Maintenance Of Peace Research Articles

UKRAINE’S STRATEGIES OF EMPOWERING WOMEN IN PEACE-BUILDING: IMPLEMENTATION OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN AND PEACE AND SECURITY

In the second half of the 20th century the issue of rights and opportunities for women became actively discussed in the international politics; however, the peace and security sector did not immediately become gender-sensitive. On 31 October 2000 the UN Security Council adopted the resolution on Women and Peace and Security (S/RES/1325). The resolution reaffirms the important role of women in prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping and humanitarian response as well as in post-conflict reconstruction. It also highlights the importance of women’s equal participation and full involvement in maintenance and promotion of peace and security. UNSC Resolution 1325 urges all members to increase the participation of women and incorporate gender perspectives in UN peace and security efforts.The article discusses the essential role of gender perspective in women’s empowerment strategies adopted in Ukraine that focus on preventing and counteracting armed conflicts, national security, and peace-building. As a UN member state, Ukraine had to adopt Resolution 1325 along with other resolutions of the UN Security Council that are included in Women, Peace and Security agenda. In 2016 the Ukrainian government approved the National Action Plan on Implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325. What seems peculiar is that Ukraine adopted this document during an active military conflict.The article examines the institutional aspects of implementation of the first National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security until the adoption of the second National Action Plan on 28 October 2020. In particular, the author analyses the implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in Ukraine at the megalevel (international institutions) and the macrolevel (national approval institutions of equal rights and opportunities).

Avrupa Birliği’nin Birleşmiş Milletlere Destek Amacıyla Sahra-Altı Afrika’da Yürütmüş Olduğu Kriz Yönetimi Operasyonları: Meşruiyet Meselesi

This article aims to analyse legitimacy of military crisis management operations carried out by the EU in support of the UN in sub-Saharan Africa by using Mark Suchman’s typology of organizational legitimacy including pragmatic, moral and cognitive legitimacy. These three types of legitimacy are tested through analysing four cases in which EU has engaged in sub-Saharan Africa in support of the UN: Operation Artemis (2003), EUFOR RD CONGO (2006), EUFOR Tchad/RCA (2008-2009) and EUFOR RCA (2014-2015). In terms of pragmatic legitimacy, the EU enjoys high level of legitimacy, because these operations served both institutional interests of the EU and self-interests of some member states, particularly France. With regard to moral legitimacy, the EU suffers from a legitimacy deficit. Although declared motives for the launch of these operations was to help the UN in fulfilling its responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, indeed, EU engagement in these crisis management operations was to a significant degree driven by the institutional interests of the EU and interests of some individual member states. Moreover, all operations were UN-mandated autonomous EU military operations rather than integrated EU troops in UN-led operations. Thus, real motivation for launching the operations and their modalities undermined moral legitimacy of these operations, because it casted doubts on whether these operations has served the global common good or not. Furthermore, EU’s utilitarian, selective and self-interested use of its crisis management tool puts limit on the EU’s future reliability and taken-for-grantedness as a UN partner in protecting and promoting international peace and security, and thus resulted in cognitive legitimacy deficit.

Science for Competition among Powers: Geographical Knowledge, Colonial-Diplomatic Networks, and the Scramble for Africa*.

Historical studies on the relationship between science and diplomacy tend to focus on events since World War II and on initiatives for the maintenance of peace or to achieve cooperation over contentious matters. This article presents the case of José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823-1907), a Portuguese zoologist who had formal diplomatic responsibilities in a context of competition for the colonization of Africa in the nineteenth century. He used his knowledge in African geography to implement colonial and diplomatic strategies that aimed at outcompeting rival powers. The development of a network of actors with scientific, colonial, and diplomatic expertise was crucial for the negotiations that involved the partition of the Congo basin, which resulted in victories for Portugal that surpassed the country's marginal political relevance at the international level and had long-lasting consequences.

«Исламский дискурс» в современной западной политической философии: «парадоксы» толерантности

The discourse of Islam in modern Western political philosophy is constructed in the horizon of "evidence" and solutions, the clarification of the origin and essence of which is the task of philosophical interpretation. The article analyzes three representative examples: the in-terpretation of the "ideology of Islam" in relation to the global liberal economic order (D. Lal); “Islamic terrorism” as a kind of ressentiment (S. Zizek); “Islamic fundamentalism” in the hori-zon of the “global empire” (M. Hardt, A. Negri). It is established that the conceptual framework of all three discourses of Islam is the dominant Western "economic paradigm" (J. Agamben) of political philosophy. The liberal new European form of the latter makes a fundamental distinc-tion between the public and the private, making room for free civic identities based on the arbi-trary individual choice of an autonomous subject and homogenizing social reality into ideal ab-solute anarchy. This is possible only on the basis of the tradition of secularization, which is im-manent in the West and alien to Islam. With regard to any “other”, strategies of assimilation or destruction are applied. The conclusion is made about the unsuitability of liberal “instruments” for the establishment and maintenance of peace through the policy of separation and multicul-turalism; theoretically possible alternatives to the “notion of the political” are indicated

