Tank Maintenance Research Articles

English

Legionella pneumophila is an important pathogen and is involved in more than 95% of cases of severe atypical pneumonia. The current study focused on the ablution water in the grand mosque in Makkah as well as water tanks in hotels surrounding the holy mosque.  A total of 100 water samples were collected from ablution water in the Haram and the hotels in the central area around the grand mosque and sent to the research laboratory of microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Umm Al Qura. Samples were filtrated and inoculated onto buffer charcoal-yeast extract agar base and incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator. The plates were examined after seven days of incubation. Isolated organisms were confirmed by using the “Microgen Legionella” (latex agglutination test). Out of the 100 water samples tested, 11 samples were positive for L. pneumophila. All positive water samples were from hotels water tanks. This indicates that this type of bacteria existing in the water sources. So requires further research to cover all sources of water to avoid an outbreak of this infection among the pilgrims. To avoid the possibility of this, constant maintenance of hotel water tanks regularly and the use of chlorine in specific proportions according to recommended specifications can help reduce the spread of these microbial infections.   Key words: Holy Mosque, Legionella pneumophila, water tanks, environmental.

Psori Silk in Mild to Moderate Psoriasis: RandomizedPhase I-II Study

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

Sickle Cell Anemia Versus Sickle Cell Diseases in Adults

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

Treatment Performed with The Application of TheMultimedia Rehabilitation Technique - Brain Gymnastics,Intense Brain Stimulation to Combat the In Depression,Panic Syndrome, Excessive Anxiety, Disorders andNeurological Sequelae Caused by COVID-19 Affecting theWorld Population in The Pandemic

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

A Control Study of Calligraphy Training Plus DrugTreatment in The Intervention of Anxiety Disorder

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

Calligraphic Handwriting (CCH) Effects on Moods andAnxiety of Type II Diabetes Patients

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

Complementary Medicine in Cancer Patients in The Viewof Health Literacy

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

Eeloscope—Towards a Novel Endoscopic System Enabling Digital Aircraft Fuel Tank Maintenance

In this research article, a novel endoscopic system, which is suited to perform a digital inspection of the aircraft wing fuel tanks, is introduced. The aim of this work is to specifically design and develop an assisting system, called `Eeloscope’, to allow accessing and diving through an aircraft kerosene tank in a minimally invasive matter. Currently, mechanics often suffer from the harsh working environment and the arduous maintenance duties within the tank. To address such challenges and derive a tailored solution, an adapted Design Thinking (DT) process is applied. The resulting system enables a fully digital inspection and generation of 3-dimensional structural inspection data. Consequently, devices such as the Eeloscope will facilitate a more efficient and continuous inspection of fuel tanks to increase the transparency regarding the condition of hardly accessible aircraft structures and provide a work relief for mechanics at the same time.

Life Course In HEARTS: Enhancing Telehealth Resilience and Mindfulness Intervention in Older Adults Experiencing Abuse and Trauma-A Conceptualization

Milk is a proper and complete healthy diet for all individuals. Milk contains all the basic nutrients such as carbon, calcium, and rich water content which facilities bacterial contamination if hygienic conditions are not properly maintained. Different types of bacteria such as gram-positive and gram-negative can contaminate milk in many ways such as use of unclean utensils, storage tanks, and other factors which includes diseased animals, or/and animals suffering from mastitis. Most commonly isolated organisms from raw milk samples are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and spores forming Bacillus species which can cause serious enteric illness if contaminated consumed. Pasteurization process extensively reduces the risk of contamination and makes the milk safer for drinking. In this study, we have collected 24 samples in total of raw milk (n=12) and pasteurized milk (n=12). Further, we processed the milk samples on different agars. For raw milk, we used Nutrient agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Eosin Methylene blue agar whereas for pasteurized milk we have used dye reduction test. Raw milk indicated high contamination as compared to the milk which is pasteurized. Even some locally available pasteurized milk has detected contaminating agents. As the results indicated that raw milk is highly contaminated so for the safety of individuals and the population, it is suggested that we should use pasteurized milk in our daily life. Furthermore, we must apply some safety precautions including maintenance of tanks, storage temperature, and sterilization of utensils in which milk is kept...

