Vehicle Maintenance Research Articles

Optimization of Car Use Time for Different Maintenance and Repair Scenarios Based on Life Cycle Assessment

New propulsion technologies and the development of electromobility increase the environmental efficiency of the transport sector. However, the current structure of car fleets with a large number of old cars with worse environmental parameters undermines the benefits of technological progress in the automotive industry. Older cars may require a more extensive service, involving a thorough overhaul, repair or even replacement of many parts. The result of using additional resources is a deterioration of environmental performance. This study considers various maintenance and repair scenarios and focuses on the use phase using the example of the popular Ford Focus passenger car model. The life cycle optimization model was used for environmental assessment, which determines the optimal duration of the car use phase, accounting for detailed service information and the type and environmental efficiency class of the different fuel versions. This model can be an effective tool for car fleet management and car replacement policy. Detailed life cycle inventories of 40 Ford Focus II diesel and petrol cars that represent all maintenance and repairs are the inputs to the life cycle optimization model. The inventory data were provided by the Ford Service Center in Szczecin (Poland), which regularly serviced the cars with a mileage of up to 200,000 km. Inventory at other stages of the cars’ life cycles was modeled using Ecoinvent data. The results show that by considering these vehicle servicing aspects on the basis of more detailed data, impact assessments are better represented compared to other studies. Depending on the replacement policy, the contribution of vehicle maintenance and repair can account for almost half of the cumulative life cycle burdens.

Analysis of the effect of operational load fluctuations on heavy vehicle gearbox wear

This research focuses on the wear analysis of heavy vehicle gearbox systems, with particular emphasis on the case study of operational load fluctuations as a factor influencing wear rates. Heavy vehicles play a central role in various industries, and gearboxes are key components that affect operational performance and reliability. In this study, we collected operational data from various heavy vehicles operating under various conditions and environments. Through rigorous statistical analysis, we were able to identify a significant relationship between operational load fluctuations and gearbox wear rates. The results indicate that an increase in operational load fluctuations can proportionally increase the wear rate. These results have important implications in the development of smarter and more efficient maintenance strategies for heavy vehicles, which can reduce unexpected maintenance costs and increase gearbox service life. In addition, this study also confirmed that the basic assumptions in regression analysis, such as normality of residuals, homoscedasticity, and independence of residuals, were well met. This validates the results of the regression analysis and provides a solid basis for decision-making in the context of heavy vehicle maintenance. Recommendations for further research development include more detailed data collection, the use of more advanced analysis methods, and the application of sensor and IoT technologies for real-time monitoring. With continued research in this area, we can advance our understanding of wear on heavy vehicle gearboxes and support the development of smarter maintenance strategies in the heavy transportation industry.

Research on Multi-AGV Task Allocation in Train Unit Maintenance Workshop

In the context of the continuous development and maturity of intelligent manufacturing and intelligent logistics, it has been observed that the majority of vehicle maintenance in EMU trains still relies on traditional methods, which are characterized by excessive manual intervention and low efficiency. To address these deficiencies, the present study proposes the integration of Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) to improve the traditional maintenance processes, thereby enhancing the efficiency and quality of vehicle maintenance. Specifically, this research focuses on the scenario of the maintenance workshop in EMU trains and investigates the task allocation problem for multiple AGVs. Taking into consideration factors such as the maximum load capacity of AGVs, remaining battery power, and task execution time, a mathematical model is formulated with the objective of minimizing the total distance and time required to complete all tasks. A multi-population genetic algorithm is designed to solve the model. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is validated through simulation experiments, considering both small-scale and large-scale scenarios. The results indicate that the multi-population genetic algorithm outperforms the particle swarm algorithm and the genetic algorithm in terms of stability, optimization performance, and convergence. This research provides scientific guidance and practical insights for enterprises adopting task allocation strategies using multiple AGVs.