Практична реалізація публічної дипломатії Королівства Норвегії в країнах Африки, Близького Сходу, Азії, Центральної та Латинської Америки

Стаття присвячена висвітленню питання реалізації публічної дипломатії Королівства Норвегії у країнах Африки, Близького Сходу, Азії, Центральної та Латинської Америки. Даний вид дипломатії здійснює Норвезьке агентство з питань співробітництва у галузі розвитку (NORAD), яке було створене ще у 1968 році як Директорат допомоги розвитку та займається розвитком міжнародного співробітництва Норвегії з іншими акторами міжнародної арени. Публічна дипломатія Норвегії, яку реалізує NORAD, провадиться через інструмент допомоги країнам у питаннях освіти громадян, прав людини та належного управління. Значна увага приділяється захисту довкілля, збереженню лісів і питанням клімату.

KEBERADAAN KELURAHAN DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 23 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH (STUDI KASUS, KELURAHAN SUNGAI PENUH)

The results of the study showed problems relating to Law No.23 of 2014 concerning regional government. The village head had carried out his duties well in carrying out government activities. The Lurah has carried out various government activities that are regulated in legislation and the Lurah has followed various rules that were put in place in the implementation of community empowerment. The Lurah has carried out community empowerment in his territory and one of the collaborations that can be done with the community is by carrying out activities that are in direct contact with the community. The Lurah has led all the village officials very well and the Lurah has also ensured that the services performed to the community are running properly. Maintenance of peace and public order. The Lurah has also carried out his duties in maintaining order in his territory, this needs to be done so that the people can live in peace and peace. Maintenance of infrastructure and public service facilities. The Lurah has carried out his duties in maintaining various facilities around the area.

ریاست کا تصور اور اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان

For the maintenance of peace in society, a soldiery Government is very important. Whereas, all the political system , Which are running on the national and international level, all of them are debatable .If we can template on all national and international systems we shell find them is three categories. 1: First school of thought says that state should be a institute where all the religions should have religious freedom , but there should be no any interference of any religion in the state affairs, because state is an institute which can work efficiently without religion interference or guidance. 2: Second school of thoughts says that Islam is a complete code of life, so that it can guide in politics also. It can also work alone without any other political system support. 3: Third school thoughts says that it is impossible to replace the recent political system. So that if Islamic Government should be established now a days it should be combine with another religion system became that is in organized form. For this the terms like Islamic republic and Islamic Socialism are used. This issue is researchable that which system is realistic moderate and according to new requirement of the era. And also should be according to the Islamic system. Key words: Islamic state, secularism, Islamic democracy, Islamic socialism, political thinkers of Islamic world.

Higher Education in Emergencies: The Case of Consociational North Macedonia

Eighteen years after the end of 2001 conflict between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians, North Macedonia remains a country deeply polarized along ethno-national lines with implications for the maintenance of peace. The peace-building policies introduced by the Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA) based on a consociational model of power-sharing have accommodated the demands of ethnic Albanians, including the right of access to higher education (HE) in the mother-tongue which represented one of the root-causes in the escalation of the 2001 conflict. The OFA’s exclusive focus on access and availability through state funding for higher education in the Albanian language has however favored a process of ethnicization of the tertiary sector. This paper seeks to investigate the unintended consequences of the OFA-induced ethnic self-ghettoisation within the public higher education system and, by the same token, it critiques the OFA’s lack of mechanisms to reach across the ethnic divide through the lenses of a rights-based approach to education. It ultimately argues that without a strong governmental commitment to deethnicize education by transcending the OFA’s intrinsic limits, power-sharing remains permeable to political manipulation which critically hampers social transformation and increases the probability of inter-ethnic tension, further weakening the peace process.

