Maitake Extract Research Articles

EFFECT OF SELECTED NATURAL EXTRACTS ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND SENSORY QUALITY OF VARIOUS CEREAL PRODUCTS

The aim of this study was to observe antioxidant properties as well as possible changes in sensory quality of selected bakery products after their enrichment with chosen natural extracts. Four types of natural extracts in mixture with wheat flour were used in various amounts for preparation of selected bakery products (wheat bread, sweet biscuits, salty crackers, and muffins). Specifically: turmeric (Curcuma longa, L.) rhizome extract (curcumin), quercetin dihydrate extracted from the pods of Sophora japonica, L., and extracts from medicinal fungus Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa) were used as additions. Antioxidant properties in total antioxidant activity (TAA; using DPPH radical scavenging assay), total polyphenols content and total phenolic acids content were examined, as well as the effect of selected natural extracts on the sensory properties of bakery products (intensity of certain characteristics and overall preference). The results of antioxidant properties varied according to the used extract and its amount. Compared with control products, the TAA was significantly higher in all enriched products. While the total polyphenol content was the highest in the bread and biscuits with quercetin (20.623 mg and 18.117 mg GAE.g-1, respectively), the total phenolic acids content was the highest in those with curcumin (8.846 mg and 3.286 mg CAE.g-1, respectively). The intensity of other smell and taste of enriched bakery products influenced considerably overall acceptance, e.g. the products with quercetin associated with bitter taste were evaluated as unfavourable. On the other hand, the breads and crackers with Shiitake extract with indistinct antioxidant properties were evaluated the best, followed with curcumin and Maitake extract. Considering our overall results, we can recommend chosen non-bakery raw materials for a production of new, innovative designed cereal-based products.

Positive modulation of a new reconstructed human gut microbiota by Maitake extract helpfully boosts the intestinal environment in vitro.

The human gut is a complex environment where the microbiota and its metabolites play a crucial role in the maintenance of a healthy state. The aim of the present work is the reconstruction of a new in vitro minimal human gut microbiota resembling the microbe-microbe networking comprising the principal phyla (Bacillota, Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, and Actinomycetota), to comprehend the intestinal ecosystem complexity. In the reductionist model, we mimicked the administration of Maitake extract as prebiotic and a probiotic formulation (three strains belonging to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera), evaluating the modulation of strain levels, the release of beneficial metabolites, and their health-promoting effects on human cell lines of the intestinal environment. The administration of Maitake and the selected probiotic strains generated a positive modulation of the in vitro bacterial community by qPCR analyses, evidencing the prominence of beneficial strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) after 48 hours. The bacterial community growths were associated with the production of metabolites over time through GC-MSD analyses such as lactate, butyrate, and propionate. Their effects on the host were evaluated on cell lines of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system, evidencing positive antioxidant (upregulation of SOD1 and NQO1 genes in HT-29 cell line) and anti-inflammatory effects (production of IL-10 from all the PBMCs). Therefore, the results highlighted a positive modulation induced by the synergic activities of probiotics and Maitake, inducing a tolerogenic microenvironment.

Evaluating the antimicrobial activity of maitake mushroom extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Antibiotic resistance poses a severe global health threat, necessitating the exploration of novel antimicrobial therapies. Mushrooms have long been recognized for their antimicrobial properties, and their extracts have shown promising health-promoting effects in various studies. Given this potential, we focused our attention on the Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), a species known for its medicinal properties. In this study, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial effect of Maitake mushroom extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), a common causative agent of hospital-acquired infections with enhanced antibiotic resistance. We hypothesized that Maitake mushroom extract would exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis. To test this hypothesis, we conducted disc diffusion assays using different concentrations of Maitake extract and compared their effects to a standard antibiotic, tetracycline. Our results demonstrated that Maitake extract possesses potent antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, with higher concentrations showing inhibition comparable to tetracycline. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent antimicrobial effect, with the higher concentration producing larger zones of inhibition. Our findings suggest that Maitake mushroom extract could potentially be developed as a novel natural antimicrobial agent to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, providing safer and more environmentally friendly therapeutic options to address the growing concern of antibiotic resistance.