Storage tanks for household water usage in Brazil: Microbiological and chemical quality, and maintenance of sanitary conditions

Introduction: Storage tanks for household water usage guarantees convenience and safety forconsumers in relation to water intermittency. Neglecting a minimal care for storage tanks can turnthem into a source of water unfit for consumption. Objective: Evaluate the physical, chemical, andmicrobiological quality of water in household tanks to highlight the need for individual actions toguarantee the quality of water consumed at home. Methods: Residents of 217 homes answereda questionnaire to gather information about the water storage tank conditions and maintenance.Chlorine dosing, pH and temperature measurements were performed in situ and metal analyseswere made using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The presence ofparasites was evaluated using the spontaneous sedimentation technique and presence of bacteriafrom the coliform groups (total and fecal) were made using the multiple-tube technique with thechromogenic substrate. Results: Results showed that 115 participants knew the correct storage tankmaintenance period and 109 participants did not perform the storage tank maintenance at therecommended frequency. Mean values of chlorine, pH, and temperature were 1.34 mg/L, 6.5, and25.4 ºC, respectively. Average concentrations of metals were below the maximum values allowed.Parasites and bacteria were not detected. Tests indicated the water samples were in accordancewith the potable water quality standards endorsed or recommended by the Brazilian legislation.Conclusion: Results did not show microbiological contamination in study samples. Nevertheless, it isnecessary to keep the population regularly informed about the importance to maintain storage watertanks clean. Currently, there is a growing concern with the development of individual actions aimedat human health and prevention of water-related diseases concerning its access and use. Therefore,we need health education programs to guide community participation into the promotion of a betterquality of life.

Исследование подвижности воздуха и потери массы жидкости при вентиляции экспериментального резервуара

Introduction. Activities related to the repair and maintenance of vertical tanks of various design types are carried out both according to the work plan and unscheduled. Such work is often facilitated by both the expiration of the service life of obsolete tanks and corrosion of the internal surfaces, which is one of the main factors affecting the life of the tank. Goals and objectives. Due to the fact that volatile oil products are often stored in tanks with a pontoon, their repair and maintenance is an extremely fire and explosion hazardous event. To provide an explosion-proof vapor-air environment, forced ventilation is used, and special attention is drawn to recent studies devoted to an innovative "vortex" method of organizing ventilation of the internal space of the tank, which has not been previously used on a tank with a pontoon. Methods. To substantiate the effectiveness of the application of an innovative method of organizing ventilation for a tank with a pontoon, empirical research methods were used, as well as analytical numerical calculations to determine the average theoretical air mobility. Results and its discussion. The article proposes to pay attention to the innovative way of organizing ventilation of a reservoir with a pontoon as the most effective, relative to other methods of organizing ventilation, and the results of a numerical experiment to determine the average theoretical air mobility using the V.M. Elterman formula were compared with experimental ones. Conclusion. The results of experiments on the mass loss of the studied liquids and air mobility inside the experimental tank show that the innovative method is more effective than other ventilation methods. However, the results of numerical experiments cast doubt on the advisability of using the Elterman formula for generalizing experimental data as applied to the ventilation of experimental tanks with small volumes. Keywords: reservoir with a pontoon, forced ventilation, air mobility, liquid mass loss

Optimization Design and Flexible Detection Method of a Surface Adaptation Wall-Climbing Robot with Multisensor Integration for Petrochemical Tanks.

Recently, numerous wall-climbing robots have been developed for petrochemical tank maintenance. However, most of them are difficult to be widely applied due to common problems such as poor adsorption capacity, low facade adaptability, and low detection accuracy. In order to realize automatic precise detection, an innovative wall-climbing robot system was designed. Based on magnetic circuit optimization, a passive adaptive moving mechanism that can adapt to the walls of different curvatures was proposed. In order to improve detection accuracy and efficiency, a flexible detection mechanism combining with a hooke hinge that can realize passive vertical alignment was designed to meet the detection requirements. Through the analysis of mechanical models under different working conditions, a hierarchical control system was established to complete the wall thickness and film thickness detection. The results showed that the robot could move safely and stably on the facade, as well as complete automatic precise detection.