Peace is Everything: An Examination of the Bahá’í Faith’s Concept of Peace

This paper describes the central role of peace in the Bahá’í Faith. For Bahá’ís, peace begins at the level of the individual and migrates outward to the community, nation, and the world. The article explains how the Bahá’í Faith outlines a covenant – an agreement between Bahá’ís and between Bahá’ís and the world – made manifest in an Administrative Order in which the ascertainment of peaceful principles and the establishment of peaceful practices are developed. The paper explains how concepts like the oneness of humanity, the symbiosis between science and religion, and the unity of religion and God combine with ideals like justice, equality, and consultation to form a Bahá’í approach to the creation and maintenance of peace. Integration and disintegration – broad-structured, dynamic effects that shift societies and the world – will help to usher in two main aspects of a present and future Bahá’í order: the Lesser Peace and the Most Great Peace. The Lesser Peace is defined by the efforts of nations and international actors to form a broad-based, global peace. The Most Great Peace describes the arrival and ascendance of the Bahá’í Administrative Order, which will result in an unprecedented level of global peace and security.

The real deal? The post-conflict constitution as a peace agreement

When intra-state armed conflicts end through a negotiated settlement, the conflict parties frequently agree to amend or replace the country’s constitution. Their aim is to entrench the settlement, address the conflict incompatibility, reform institutions and take other measures to prevent a recurrence of violence. This article argues that post-conflict constitutions (PCCs) should be understood as peace agreements. It motivates this argument on conceptual, functional and legal grounds. It demonstrates that PCCs comply with conventional definitions of a peace agreement, are an intrinsic component of the conflict resolution process and have a range of peace maintenance functions. As supreme law, they become the definitive peace agreement. Research on peace durability following negotiated settlements should therefore focus not only on comprehensive peace agreements (CPAs) but also on PCCs. PCCs should be conceived not as mere components of CPA implementation but as substantive political and legal agreements in their own right and as independent causes of peace.

The Role of the UN Security Council in the Process of Securitization of World Cultural Heritage

The deliberate activity of terrorist groups to destroy cultural heritage sites triggered the securitization of World Cultural Heritage concept. Among the actors of the securitization process, the UN Security Council plays a special role as the main body responsible for ensuring and maintaining international peace and security. Within the framework of UN Security Council resolutions, the base was gradually prepared linking the destruction and plunder of World Cultural Heritage sites, the illicit trafficking of cultural property with the financing of terrorist activities. This process took place in line with the securitization process, increasingly linking the protection of cultural sites with the maintenance of international peace and security. The article assesses the impact the in activities of the UN Security Council on the process of securitization of the World Cultural Heritage and on the development of regional legislation in the field of protection of such heritage.

Counterterrorism meassures: application of international law and the law of the Russian Federation

INTRODUCTION. Effective implementation of antiterrorist interstate cooperation is impossible without the creation of an appropriate legal framework. By concluding international treaties, States agree to accept obligations that define the scope of their activities in the areas of cooperation. Moreover, sometimes the necessity arises for emergency antiterrorist response which brings about the application of other than treaty mechanisms like bilateral and multilateral commitments. It seems necessary to pay attention to certain legal mechanisms provided by the UN anti-terrorist treaties, in particular, in the context of the situation in Syria, and some conceptual changes in Russian counter-terrorism legislation.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article uses treaties, national legislation and doctrinal research. The authors rely on various methods to reach their conclusions, among which treaty interpretation is most frequently used.RESEARCH RESULTS. In the article the author shows different mechanisms and spheres of modern cooperation in counter-terrorism and their ineffectiveness owing to political interests of some states. Special attention is paid to legality of actions of the USA and allies in Syria and criminal liability of members of international terrorist organizations.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In this article the authors draw attention to disadvantages of international legal regulation of anti-terrorist cooperation. The article concludes that refusal of compliance with international law in the sphere of counter-terrorism brings about negative consequences for maintenance of international peace and security.

TRADITIONAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM AND THE CONTROL OF INSURGENCY IN BADE EMIRATE, YOBE STATE

Insecurity has remained one of the daunting problems in human organizations since time immemorial. Human beings are in constant search for security to ensure self-sustenance and societal development. The traditional governance system plays an important role in the formation, growth, and development of society. These roles such as maintenance of peace, provision of leadership roles, proprietary to culture and custom of the people and above all ensuring the transitions of the values of the society from one generation to another. In Yobe State the threat of insecurity posed by the rise of the Boko Haram insurgency could be traced to governance issues where governance is defined as the way and manner, including all the institutional arrangements through which a country pursue its internal policies and external relations with ‘development’ at its core. Therefore, given the character of the traditional institutions in Yobe state and Bade emirate in particular in uniting the community to ensure proper security of lives and property. This paper thus intends to interrogate the security challenges in contemporary Bade emirate with emphasis on the role of the traditional governance system in promoting security. The paper adopted the primary and secondary method of data collection anchored on the Mass Society theory. The major findings of the paper reveal that insecurity in Yobe state and Nigeria, in general, can no longer be interrogated from the militarists’ perspective alone, but rather a re-thinking on the traditional governance system to check the persistence of the violations of the traditional political, economic and social relations among citizens that breeds suspicion and distrusts. The paper recommends amongst other things that, the government should as a matter of urgency put in place, policies, and programs that will strengthen the traditional institutions throughout the country so that they can perform their traditional roles as custodians of the values of the society.

