levels of long chain 2-acylglycerol endocannabinoids while decreasing levels of very long chain acylethanolamide endocannabinoids. Colonic microbial lipolysis may have contributed to the appearance of 1-acyl and 2-acylglycerols. Conclusions It would appear that provision of microbiome-nourishing fibers, along with fiber-bound PP, may differentially alter acylglycerol and ethanolamide endocannabinoid levels and increase stool firmness. Funding Sources Hill's Pet Nutrition.

Thermal analysis of milling products and its implications in self-ignition

Thermal degradation of soft wheat, durum wheat, and maize as well as native starch and maize dextrin used to make fireworks, under nitrogen atmosphere, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicate that bran-free products give rise to a decomposition via transglycosylation-volatilization. On the contrary, wheat products containing bran or ligno-cellulosic residues decompose via exothermic reaction of dehydration-charring. For each product, the curve is determined as a function of its physical form, i.e., flour, ground product, and grain. The comparison of the conversion calculated as a first-order kinetics and the experimental, exhibits a very low mean square error. On this basis, the pyrolysis was assumed to obey first-order kinetics. The kinetic results were then used to estimate the temperature of spontaneous combustion, when these products are stored in silos. In particular, Frank-Kamenetskii theory is applied to prove how the products, under particular conditions, can become extremely explosive.

Tissue and organ distribution of14C-activity in dextrin-adapted Atlantic salmon after oral administration of radiolabelled14C1-glucose

Accumulation of 14C in various tissues and organs was studied in three different groups of 0.8-kg Atlantic salmon Salmo salar force-fed with 14C1-glucose in order to evaluate if metabolism of glucose depended on adaptation to dietary carbohydrate level. The salmon had been fed diets supplemented with 0, 100 and 200 g maize dextrin kg−1 for 10 months before the experiment. The fish were force-fed 6.65 × 104 Bq of 14C1 glucose kg−1 BW, in gelatin capsules. Fish for analysis were obtained 16 h later. 14C was measured in blood plasma, gill, kidney, liver and white muscle, and in lipid extract of liver. The liver contained most 14C, followed by heart, blood plasma, gill and liver lipid extract, while kidney and muscle contained the least 14C per gram or millilitre tissue. The muscle contained most radioactivity, on an estimated total tissue basis, followed by liver, blood plasma, gill, liver lipid extract, kidney and heart tissue. Thirty-eight per cent of the orally administered 14C was recovered in the salmon adapted to the diet without dextrin after 16 h. This was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the 30% and 32% recovered in the salmon adapted to diets with 10% and 20% dextrin. This effect on adaptation to dietary dextrin level in glucose uptake or metabolism was supported by a trend (P < 0.10) toward higher radioactivity per gram or millilitre of each individual tissue in the fish adapted to the diet without dextrin, when compared with the other two adaptation regimes.

Chemical and physical properties of ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba) starch

Starch isolated from mature Ginkgo biloba seeds and commercial normal maize starches were subjected to α-amylolysis and acid hydrolysis. Ginkgo starch was more resistant to pancreatic α-amylase hydrolysis than the normal maize starch. The chain length distribution of debranched amylopectin of the starches was analyzed by using high performance anion-exchange chromatography equipped with an amyloglucosidase reactor and a pulsed amperometric detector. The chain length distribution of ginkgo amylopectin showed higher amounts of both short and long chains compared to maize starch. Naegeli dextrins of the starches prepared by extensive acid hydrolysis over 12 days demonstrated that ginkgo starch was more susceptible than normal maize to acid hydrolysis. Ginkgo dextrins also demonstrate a lower concentration of singly branched chains than maize dextrins, and unlike maize dextrin, debranched ginkgo shows no multiple branched chains. The ginkgo starch displayed a C-type X-ray diffraction pattern, compared to an A-type pattern for maize. Ginkgo starch and maize starch contained 24.0 and 17.6% absolute amylose contents, respectively.

Interactions between salinity, dietary carbohydrate source and carbohydrate concentration on the digestibility of macronutrients and energy in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The aim of the experiment was to determine if salinity, dietary carbohydrate source, and dietary carbohydrate concentration affected the digestibility of macronutrients and energy in rainbow trout, and also to determine if there were interactions between these factors. The trout, reared in freshwater or saltwater, were fed four diets, containing moderate (100 g kg −1) or high (200 g kg −1) concentrations of glucose or maize dextrin as partial replacements for fish meal. Faecal samples were obtained by stripping and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of macronutrients and energy were estimated using the indirect method with yttrium oxide, Y 2O 3, as an inert marker. The ADCs of organic material, fat, carbohydrate and energy were significantly higher in freshwater than in saltwater. The ADCs of organic material, carbohydrate and energy were higher for the diets with glucose than for dextrin. The diets with 100 g carbohydrate kg −1 resulted in higher ADCs of protein and fat than diets with 200 g kg −1. The opposite was found for the ADC of carbohydrate. This is ascribed to the fish meal used in the diets being contaminated with starch. The ADCs of fat, organic material and energy were negatively related to the concentration of indigestible carbohydrate from dextrin and starch in the diets, while that of protein was not. Significant interactions were seen between salinity and dietary carbohydrate source for the ADC of protein, and between carbohydrate source and concentration for ADCs of organic material, fat and energy.