Vehicle Fixing Recommender System Using User-Based Collaborative Filtering Algorithm

The study refers to vehicle fixing support, an Online Application System for vehicle owners with vehicular problems guided by features on recommending service providers according to their geographical location and performance rating of service providers using the Collaborative Filtering Algorithm. As the number of vehicle owners increases, the tendency for services related to vehicle fixing and maintenance could also increase, providing the chance for vehicle service providers to be in the limelight in the digital world. The system stakeholders include the vehicle owners, vehicle service providers, and the technical support team that administers the registration and approval process among vehicle owners and service providers. Data management with transactions established are properly kept to track and trace services availed by vehicle owners served as the basis for collaborative filtering. The Front-end and back- end of the system are structured using HTML5, Bootstrap 4, CodeIgniter4, JavaScript, and MySQL for its database. The system was found to have advertised the service providers’ skills and services to the customers as vehicle owners who search for and therefore book an appointment with the available service providers online. The desired results were met when the transaction is done from booking appointments through the system to successful services offered on-site. The search results had shown the recommended service providers that precisely fit the vehicle owner's or driver's search parameters criteria. The system's availability has been concluded which obtained a rating of 5 with the quality description of excellent functionality by the end-user reviews by the software requirements specifications

Analytical Model for Sparing Policy Analysis and Optimization for Space Habitat Operations

The inclusion of operational sparing policies in early system definition can ensure that spares’ allocations can optimally meet desired system reliabilities consistent with the planned maintenance of a crewed vehicle. This approach is critical for long-duration crewed missions where mass allocations are constrained and lack of safe abort contingencies limit options in the event of significant system degradation, especially in the environmental control and life support systems. This paper presents an analytical model for analyzing and optimizing sparing policies as part of an overall evaluation of the probability of sufficiency for a system configuration. The repair transition parameters are varied to change the state visitation probabilities that drive a change in the probability of sufficiency observed for a given mass allocation. These parameters are optimized using a particle swarm optimizer to identify the preferred strategy for a desired allocation mass.

Pengembangan Modul Service Advisor Talk Menggunakan Framework ERP Odoo 10 Pada PT. Tunas Dwipa Matra

PT. Tunas Dwipa Matra is the main dealer of HONDA motorcycles in Lampung which is engaged in the development of a network of sales, maintenance, repair and service of spare parts for HONDA motorcycles. A service advisor is someone who helps customers at a dealership to understand vehicle maintenance or repair options, answering customer questions before being scheduled with a technician. This study aims to help a service advisor to be able to access materials regarding understanding motor maintenance and repair as well as other program information. The method used in this study is an agile method with a scrum framework. Based on the research conducted, a service advisor talk menu is produced that can be used for workshop employees, especially a service advisor. Tests carried out in the study were Alpha Test, Beta Test, and Functional Test. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the service advisor talk module can make it easier for a service advisor to get material and program information related to technical work.

Automotive Vehicle Service Training For Competence Improvement At Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School

Vocational High School (SMK) is a High School that targets the formation of character and skills for its graduates. The learning system in Vocational School that includes practical material makes Vocational School graduates ready to use and able to work and even create jobs. So that Vocational School graduates are targeted to be able to contribute to the local economy. Very contradictory conditions were found at the Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School, that still overwhelmed by the problem of limited learning support practice equipment. This condition is of course not very good considering that the output of Vocational School students is skills that should be acquired through a structured and systematic practicum process. The solutions to these problems are, firstly, providing supporting equipment technology grants in practice, especially periodic maintenance of light automotive vehicles and providing training to teachers and students of the Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School on periodic maintenance and light vehicle tune-ups. The implementation of periodic service skills training and light vehicle tune-ups for teachers and students of Muhammadiyah Karangkobar Vocational School has a significant impact on students' knowledge and skills which in the short term can support them in facing the national vocational competency exam, and later it is hoped that it will be useful for graduates while living in middle of society

Prevalence and factors associated with ever had road traffic accidents among drivers in Hargeisa city, Somaliland, 2022