Assessment of Cosmetic Properties and Safety of Use of Model Washing Gels with Reishi, Maitake and Lion's Mane Extracts.

Natural cosmetics are becoming more and more popular every day. For this reason, this work investigates the properties of mushroom extracts, which are not as widely used in the cosmetics industry as plant ingredients. Water extracts of Grifolafrondosa (Maitake), Hericiumerinaceus (Lion’s Mane) and Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) were tested for their antioxidant properties, bioactive substances content, skin cell toxicity, ability to limit TEWL, effect on skin hydration and pH, and skin irritation. Our research showed that Maitake extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids and phenols, and also showed the most effective scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals as well as Chelation of Fe2+ and FRAP radicals, which were 39.84% and 82.12% in a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, respectively. All tested extracts did not increase the amount of ROS in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The addition of mushroom extracts to washing gels reduced the irritating effect on skin, and reduced the intracellular production of free radicals, compared with the cosmetic base. Moreover, it was shown that the analyzedcosmetics had a positive effect on the pH and hydration of the skin, and reduced TEWL.

Prebiotic Effect of Maitake Extract on a Probiotic Consortium and Its Action after Microbial Fermentation on Colorectal Cell Lines.

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is a medicinal mushroom known for its peculiar biological activities due to the presence of functional components, including dietary fibers and glucans, that can improve human health through the modulation of the gut microbiota. In this paper, a Maitake ethanol/water extract was prepared and characterized through enzymatic and chemical assays. The prebiotic potential of the extract was evaluated by the growth of some probiotic strains and of a selected probiotic consortium. The results revealed the prebiotic properties due to the stimulation of the growth of the probiotic strains, also in consortium, leading to the production of SCFAs, including lactic, succinic, and valeric acid analyzed via GC-MSD. Then, their beneficials effect were employed in evaluating the vitality of three different healthy and tumoral colorectal cell lines (CCD841, CACO-2, and HT-29) and the viability rescue after co-exposure to different stressor agents and the probiotic consortium secondary metabolites. These metabolites exerted positive effects on colorectal cell lines, in particular in protection from reactive oxygen species.

Hydrolysis of Myofibrillar Protein and resultant Tenderization of Beef by Maitake Extract (Grifola frondosa) Injection

Hydrolysis of Myofibrillar Protein and resultant Tenderization of Beef by Maitake Extract (<i>Grifola frondosa</i>) Injection

A Novel Combination of Sulforaphane and Maitake Extract Induces Phase II Enzymes

Environmental threats including chemical pollutants found in air, water, and food supplies are eliminated from the body by the action of cytoprotective Phase II detoxifying enzymes. Cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, contain glucoraphanin, which is converted to the isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is a potent inducer of Phase II enzymes including UGT and HMOX. It induces these enzymes by activating Nrf2, a master switch in the antioxidant response element pathway. Furthermore, extracts of maitake mushrooms contain glucans which offer immunomodulating potential. We have demonstrated that maitake extract works with sulforaphane to further induce Phase II enzymes. Here, we show that cultured human hepatocytes treated for 24 hours with a combination of sulforaphane and maitake extract induces gene expression and increased protein expression of Phase II enzymes including UGT and HMOX. Further, in a study carried out in 10‐week‐old Sprague Dawley rats given a control (PBS) or the combination of 10mM sulforaphane and 1.54 mg/kg maitake mushroom extract by daily oral gavage for two weeks, quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of mammary tissue showed an increase in expression of UGT and HMOX. Overall, we demonstrate that a blend of sulforaphane and maitake extract induces Phase II enzymes, which provide a powerful, natural defense against everyday exposures to environmental threats.Funding: Nutramax Laboratories, Consumer Care, Inc.