A solution framework for the long-term scheduling and inventory management of straight pipeline systems with multiple-sources

This paper addresses the long-term scheduling of pumping and delivery operations on straight multiproduct pipeline systems connecting multiple-sources to multiple-destinations. A generic solution framework is proposed, combining heuristic procedures and mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models. The pipeline scheduling problem is decomposed into two sub-problems: the allocation and sequencing of pumping operations of the initial source, and the scheduling of delivery operations and also pumping operations of the intermediate sources. An innovative execution procedure using a rolling horizon strategy is developed to solve both problems. We focus on a new discrete-time MILP model formulation, covering several operational aspects of real-world pipeline systems, such as rigorous treatment of forbidden sequences and preventive tank maintenance and pipeline maintenance periods, while considering rigorous inventory management during the scheduling horizon. The approach is validated by solving an illustrative example and two real-world based pipeline problems. Results show that the proposed framework is able to obtain solutions in reasonable run time with detailed inventory management and respecting several operational constraints of the system.

Take an Asset Management Approach to Concrete Tank Coatings

A utility district changed its approach to concrete water storage tank maintenance by establishing an asset management program for improved tank coating and maintenance.

A hybrid risk prioritization method based on generalized TODIM and BWM for Fine-Kinney under interval type-2 fuzzy environment

The risk prioritization process is one of the most crucial steps for risk evaluation of potential hazards. The Fine-Kinney method has been commonly applied to controll risks in practice, while the classical Fine-Kinney has limitations in the determination of important degrees of risk parameters. In addition, current risk prioritization approaches for Fine-Kinney overlook the bounded rational behavior of expert within the uncertain context, especially, the high uncertain environment. The purpose of this paper is to develop a hybrid risk prioritization approach for Fine-Kinney by using generalized TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese of interactive and multi-criteria decision making), best-worst, and the interval type-2 fuzzy set. First, the linguistic terms and interval type-2 fuzzy numbers are adopted to handle the expression problem of the team members’ uncertain evaluation information. Second, in order to obtain the objective weights of risk parameters, the best-worst method is proposed to determine the relative importance degrees of risk parameters. Third, the interval type-2 fuzzy numbers are incorporated into the generalized TODIM method to determine the risk priority orders of hazards, which can simulate the experts’ bounded rational behavior under uncertain environment. Finally, a practical risk analysis example of ballast tank maintenance and the sensitivity and comparison analysis is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed Fine-Kinney framework. The sensitivity analysis and comparison are employed to validate the reliability of the new risk prioritization model.

Biological monitoring of urinary lead: Preshift and postshift sampling detects efficiently recent lead exposure and signals the need to review and possibly improve controls at work

The objective of this study is to highlight the effectiveness of urinary lead as an index of recent lead exposure. In the past scientific literature urinary lead has been studied as a parameter for recent lead exposure. It is a reliable indicator for occupational lead exposure. But, strangely enough, nowadays is scarcely used in the Netherlands and worldwide. We performed six field biological monitoring studies of preshift and postshift urinary lead tests during tank maintenance and bridge repair work. Highest values occurred during bridge repair. Mean urinary values were postshift 1,6−5 times higher than preshift values, indicating clearly recent lead exposure and failing protective measures. This is so far we know the first study combining preshift and postshift sampling of urinary lead. We compared our studies with crossectional and follow-up studies in occupational medicine. Our conclusion is that preshift and postshift urinary lead testing is a worker friendly test, ideally for detecting recent lead exposures in the field. It signals the need to review or possibly improve controls at work.There are no safe lead levels, so we recommend to use a target value for urinary lead of <3 μg/g creatinine for all lead workers in the Netherlands.

Development trend of protection technology for oil storage tank

Petroleum is the lifeline of the national economy and an important strategic resource for the survival and development of the country. Nowadays, the main way of storage of raw materials and products in the petroleum and petrochemical industry is tank storage, so the operation, maintenance and anti-corrosion of storage tanks play a vital role in the industrial safety of the entire industry. This paper summarizes the development of tank anti-corrosion technology in petrochemical industry at present, discusses the mechanism of tank inside and outside corrosion, various anti-corrosion measures, highlights the importance of tank anti-corrosion protection, and looks forward to the future development of tank anti-corrosion technology. Petroleum is the blood of modern industry and serves the national energy security. The anti-corrosion measures of storage tanks are of great significance to the key deployment of strategic oil reserves in China.