Abomasal glucose, maize starch and maize dextrin infusions in cattle: small-intestinal disappearance, net portal glucose flux and ileal oligosaccharide flow.

Three castrated male Holstein cattle (423 (SD 19)kg live weight) fitted with elevated carotid artery, portal, and mesenteric venous catheters, and abomasal and ileal cannulas were used to study small-intestinal starch digestion. The cattle were infused abomasally with water (275 ml/h), glucose (66 g/h), maize dextrin (66 g/h) or maize starch (66 g/h) in an incomplete Latin square design, with eight infusion periods. Infusion with carbohydrate resulted in higher arterial glucose concentrations and greater net portal glucose flux than when cattle were infused with water. Arterial glucose concentration and net portal glucose flux were highest when glucose was infused. In the small intestine, 85% of abomasally-infused glucose, 78% of infused dextrin, and 66% of infused starch disappeared. Of the carbohydrate that disappeared in the small intestine, that which could be accounted for as net portal glucose flux was 73% for glucose, 60% for dextrin, and 57% for starch. Ileal digesta contained unpolymerized glucose, and short-chain soluble alpha-glucoside. Of the infused dextrin flowing past the ileum (14 g/h), 0.3 g/h was glucose, 6.2 g/h was soluble alpha-glucoside, and 7.5 g/h was insoluble alpha-glucoside. Of the infused starch flowing at the ileum (22.2 g/h), 0.9 g/h was glucose, 5.3 g/h was soluble alpha-glucoside, and 15.9 g/h was insoluble alpha-glucoside. The average chain lengths of the soluble alpha-glucosides in ileal digesta were 2.07 and 2.36 for dextrin and starch infusions respectively, indicating mostly di- and to a lesser extent trisaccharides. We conclude that (1) when 66 g raw starch is presented to the small intestine per h, about half of the intestinal disappearance appears as glucose in the portal vasculature, and (2) alpha-1,4 glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) activity at the brush border is the rate-limiting step to small-intestinal starch digestion in cattle.

Estimation of intrinsic kinetic constants for pore diffusion‐limited immobilized enzyme reactions

AbstractA simple method is presented that establishes intrinsic rate parameters when slow pore diffusion of substrate limits immobilized enzyme reactions that obey Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. The Aris‐Bischoff modulus is employed. Data at high substrate concentrations, where the enzyme would be saturated in the absence of diffusion limitation, and at low substrate concentrations, where effectiveness factors are inversely proportional to reaction modulus, are used to determine maximum rate and Michaelis constant, respectively. Because Michaelis‐Menten and Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetics are formally identical, this method may be used to estimate intrinsic rate parameters of many heterogeneous catalysts. The technique is demonstrated using experimental data from the hydrolysis of maize dextrin with diffusion‐limited immobilized glucoamylase. This system yields a Michaelis constant of 0.14%, compared to 0.11% for soluble glucoamylase and 0.24% for immobilized glucoamylase free of diffusional effects.

The metabolisable energy of a sample of maize dextrin for poultry

Synopsis The digestible and metabolisable energy values of a sample of maize yellow dextrin, determined using five colostomised hens were 11.602 ± 0.276 and 9.142 ± 0.230 MJ/kg (2473±66 and 2185±55 kcal/kg), respectively. These values are 65 and 57 % respectively of the gross energy of the dextrin.

Studies on the process of digestion in the fowl: dry matter and total nitrogen.

Synopsis Four pelleted diets, based on soybean meal (N = 4.40%), fish meal (N = 2.41%), field bean (Vicia faba L.) meal (N = 2.05%) and maize dextrin (N = 0.10%), were each offered to sixteen 13‐week‐old pullets for a 2 h period. Four birds from each group were killed 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the feeding period and samples of the ingesta were removed from the gastro‐intestinal tract. The same experimental procedure, using the soybean meal diet, was also applied to sixteen 17‐week‐old and sixteen 24‐week‐old pullets. Nitrogen and chromium sesquioxide were determined on the freeze‐dried ingesta removed from the crops, proventriculi and gizzards, duodena, jejuna, ilea, caeca and large intestines of all the groups. The results indicated that the crop, proventriculus and gizzard acted as food reservoirs, that passage of food through the duodenum was very rapid and that the amount of the ingesta in the caeca depended on the diet, and was possibly affected by the nature of the carbohydrate. The rate and mode of dig...