Abstract B22: The synergistic effect of a sulforaphane and maitake mushroom extract combination on the expression of the detoxifying enzymes NQO1 and UGT1A1

Abstract Excess estrogen exposure, whether from endogenous estrogen, harmful estrogen metabolites, or exogenous xenoestrogens (e.g. BPA, parabenes, etc.) can be detrimental to overall breast health. Here we describe a novel blend of natural ingredients including sulforaphane and maitake-derived glucans and their effect on detoxifying enzymes capable of diminishing excess estrogens. Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate found in broccoli seeds and sprouts, results from the hydrolization of a glucosinolate called glucoraphanin by the enzyme myrosinase. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal the ability of sulforaphane to induce Phase 2 detoxifying enzymes (e.g. NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase (NQO1) which functions to rid the body of harmful quinone estrogen metabolites and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 (UGT1A1) which has been shown to play a role in the metabolism of Bisphenol-A, an estrogen mimic, via glucoronidation). Previous research involving maitake extracts has largely focused on their immune-boosting properties. We examined the effect of the combination of sulforaphane and maitake-derived glucans on NQO1 and UGT1A1. RAW 246.7 mouse monocyte/macrophages were treated with sulforaphane and maitake mushroom extract alone or in combination. mRNA levels of NQO1 and UGT1A1 were assessed via quantitative RT-PCR revealing a synergistic effect on the induction of both NQO1 and UGT1A1 gene expression. Further, we carried out an in vivo study in rats during which the animals were dosed with sulforaphane, maitake mushroom extract, or the combination for 14 days. The upregulation of UGT1A1 gene expression was greater in the mammary glands of the rats given the combination of sulforaphane and maitake extract compared to those receiving either agent alone. This study demonstrates the synergistic effect of the combination of sulforaphane and a maitake extract on the gene expression of Phase 2 detoxifying enzymes NQO1 and UGT1A1 suggesting the agents together may be effective at detoxifying the body of excess estrogens and promoting breast health. Citation Format: Grace A. Cornblatt, Stacy Ownby, Brian S. Cornblatt. The synergistic effect of a sulforaphane and maitake mushroom extract combination on the expression of the detoxifying enzymes NQO1 and UGT1A1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr B22.

A62 Severe Coagulopathy in a Patient Scheduled for a Transsphenoidal Resection of an Hypophyseal Tumor Taking Transfer Factors

Background and Goal of Study: Herbs and vitamin supplements have shown to be able to produce coagulation disorders during the perioperative period in patients that take them chronically. We describe a case of a severe hipocoagulability state in a male patient scheduled for a transsphenoidal resection of an hypophyseal tumor who was consuming a natural product containing transfer factors and several types of mushrooms (shiitake and maitake). Materials and Methods: The medical record of the patient was reviewed, including the preoperative coagulation assessment during the anesthetic evaluation, the intraoperative diagnosis and treatment of a severe coagulopathy of unknown origin and its postoperative management. Results: A 62 year old male who was scheduled for a transsphenoidal resection of an hypophyseal tumor with a medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia developed a severe intraoperative hemorrhage without any vascular injury. A severe coagulation disorder was diagnosed by thromboelastography (figure 1) and was successfully treated with intravenous fluids, blood products and tranexamic acid. The family of the patient was asked for any other medications that were taken before surgery, finding out that transference factors that include shiitake (lentinula edodes) and maitake (grifola frondosa) mushrooms had been taken until the night before.Conclusions/Discussion: Patients consume different natural products, many times without knowing its real compounds, that at times could be harmful. Transfer factor is a popular product that contains a high variety of substances, including lentinula edodes and grifola frondosa, two mushrooms that have shown to have hypocoagulant properties and produce platelet aggregation disfunction. In this case, the team of anesthesiologists was not aware of the chronic use of these substances because this information was not previously provided by the patient in the preoperative anesthetic assessment. We present a case in which L. edodes and G. frondosa are the most reasonable cause of severe hemorrhage and coagulopathy in a patient scheduled for a resection of a tumor of the hypophysis. References Bise, P. Baguel, R. Sanodiya, B. Thakur, G. Prasad, G. Lentinus edodes: A macrofungus with pharmacological activities. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2010;17: 24119-2430 Hanselin MR, Vande Griend JP, Linnebur SA. INR elevation with maitake extract in combination with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(1):223-22 Shimada, S. Komamura, K. Kumagai, H. i Sakurai, H. Inhibitory activity of shiitake flavor against platelet aggregation. Biofactors. 2004; 22; 177-179