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major cause of morbidity in Somaliland. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with traffic-related incidents in Hargeisa city. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2022, utilizing a mixed approach involving quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Key informant interviews were conducted with 15 government officials, and structured questionnaires were administered to 387 drivers. Cluster sampling and purposive sampling were employed to select drivers and government officials, respectively. Data collection was performed using the Kobo Collect application, followed by cleaning and analysis using IBM SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and chi-square tests were utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed an increasing trend of RTAs in Somaliland over the past 11 years (2011–2021). Moreover, the prevalence of RTAs in the past two years alone was determined to be 28.17% (CI: 23.67, 32.63). Factors significantly associated with RTAs in the research area included the type of vehicle, particularly Minibus (AOR = 3.249, CI: 1.022, 10.322) and Vitz (AOR = 2.325, CI: 1.092, 5.494), encountering aggressive behavior from other drivers (AOR = 1.790, CI: 1.013, 3.162), vehicles less than 4 years (AOR = 0.446, CI: 0.258, 0.771), traffic law violations (AOR = 2.726, CI: 1.296, 5.735), and the presence of traffic campaigns (AOR = 0.465, CI: 0.236, 0.917). The study recommends increasing awareness of RTAs among drivers and pedestrians, regular vehicle maintenance checks, enforcement of traffic laws, and increased police presence in road management to reduce fatalities associated with RTAs.

Digital Twin 3D System for Power Maintenance Vehicles Based on UWB and Deep Learning

To address the issue of the insufficient safety monitoring of power maintenance vehicles during power operations, this study proposes a vehicle monitoring scheme based on ultra wideband (UWB) and deep learning. The UWB localization algorithm employs Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization (CSPO) to optimize the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)/Angle of Arrival (AOA) locating scheme in order to overcome the adverse effects of the non-visual distance and multipath effects in substations and significantly improve the positioning accuracy of vehicles. To solve the problem of the a large aspect ratio and the angle in the process of power maintenance vehicle operation situational awareness in the mechanical arm of the maintenance vehicle, the arm recognition network is based on the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) and modified by Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM). The long-edge definition method with circular smoothing label, SIoU loss function, and HardSwish activation function enhance the precision and processing speed for the arm state. The experimental results show that the proposed CPSO-TDOA/AOA outperforms other algorithms in localization accuracy and effectively attenuates the non-visual distance and multipath effects. The recognition accuracy of the YOLOv5-CSL-CBAM network is substantially improved; the mAP value of the vehicles arm reaches 85.04%. The detection speed meets the real-time requirement, and the digital twin of the maintenance vehicle is effectively realized in the 3D substation model.

Trace Elements in Sediment and Urban Water Samples: an Assessment of Metal Pollution

In this study, trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) in environmental compartments (water and superficial sediments) near places of vehicle use and maintenance, aiming to investigate if in these places the trace elements had high concentrations. The content of trace elements found on the samples was compared to the maximum values recommended by resolutions of CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) n. 357 from 2005 for water and n. 454 from 2012 for sediments. Points 11 and 13 were the most critical, with concentrations higher than the recommended for the elements Cu and Pb, either for water or sediment samples. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) for Cd and Cr in the sediment samples indicated high to extreme contamination in points 5 and 13, while the other elements indicated moderated contamination.

Spatial distribution of heavy metals in groundwater around automobile workshops in a popular Niger-Delta University town, Nigeria

The research was carried out to assess the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in groundwater from selected automobile workshops in Ozoro metropolis, a busy university town, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The major activities carried out in the sampled automobile workshops include vehicle maintenance, painting, panel beating and fabrication. Nine (9) groundwater samples from the automobile workshops and one control sample 2 km away from the influence area were analyzed. Heavy metal concentration, contamination factor, and pollution loading indices were investigated using geostatistical modeling and statistical analysis tools. Heavy metal concentrations in the various samples were determined in accordance with the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) International guidelines. Findings obtained from the study revealed that the groundwater was affected by leachates from the automobile workshops, as the heavy metal levels in the groundwater from the sampling sites were considerably higher than the reference point. The concentration ranges (mg/L) of the heavy metals were Cd (0.0217–0.0412), Cr (0.0643–0.0901), Cu (0.0599–0.0803), Fe (0.3118–0.4171), and Pb (0.1423–0.1781). The spatial distribution maps showed that the metals spread unevenly across the study area. The pollution indices revealed that groundwater from the sampling sites is moderately polluted with heavy metals and the trend of the pollution load index (PLI) is Cd > Ni > Cu > Mn > Pb > Zn > Fe. Comparing the results with those of international regulatory bodies, the groundwater from the study area was found to still be within the approved range for potable water. However, there is evidence of slight contamination due to the activities of the automobile workshops. This may call for minor treatment before usage, regular monitoring and ensuring that the artisans comply with relevant regulations in their operations.

FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF WHEELED VEHICLES

In the past, Ukraine’s transport vehicles and their maintenance systems were state-owned. The government had vehicles that were organized into large groups of the same brand for operational purpos-es, and the planned economy created conditions for the emergence of maintenance and repair systems for transport enterprises and specialized repair enterprises (overhauling cars, engines, and other components). The quality of repair with disassembly of components for repair and random assembly of them on the conveyor was low. These factors had a negative impact on the evaluation of the feasibility (importance) of the system for years. Even in educational institutions today, it is often said that it is not advisable to create such a system because “such a system is not mandatory in the European Union.” Such a view would not be so misleading if we had a majority of technical service enterprises that are adapted to current market conditions, that strive for repair quality, not just survival. On one hand, Ukraine has created a system for admitting vehicles to the market, but periodically takes unjustified steps to reduce tech-nical regulation requirements for the import and registration of vehicles, seemingly forgetting the need for their systematic technical maintenance and repair. The basis for such a system in terms of operation is the manufacturer’s requirements, which are regu-lated both in the EU and in other countries. The changes in the EU’s acquis over the last 60 years have been studied. The analysis shows that it is necessary to regulate vertical and horizontal agreements in the automo-tive sector and to introduce technical regulation regarding the requirements for the technical maintenance and repair system of vehicles.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Pendataan Kendaraan Operasional Menggunakan Metode Prototipe

PT. HM Sampoerna Tbk is a leading tobacco company in Indonesia as well as an affiliate of the world's leading tobacco company, Philip Morris International, which has many operational vehicles to support the process of distributing their products but the process of managing operational vehicles for maintenance or repair is still not optimal. Operational vehicles that are poorly maintained can cause problems with the vehicle at any time, causing large losses for the company. Operational vehicle maintenance must be carried out regularly so that the company's operational activities are not disrupted and to keep the vehicle in good condition and primed for traveling to distribute the company's products. The author develops an operational vehicle data collection application using the prototype method, namely rapid software development to present an overview of existing ideas and problems and then obtain feedback from users so that prototypes can be repaired immediately. The application design uses DFD and ERD and the results obtained from this research are applications that can provide information about the history of operational vehicle repairs, remind operational vehicle data management staff to carry out periodic maintenance.

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC MODULES WITH ANDROID EBOOX APPLICATIONS ON BASIC COMPETENCIES MAINTENANCE OF SAFETY SYSTEMS

This study aims to create an electronic module for maintaining a security system with readings using the ebook application and to determine the feasibility and response of students as users of this developed module. This study uses the type of research and development with the ADDIE model for the module development process and analyzes research data using quantitative and descriptive methods. The population in this study was shown to class XI students majoring in Automotive Light Vehicle Engineering at Vocational High School 6, Bandung City, and the sample chosen was class XI-2, which used electronic modules for maintenance of safety systems. The instruments used include media expert assessment questionnaires to assess the feasibility of learning module products and student response questionnaires to find out students' responses regarding the use of these modules. The results of this study show that the assessment of the module by material experts gets a percentage value of 90% and can be categorized as "very strong," the results of the module assessment by media experts get a percentage value of 90% and can be categorized as "very strong," and the results of the response to using the module by students get a percentage value of 82.14% and can be categorized as a "very strong" response. It can be concluded that the electronic module for maintenance of the safety system is very suitable for use in learning electrical maintenance of light vehicles, and also that students agree that the electronic module for maintenance of the safety system read on the Eboox Android application has a good and attractive appearance, good presentation of understandable material, and has great benefits, also make it easy.