Menjaga Keamanan Negara Menurut Perspektif Maqāsid Syariah Serta Hubungannya Dengan Matlamat Pembangunan Lestari [Sustainable Development Goals]: Kajian Di Malaysia (National Peace Preservation According to the Maqāsid Syariah Perspective and its Relations to the Sustainable Development Goals [Sustainable Development Studies]: A Study In Malaysia)

Peace is an invaluable asset to ensure the prosperity and harmony of a nation. With the existence of peace, the people in a nation can carry out their respective responsibilities and roles perfectly, which consequently further enhance the nation prosperity. There are numbers of Western orientalists suggested that Islam is a religion that advocates violence. While in actuality, Islam uphold the preservation of peace and security at the utmost importance. This calls for a comprehensive argument to properly present the adherence of Islam towards maintaining harmony and prosperity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to highlight the existence of peace preservation in the Islamic concept of Maqāsid Syariah and draw the similarity on the definition of peace in Maqāsid Syariah with UN Guidelines for Sustainable Development Goals (Sustainable Development Goals). The research adopted library research methodology to accentuate the concept of peace preservation in the five elements of Maqāsid Syariah by using textual and contextual analysis on available literature pertaining the subject matter. The results show that the peace preservation of the nation is an integral piece in the concept of Maqāsid Syariah. National peace preservation is the key to maintain the five elements of Maqāsid Syariah which are religion, intellect, self, heritage and wealth. In addition, Maqāsid Syariah delineates peace keeping at the highest priority in maslaḥah requirement. Furthermore, Maqāsid Syariah demonstrates a compelling correlation in its definition of peace with the characteristic sustainable development goals (SDCs) outlined by the United Nations (UN). The importance of this study is to give a general guidance on preservation and maintenance of national peace according to the shariah objectives, which have a strong relationship among them.

Unilateral Economic Sanctions

After the failure of the League of Nations in dealing with the Second World War, the United Nations was keen not to repeat the tragedies of war, targeting the maintenance of international peace and security, and using peaceful means to resolve international conflicts in accordance with the principles of justice and international law.In order to achieve its previous goals, this organization possessed a set of guarantees and penalties that its charter included. However, the United Nations was not the only organization that used these sanctions. Rather, countries resorted unilaterally to using these sanctions to achieve their goals and interests. As the second half of the twentieth century witnessed a great expansion in the countries ’resort to using unilateral economic sanctions, whether this expansion is related to the intensity and breadth of imposing such sanctions on the level of international relations or related to the multiplicity of their forms and levels, as well as the development of their tools and policies-The major countries, led by the United States of America, are not reluctant to use their enormous economic power and capabilities and to take the sanctions that they deem appropriate at a time when they find it appropriate as one of the means of pressure and extending hegemony against other countries, with the intent to compel the target country to comply with its orders and change its policy and attitudes in a manner that is compatible with the interests of the country imposing such countries. However, this violates the target country’s sovereignty, independence and principles of its economic life.Therefore, unilateral economic sanctions represent a clear violation of the principles of international law and its peremptory norms, especially those rules that prohibit members of the international community from resorting to force, or merely threatening to use it on the level of international mutual relations among them, as well as a violation of the rules that affirm the sovereignty of countries and the inadmissibility of intervention in their internal affairs or in the area reserved for those countries.Unilateral economic sanctions usually carry any character other than military ones, as they may include economic embargoes, economic boycotts, blockades and seizures of property, restricting the activity of foreigners with the nationals of the target country through measures and restricting the trade of the target country, as well as other similar measures. Such sanctions may amount to unilateral economic intervention. Keywords: Unilateral economic sanctions- economic embargoes- economic boycotts- blockade- seizure- unilateral intervention- international peace and security DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/94-16 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN ENSURING PEACE AND SECURITY