Maitake Mushroom Extract in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): A Phase II Study

Abstract 5043 Background:MDS is a heterogeneous group of hematologic diseases characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and an increased risk of AML. MDS-related deaths are commonly due to infection resulting from impaired immunity, including quantitative and functional neutrophil defects. Maitake extract is from the fruit body of Grifola frondosa mushroom and is widely used in Asia as an adjunctive treatment for malignant diseases. This hot water extract is composed of a central beta 1,6-glucan core surrounded by beta 1,3-branches. Maitake extract enhances hematopoiesis by increasing G-CSF production with subsequent stem cell proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte-monocyte colony forming cells. Maitake also activates macrophages through Dectin-1 receptor binding, increases the weight and number of nucleated cells in the spleen and improves innate immune response in animal and human models. Activated macrophages may reduce iron stores. Compared to G-CSF, maitake may have fewer side-effects, is less costly, and may produce a comparable improvement in granulocyte function. Materials and Methods:MDS patients with IPSS Low and Int-1 risk disease and ANC>500, plts >20K were enrolled. Following double baseline measurements, patients received the maitake extract at 3mg/kg PO BID for 12 weeks. Primary endpoints include change in neutrophil counts and alterations in granulocyte function as measured by the respiratory burst test. The respiratory burst test is a highly sensitive and quantitative flow cytometric assay of granulocyte and monocyte function to assess the production of spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stimulated response to 3 activators: opsonized E. coli, phorbol ester and the chemotactic peptide N-formylmethiolyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Results were compared to age-matched normal healthy volunteers. Responses were assessed using the modified International Working Group (IWG) MDS response criteria.Secondary endpoints include serial assessment of hemoglobin and platelet levels, reticulocyte count, monocyte function, and GM-CSF and G-CSF levels. Iron studies were assessed throughout treatment to determine whether the maitake indirectly alters iron stores potentially decreasing iron overload. Results:14 eligible patients (pts) (8M, 6F; median age 69, range 52–83 yrs) received the maitake extract. IPSS risk categories included: Low-risk, n=7; Int-1, n=7. WHO Stage: RA=2; RARS=1; RCMD=6; RCMD-RS=1; RCUD=1; MDS-U=1; CMML-1=2. Two pts received prior 5-azacytidine therapy.Mean fMLP-stimulated granulocyte function in pts at baseline was lower than control values. Monocyte baseline response to E. coli was significantly reduced (p<0.01); ROS production to phorbol ester was also lower than in controls.No patients met criteria for response using the modified IWG response criteria. Preliminary analyses showed that ROS responses to E. coli stimulation increased by weeks 7–9 in pts who were deficient at baseline. Monocyte ROS production increased in 2 pts by 2–6 fold at week 7. There was a 2–15 fold increase in the neutrophil response to fMLP by week 7 and a 2–35 fold increase in monocyte response to fMLP at week 9. Monocyte response to E. coli increased between 3–10 fold in 2 pts with peak values during weeks 7–9. The two pts with the most pronounced response by fMLP and ROS production also had eosinophilia, which resolved following study participation.The most common toxicities were diarrhea (grade 1) in 6 pts, eosinophilia (2–2.8 × normal) in 3 pts, increases in AST (grade 1) and ALT (grade 1) in 4 pts and nausea (grade 1) in 1 patient. Two pts were removed from the study, one for diarrhea possibly related to study medication and one for disease progression. Conclusion:Maitake mushroom extract is well tolerated without evidence of clinically significant adverse hepatic, renal or metabolic abnormalities. No clinical responses were seen. Based on our preliminary data, the maitake extract appears to enhance ROS in both unstimulated and stimulated cells, confirming preclinical data. The improvement in granulocyte and monocyte function in our in vitro studies suggests that maitake may enhance immune responses in MDS pts. Eosinophilia was noted but the significance remains uncertain at this time. The study is ongoing. Updated results will be presented. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Maitake (D Fraction) Mushroom Extract Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells by BAK-1 Gene Activation