Analysis of Dust Reduction Characteristics of Multistage Tandem Dust Removal System

Asphalt hot regeneration pavement maintenance vehicle is a type of in situ heating waste asphalt special vehicle equipment for mix and regeneration of aged asphalt. When waste asphalt mixture is heated and melted, a lot of organic fumes are typically produced, along with dust from the mixing process. Because of the complex composition of the exhaust gases produced by asphalt hot regeneration pavement maintenance vehicles, it can be difficult to purify and remove them using a single method. In order to effectively purify exhaust gas with complicated compositions, a multistage combined treatment dust removal system structure is presented that includes cyclone sections, spray sections, and adsorption sections. With an emphasis on the cyclone section structure with the dust-gas separation function, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to analyze the internal flow field characteristics, turbulence intensity, tangential velocity, and velocity field vector characteristics. The results reveal that the more symmetrical the distribution of tangential velocity field and static pressure field is, the greater the cyclone dust collector’s dust removal efficiency is, the more stable the flow field is, and the lower the turbulence intensity is. Furthermore, the center cyclone’s growing speed is adversely connected with dust removal effectiveness. As a result, an antiventuri cyclone dust collector with a scrambling column was designed. When the inlet air speed is 6 m/s, the dust removal efficiency of the improved device is 97.0%, which is 5.1% higher than that of the original device, and when the inlet air speed is 8 m/s, the dust removal efficiency of the improved device is 97.3%, which is 4.16% higher than that of the original device. With the increase of the inlet air speed, the difference between them keeps decreasing.

Concentrations and health risk appraisal of heavy metals and volatile organic compounds in soils of automobile mechanic villages in Ogun State, Nigeria.

This report presents the findings of the concentrations, distributions and health risks assessment of heavy metals (HMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in topsoils of two typical automobile mechanic villages (MVs) situated within Ogun State, Nigeria. One of the MVs is located in basement complex terrain (Abeokuta), while the second is in the sedimentary formation (Sagamu). Ten composite samples were collected at depth of 0-30cm with the aid of soil auger from spent oil-contaminated spots within the two MVs. The chemical parameters of interest were Pb, Cd, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) as well as oil and grease (O&G). In addition, soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC) and particle size distribution were also evaluated in order to find out their impacts on assessed soil pollutants. Results revealed that the soils in both MVs are of sandy loam texture, slight acidic to neutral pH, mean CEC < 15 cmol/kg and mean EC > 100 μS/cm. The mean concentration of each of analyzed HMs and VOCs in soils from the two MVs was < 5mg/kg, while the mean values of TPH and O&G content were > 50mg/kg. The mean Cd values in soils of both MVs were higher than the national soil screening level of 0.8mg/kg, but lower than the Canadian and Italian guidelines. There is no significant correlation between each of HMs/VOCs and any of assessed soil physicochemical variables. The non-cancer risk expressed in terms of hazard index (HI) was > 1 via oral ingestion route for adults and children at the two MVs, indicating adverse non-carcinogenic health risk. The HI > 1 value was obtained for adults only through the dermal absorption pathway in Abeokuta MV. However, HI values for the two age groups at the two MVs via inhalation route were < 1, indicating no likelihood of any non-carcinogenic effects via the breathing exposure. The potential of non-cancer risk via oral ingestion route in both MVs was derived from the contributive ratios of HMs and VOCs in the order: Cd > benzene > Pb > toluene. The carcinogenic risk (CR) values due to ingested Cd, benzene and Pb for both age groups at the two MVs exceed the safe limit range of 10-6 to 10-4. Cadmium, benzene and lead made considerable contributions to the estimation of CR through dermal exposure for adults only in Abeokuta MV. The CR values via inhalation pathway for adults and children in both MVs were within the threshold range. Artisans and children should circumvent accidental ingestion of contaminated soils in addition to wearing of protective clothes during routine vehicle maintenance activities.