Study on Corrosion Law of Large Crude Oil Storage Tank Floor and Risk-Based Inspection and Maintenance Technology

In this paper, the author''s team has carried out a comparative experimental study on the corrosion characteristics of Q235 steel commonly used in large-scale storage tanks under the specific bottom water environment found with Russian and Daqing crude oil. It was found that there is a certain degree of uniform or local corrosion on the tank floor depending on the kind of bottom water. The bottom water corrosion of Daqing crude oil is a uniform corrosion caused by carbon dioxide. While the Russian crude oil bottom water corrosion is clearly local corrosion caused by co-corrosion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, here the corrosion rate is obviously higher than that caused by Daqing crude oil. There are two modes of storage tank inspection and maintenance that have been currently adopted by Chinese refining and chemical enterprises: a regular inspection mode and a API581-2016 risk-based detection mode. These modes have been effectively combined to form an intelligent tank inspection and maintenance mode, software tools to support this intelligent inspection and maintenance management have been developed.

EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN SOME URBAN AREAS IN NORTH SINAI, EGYPT

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water supplied by eight water stations i.e., 1st East Qantara, 2nd Baluza, 3rd Rummaneh, 4th Rabaa, 5th Bir El-Abed, 6th Talol, 7th Al-Arish and 8th Al-Risa stations in the coastal strip of North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. The samples were taken monthly from December 2018 to June 2019. The study included the bacteriological assays i.e., presumptive, confirmed and completed tests as well as performed a bacterial count of Escherichea coli bacteria using Most Probable Number (MPN) andsome physiochemical parameters (pH, Electrical conductivity, chlorides, bicarbonate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron ions contents. The bacteriological results (quantitative and qualitative tests) indicated that Baluza, Rabaa, Rummaneh, Bir El-Abed, Talol and Al-Risa drinking water stations were the most contaminated with E. coli and found to be non-potable. While, the East Qantara and Al-Arish drinking water stations being the least contaminated. If the contamination level is high the Government should demand for proper chlorination, but this process needs the hands of an expert chemist, as extra chlorination is harmful to human health. The pH and EC of most of the eight water stations under the study within the limits of World Health Organization and Egyptian standards for drinking water quality, except for the sample of the Rummaneh station in January, while the Rabaa station recorded the highest pH values in June. The water sample of the Rabaa station recorded the lowest EC values during December, while a water sample of Balouza station recorded the highest values during May. All cations (Ca+, Mg+, Na+ and K+) and anions (HCO3-, Cl- and SO4--) for all eight stations under study were within the permissible limits. The physicochemical tests of most of the eight water stations under the study were within the limits of the naturalization approved by the World Health Organization except Al-Arish station has exceeded the iron ion values ​​of the WHO. Therefore, it should be recommended that the main water stations should be isolated from the weather, periodic maintenance and disinfection of water tanks to overcome the increase in iron concentration. The main water lines, which were made of iron harmful to human health, should be changed to be replaced by pressurized polyethylene pipes recommended by the World Health Organization and US. EPA.

Seagrass debris as potential food source to enhanceHolothuria arguinensis' growth in aquaculture

Holothuria arguinensis aquaculture started to be developed in 2014, being the first sea cucumber species from Europe. However, some aspects of its aquaculture biotechnology, such diets, need to be assessed. This work aimed to evaluate seagrass debris of Zostera noltii and Cymodocea nodosa as food source for broodstock maintenance in tanks, during breeding periods. The given feed rations per tank were calculated as the 30% of the total sea cucumber biomass in each tank and reviewed each week. Then, feed rations of seagrass and sediment were calculated from this value, according to the following percentages: 40% sediment, 15% Z. noltii, 40% Z. noltii, 15% C. nodosa and 40% C. nodosa. H. arguinensis growth, feeding rate and nutritional value were assessed under these diets. H. arguinensis fed with 40% of Z. noltii showed the highest growth (specific growth rate = 0.09 ± 0.06%/day, absolute growth rate = 0.11 ± 0.07 g/day) increasing their final weight in 5.86 ± 3.57% in 57 days. However, the individuals fed with C. nodosa showed a negative growth. H. arguinensis showed a reduction in its feeding rate as the organic matter content in the diets increased. H. arguinensis did not show any important change on proximate composition, protein, lipid, mineral contents and fatty acids profile among the feeding groups, or in comparison with the individuals collected from wild habitat. Therefore, H. arguinensis could be fed with Z. noltii debris during tanks maintenance along breeding period, ensuring its growth and maintaining its nutritional profile.