For many years mushrooms have been used empirically in traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Study of the maitake mushroom, with its immunomodulatory and antitumoral properties, has led to the isolation of several bioactive compounds. One of these, D fraction, is known to reduce tumor cell viability. This study examined the effect of isolated D fraction on viability and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells (MCF7). These cells were treated with maitake (D fraction) extract at 18 μg/mL, 36 μg/mL, 91 μg/mL, 183 μg/mL, or 367 μg/mL or were left untreated (control) for 24 hours. MCF7 incubation with the maitake extract resulted in decreased cell viability [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay] in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis was statistically significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner at every concentration tested (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay). Upon incubation with D fraction, a microarray assay revealed upregulation of BAK-1 and cytochrome c transcripts, 2 proteins directly involved in the apoptotic pathway. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies confirmed these findings; BAK-1 was one of most overexpressed gene, as observed by microarray assay. These findings confirm the apoptotic effect of maitake D fraction in breast cancer cells and further highlight the involvement of cytochrome c release to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c, another player in the apoptotic pathway, was also increased after incubation with D fraction in a dose-dependent manner. This finding indicates that the effect of this compound involves mitochondrial dysfunction. The identification of the molecular mechanisms by which D fraction exerts its effects is crucial for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for cancer.

Maitake Mushroom (Grifola frondosa) Extract Induces Ovulation in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Possible Monotherapy and a Combination Therapy After Failure with First-Line Clomiphene Citrate

Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and insulin-sensitizing drugs are used to induce ovulation. Recently, it was reported that an extract from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) improves insulin resistance. The objective was to explore the effects of Maitake extract (SX-fraction: MSX) to induce ovulation in patients with PCOS in comparison with and in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC). We conducted an open trial with 80 patients with PCOS at three clinics in Japan. Seventy-two (72) new patients were randomly assigned to receive MSX or CC monotherapy for up to 12 weeks. Eighteen (18) patients who did not respond to MSX or CC were subjected to combination therapy of MSX and CC for up to 16 weeks. Eight (8) patients with documented history of failure to CC received combination therapy from the beginning. Ovulation was assessed by ultrasonography. Twenty-six (26) patients in the MSX group and 31 in the CC group were evaluated for ovulation. The ovulation rates for MSX and CC were as follows: 76.9% (20/26) and 93.5% (29/31), respectively by the patients (NS), and 41.7% (30/72) and 69.9% (58/83), respectively, by the cycles (p = 0.0006). In the combination therapy, 7 of 7 patients who failed in MSX monotherapy and 6 of 8 patients who failed in CC monotherapy showed ovulation. The present study suggests that MSX alone may induce ovulation in PCOS patients and may be useful as an adjunct therapy for patients who failed first-line CC treatment.

INR Elevation with Maitake Extract in Combination with Warfarin

INR Elevation with Maitake Extract in Combination with Warfarin

Augmentation of sebaceous lipogenesis by an ethanol extract of Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in hamsters in vivo and in vitro

Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) is an edible and medicinal mushroom with versatile effects such as antitumor and immunomodulating actions. Here, we demonstrated that an ethanol extract of G. frondosa fruiting body (Maitake extract) augmented intracellular lipid droplet formation and the production of triacylglycerols (TG), a major component of sebum, along with the activation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a rate-limiting enzyme of TG synthesis in cultured hamster sebocytes. The topical treatment of Maitake extract on the skin of hamster auricles augmented sebum accumulation in sebaceous glands and ducts. However, in comparison with the Maitake extract, another ethanol extract prepared from Agaricus blazei Murill showed less activity in sebaceous lipogenesis in hamsters in vivo and in vitro. These results provide novel evidence that Maitake extract augments sebaceous lipogenesis in hamsters in vivo and in vitro. Thus, Maitake extract is likely to be a unique agent leading to the remission of dry skin.