Recent changes in the field of international law objectively require an adequate response from the international community to prevent violations of inalienable human and national rights, and a swift and sustained response to the commission of international crimes. Due to the unprecedented scale of international crime, it is necessary for states to join forces and establish cooperation in this area. Therefore, this topic is quite relevant, as the activities of the International Criminal Court affect the maintenance of international peace and security. Recent changes in the field of international law objectively require an adequate response from the international community to prevent violations of inalienable human and national rights, and a swift and sustained response to the commission of international crimes. Due to the unprecedented scale of international crime, it is necessary for states to join forces and establish cooperation in this area. Therefore, this topic is quite relevant, as the activities of the International Criminal Court affect the maintenance of international peace and security. Recent changes in the field of international law objectively require an adequate response from the international community to prevent violations of inalienable human and national rights, and a swift and sustained response to the commission of international crimes. Due to the unprecedented scale of international crime, it is necessary for states to join forces and establish cooperation in this area. Therefore, this topic is quite relevant, as the activities of the International Criminal Court affect the maintenance of international peace and security. Due to the unprecedented scale of international crime, it is necessary for states to join forces and establish cooperation in this area. Therefore, this topic is quite relevant, as the activities of the International Criminal Court affect the maintenance of international peace and security.

The Human Dimension of Peace and Aggression

Since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter), the current international legal framework has drastically changed. In its traditional understanding, aggression is ‘the supreme international crime’ aimed at protecting sovereignty and territorial integrity of states. On the other hand, the UN Charter endorses an understanding of peace in the negative sense, i.e. as mere absence of war. As human rights have gained momentum, they have helped reshaping the legal landscape, a phenomenon referred to as the humanization of international law. How do peace and aggression fit within the humanized legal framework? This article will investigate the effects of the humanization of international law on peace and aggression. Specifically, a new trend is emerging, whereby it seems that human rights, more than the maintenance of peace per se, are increasingly seen as the pivotal aim of the current legal framework. Ultimately, this analysis will question whether this is a welcomed development and will highlight its risks.

ROLE OF ISESCO IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The foreign policy set by the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Elbasy Nursultan A. Nazarbayev, based on the principles of multi-vector approach and balance, means the development of friendly and predictable relations with all states (www.akorda.kz). In accordance with the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020 – 2030, approved by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart K. Tokayev on 6th March 2020, Kazakhstan’s priorities in the maintenance of international peace and security are facilitation of restoring and strengthening the atmosphere of trust in international relations on the basis of the goals and principles of the Charter of the United Nations (UN), promoting multilateral interaction on the basis of equality and compromise, expansion of international cooperation at the bilateral and multilateral levels in the field of education, science, culture, sports and youth policy (www.akorda.kz). In the field of scientific, educational, cultural and educational cooperation, Kazakhstan is fruitfully developing relations with the Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture. ISESCO today is an important and popular platform for ensuring a climate of trust between states and supporting international development. Moreover, the Islamic organisation has enormous potential for the development and strengthening of global peace and inter-civilization dialogue. In this regard, the study of institutional and functional activities, the cultural and diplomatic role of ISESCO in the system of modern international relations is of significant interest. In confronting international conflicts, economic crises, extremism and terrorism, ISESCO can play a key role, promoting spiritual and ethical values, humanistic principles. The organization is able to increase its capabilities, resources, initiatives and projects, as well as its partnerships for the benefit of Member States and Muslim communities outside the Islamic world, thereby fulfilling its obligations to support countries and peoples in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Key words: international organisation, ISESCO, Islamic world, cooperation, Kazakhstan

1920년대 ‘사상사건(思想事件)’의 치안유지법 적용 및 형사재판과정

1920년대 ‘사상사건(思想事件)’의 치안유지법 적용 및 형사재판과정

Political Intelligence Service

The era we are living is full of stress and emotions with no general social security, therefore the daily media discourse is understandable whereby every sentence and news commences and ends with words such as crime, criminals, thieves, terror, terrorist acts, etc., therefore the role and forms of police organization and intelligence services in all states is of great importance for the maintenance of public peace and order and the fight against and prevention of criminality. Certainly a high-level organization of state bodies is among priority goals of each society, as the different developments in certain regions, based on the economic, cultural and religious belonging, allow for the appearance of criminality in different forms and shapes. Values mostly targeted by this negative and dangerous social phenomenon include life, health, wealth, security and so on, and considering the importance of such values, all countries aim, through organization of state institutions and bodies, to provide maximum protection of all individual and collective social value. All free people do have some doubts in terms of their own government’s secret operation because of the fact that the leaders of countries cover this part of activities with a certain veil of mystery, which people perceive as threatening. In this respect, it is very difficult to convince people that time has come, for the purpose of national security interests, to keep some state affairs as secret, considering that at time their freedom may be threatened because of excessive tittle-tattle over the state’s protective measures or delicate diplomatic negotiations. The modalities of intelligence services are different, including therein the political police, propaganda, provocations, psychological warfare, special wars, political oppositions etc.