Investigating the effect of rail profile deviation on hunting instability of high-speed railway vehicle under multi-parameter coupling

Small changes to wheel-rail profiles can have a significant impact on the equivalent conicity and vehicle dynamics. Previous research has focused mostly on worn wheels, however, with little attention to different types of rail profile deviation and their influences on vehicle dynamics. Therefore, the specific objective of this paper is to investigate the individual and combined influences of various rail profiles and multi-parameter couplings on the hunting instability of railway vehicles. This paper first obtains the distribution law of rail profile deviation from a statistical analysis of several rail profiles with long-term measurements. Then, the equivalent conicity of rail profiles that match the studied wheel profiles, gauges and wheelback distances is compared. The dynamic model for the vehicle has been established. Finally, the measured rail profiles and wheel profiles, as well as the combinations of the gauges, wheelback distances, friction coefficients and key suspension characteristics are integrated into the simulation model to analyze the atypical phenomenon of the carbody hunting and the bogie hunting. According to the findings, rail profile deviation has a significant impact on equivalent conicity and the evaluation of vehicle stability when subjected to multi-parameter coupling, particularly for worn wheels. Therefore, strict limits of rail profile deviation have to be considered in track maintenance for vehicles running at speeds of 300 km/h or higher.

Transporting Cattle

Abstract For cattle, the transition period from the place where they are raised to a new place, such as farm, an auction market or the slaughterhouse, is one of the most challenging moments in their lives from a welfare perspective. This is related to multiple stressors to which the animals are exposed during the different stages that make up the transport process, such as weaning, castration, dehorning, identification, new sound, visual and olfactory signals, social mixing, vibration, temperature variations, risk of injury, spatial restriction, fasting and limited access to water, in addition to other stressors to which they are exposed after their arrival. Regardless of whether the journey is short (less than 4 h), medium (between 4 and 8 h) or long (greater than 8 h), there must be a planning process for the logistics of the trip, which includes preventive maintenance of vehicles, up to the schedule and climate conditions on the day of the transport. This planning will avoid failures that compromise cattle welfare and will allow them to be in better conditions to recover from transport and prepare for the next stage. Information © The Author 2023

Effect of Fuel Quality, Vehicle Maintenance and Advanced Emission Control Technology on Pakistan In -Use Light Vehicle Emissions

Pakistan is suffering from some of the worst air quality in Asia. The transportation sector is a major contributor to air pollution along diesel powered vehicles and rickshaws being the primary pollutions source. However, the contribution from light duty vehicles cannot be ignored. In this paper, results from an in-use emission study of over 500 light duty vehicles are reported and discussed. A random geographically diversified survey is conducted to collect data regarding the emissions from in-use vehicles in Pakistan. A review of the government fuel quality policy is provided. Through this analysis, the effects of polices addressing vehicle maintenance and repair, advanced vehicle emission technology and fuel quality are evaluated. These results provide insight to guide further measures to ensure meaningful impact on urban air quality in Pakistan. The same study may also be conducted in other regional countries to support effective emission control policy from the light vehicles.

A review of electric vehicle technology: Architectures, battery technology and its management system, relevant standards, application of artificial intelligence, cyber security, and interoperability challenges

AbstractCurrently, there is an increased global climate change awareness, and the world is tending towards net zero emissions. The transportation sector is leading in Green House Gas emissions (GHG). Furthermore, the diminishing reserves of fossil fuels, the need for cheaper maintenance vehicles, more efficient drive trains, and better performance vehicles presents a challenge in ICE. Electric Vehicles (EVs) offer the perfect mobility solution which can replace the conventional ICE in the near future. This article comprehensively reviews the components and advances in the various technologies employed in electric vehicles to achieve efficiency in motion and optimise energy management in electric vehicles. This article gives an analysis of the current EV scenario globally. It then details the different configurations of electric vehicle architectures available. The battery is discussed, and the various electrochemical technologies are analysed. Battery Management Systems (BMS) to efficiently manage energy are discussed. The charging methods, voltage levels, and relevant standards are outlined in detail. The traction motors and power conversion technologies are reported with advancements in electric vehicle applications. Furthermore, this article gives a comprehensive overview of various emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) &amp; Machine Learning (ML), to improve EVs' performance through digitalisation. On the other hand, cybersecurity has become an ever‐challenging issue in EVs due to the increasing use of digital technologies. This article thoroughly overviews cybersecurity challenges in EV applications and explains possible proactive measures. Interoperability arising from various EV manufacturers' many different charging designs is discussed.