Antitumor effects of a water-soluble extract from Maitake (Grifola frondosa) on human gastric cancer cell lines

We investigated the effects of a water-soluble extract of Maitake (Grifola frondosa), a Japanese edible mushroom, on the proliferation and cell death of four human gastric cancer cell lines (TMK-1, MKN28, MKN45 and MKN74). The Maitake extract (ME) inhibited the proliferation of all four cell lines in a time-dependent manner. The inhibition was most pronounced in TMK-1 cells, which exhibited up to 90% inhibition after treatment with 10% ME for 3 days. Staining of ME-treated TMK-1 cells with Hoechst 33258 revealed increased numbers of nuclear condensations and apoptotic bodies. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. Western blot analyses of TMK-1 cells after ME treatment revealed increases in intracytoplasmic cytochrome c and cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, but no expression of p21 or Bax. The caspase-3 protease activities in lysates of TMK-1 cells treated with 1% or 10% ME were about three times higher than those in control cells. The proliferation of TMK-1 cells was hardly affected by the caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk. Taken together, these results suggest that ME induces apoptosis of TMK-1 cells by caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways, resulting in potential antitumor effects on gastric cancer.

A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients: immunological effects

Cancer patients commonly use dietary supplements to "boost immune function". A polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake extract) showed immunomodulatory effects in preclinical studies and therefore the potential for clinical use. Whether oral administration in human produces measurable immunologic effects, however, is unknown. In a phase I/II dose escalation trial, 34 postmenopausal breast cancer patients, free of disease after initial treatment, were enrolled sequentially in five cohorts. Maitake liquid extract was taken orally at 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 3, or 5 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks. Peripheral blood was collected at days -7, 0 (prior to the first dosing), 7, 14, and 21 for ex vivo analyses. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. No dose-limiting toxicity was encountered. Two patients withdrew prior to completion of the study due to grade I possibly related side effects: nausea and joint swelling in one patient; rash and pruritus in the second. There was a statistically significant association between Maitake and immunologic function (p < 0.0005). Increasing doses of Maitake increased some immunologic parameters and depressed others; the dose-response curves for many endpoints were non-monotonic with intermediate doses having either immune enhancing or immune suppressant effects compared with both high and low doses. Oral administration of a polysaccharide extract from Maitake mushroom is associated with both immunologically stimulatory and inhibitory measurable effects in peripheral blood. Cancer patients should be made aware of the fact that botanical agents produce more complex effects than assumed, and may depress as well as enhance immune function.

A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients

3024 Background: A polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake extract) has shown immunomodulatory effects in preclinical studies and potentials for anticancer immunotherapy. However whet...

Tenderizing of Meat by Using Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Extract with Low Temperature Steam Cooking

Tenderizing of Meat by Using Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Extract with Low Temperature Steam Cooking

A Water-Soluble Extract from Grifola frondosa, Maitake Mushroom, Decreases Lipid Droplets in Brown Adipocyte Tissue Cells

We investigated the effect of a water-soluble extract from Grifola frondosa, the maitake mushroom, on lipid droplets in brown adipocyte tissue (BAT) cells. This water-soluble extract inhibits the conversion of pre white adipocyte tissue (WAT) cells but does not inhibit that of pre BAT cells. It reduces the amount of accumulated triglycerides (TG) in BAT cells. The glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activities of BAT cells decreased, but the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels increased. These results suggest that maitake extract inhibits TG accumulation-related energy metabolism.