Maintenance Of Peace Research Articles

Aspects of the Concept of Collective Security in Contemporary International Law and the Role of the Republic of Moldova in the Context

The relevance of the topic is emphasized by the fact that the maintenance of international peace and security is one of the main tasks of modern international law, especially in the context of ongoing dramatic events and changes that threaten global security. Therefore, international cooperation in the field of collective security is important for countering threats and represents the main direction of international cooperation between states in order to create a concrete basis for confronting threats to common security. This is also relevant for the Republic of Moldova, given its neutral status, European aspirations and partnership with Euro-Atlantic security structures. Thus, the study emphasizes the importance and relevance of issues related to the maintenance of international peace and security, focusing on the need to strengthen international cooperation and integration of the Republic of Moldova into regional and global security structures in order to ensure a stable and secure environment for all international actors.

Age grade association: a non state actor in the sustainability of community development projects in Southeast, Nigeria

Abstract Age grade association is a pattern through which members of the community are grouped into batches according to date of birth. The associations comprise people of equal or about the same age operating within a given community with the aim of individual and collective development. The age grade associations articulate and mobilize resources for the execution of community development projects. They are grassroots agents that serve as an organ for the maintenance of peace, law and order in the community. Some past attempts at community development failed due to the non-involvement of the community members in decision–making processes. This study explored age grade association as a non state actor in sustainability of community development projects in Southeast, Nigeria. Data was drawn from 56 respondents. The instruments for data collection were Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-depth interviews (IDIs). Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were employed in selecting the study participants. The study sample was drawn from four communities in four local government areas of Abia and Ebonyi States. The study examined the nature of age grade associations; the contributions of age grade associations and the challenges of age grade associations in sustainability of community development projects. It established that age grade associations are grass root agents that executed and sustained community development projects. The study also found that project site selection is sometimes problematic and this has implications for project sustainability. The study recommends adult literacy education for the social and political empowerment of members of age-grade associations.

UNITED NATION’S ROLE IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF PALESTINE-ISRAEL CONFLICT

The main purpose of the establishment of the UN is to ensure global amity and security in the world. The international body is primarily mandated to achieve international peace through peaceful means. It can even resort to the use of force if the peaceful intervention fails to achieve the goals of peace and stability and the issue has potential threats to world peace. The main institutions of the United Nations i.e. General Assembly, the Security Council and the International Court of Justice are responsible for the maintenance of peace and stability in the world. The UN Secretariat acts as the center for coordination for operation of the UN main organs and agencies in different regions in the world. The issue of Palestine is one of the continuing disputes on the UN’s agenda associated with it since its establishment. The perpetuation of the unresolved conflict between Israel and the people of Palestine has raised questions on the role of international peace keeping body in Middle East. Keeping in view the gravity and potential threats associated with the issue, this study critically examined the UN’s role in conflict resolution efforts in the Palestinian- Israeli conflict. Qualitative inquiry was opted in this study that involves employing literature review for data gathering, especially documents of UN related to Palestine. The data was analysed using an inductive approach, which involved the extraction of its concepts from the bulk of specific detail that makes up the database. US being influential member of Security Council, has effectively prevented the United Nations from participating in negotiations regarding the Palestinian-Israeli conflict since 1967 by exercising its right to veto any binding resolutions on the issue. The analysis indicates that the United Nations' involvement in this conflict is restricted to humanitarian aid. The future success of the UN in this conflict depends on a renewed global commitment, impartial involvement with both parties.

Beyond retribution: Individual reparations for IHL violations as peace facilitators

Abstract Three decades after the United Nations Security Council invoked its Chapter VII powers to create the ad hoc criminal tribunals, there can be little doubt that the prosecution of individuals responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) contributes to restoring and maintaining peace. While there is little doubt that the reparatory function of justice is just as crucial as retribution, under international law today, reparations for IHL violations remain harrowingly insufficient or borderline non-existent. In scholarship and strategic litigation, various attempts have been made to distil an individual right to reparations from black-letter IHL. This article argues that such approaches are doomed to fail, as procedural aspects of international obligations rarely, if ever, emerge through the evolution of an existing customary international obligation, let alone via the crystallization of a new customary international norm. They are usually triggered by a political shift that makes States adopt novel regulations setting forth the jurisdictional ramifications of enforcing a pre-existing right or obligation. This article thus advances a two-fold argument. First, it asserts that States’ increased compliance with the obligation to provide compensation for violations of IHL attributable to them would contribute to “the restoration and maintenance of peace” just as much as the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations thereof. Second, it argues that the individual right to claim reparations for IHL violations can only be established through a political decision of States, and that the establishment of an international mechanism for Ukraine might be an important precedent for the evolution of the current international system.

WAR IN UKRAINE

On 24 February 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin decided to launch a vast offensive by Russian armed forces on land, air, and sea across the entire territory of Ukraine, under the guise of what was justified as a "special military operation”. Such a war initiated by Russia against Ukraine highlighted the deficiencies of the United Nations when a permanent member of the Security Council is involved. Since the beginning of armed hostilities, the Security Council, a body of limited composition assuming primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, remained paralyzed in its actions by the Russian veto. On the contrary, the General Assembly, the plenary body, experienced renewed vitality, that enabled it to intervene in aid to Ukraine and to adopt a series of important albeit non-binding resolutions. The center of gravity of the United Nations thus shifted from an immobilized Security Council to a revitalized General Assembly capable of recalling the essential principles of international law, at a time when they are being so blatantly disregarded.

Higher Education, Policy, Research and Community development: A case study of Muslim female college students at Gulbarga city

In our national perception, education is essential for all; this is fundamental to our all-round development, material and spiritual. Education has an acculturating role. It refines sensitivities and perception that contribute to national cohesion, a scientific temper and independence of mind and spirit. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial and religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Since religion is one phase of people ’s culture groups of this type may be classified with ethnic minorities. Thus, Hindu are minorities in Pakistan, Muslim in India protestants in Italy, and Roman Catholics in the United States. Thus, the minorities, group of people who are held together by ties of common descent, physical characteristics, tradition, custom, language or religion or any combination of these and who in relation to some other group with which they are associated, occupy a subordinate status, receive differential treatment, and are excluded from full participation in the life and culture of the society of which they are a part. In the present work, an attempt has made to mirror the social and higher educational status of Muslim women by selecting Research topic Higher Education, policy Research and community development, A case study of Muslim female college students at Gulbarga city.

The role of the UN in preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons

According to the UN Charter (Article 26), the UN Security Council is the primary organ responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. Nuclear states agreed to the adoption of a UN Security Council Resolution that provided positive security assurances. The adoption of UN Security Council Resolution №255 on June 19, 1968, was of particular significance. This resolution stipulated that instances of aggression involving the use of nuclear weapons or the threat of such aggression against a non-nuclear-weapon state would require immediate action by the UN Security Council and its permanent members, who are nuclear-armed states.
 The aim of the work is to determine the role of the UN Security Council in the system of preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The methodological basis of the study will focus on the analysis and understanding of the impact of the UN Security Council on strategies and measures aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in the international context.
 The results of our research have shown that the role of the UN Security Council in the disarmament of Iraq’s nuclear program, which could have led to the development of nuclear weapons, proved to be significant. To achieve this, in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution №687 adopted on April 3, 1991, the Special Commission (UNSCOM) was established.
 During an extraordinary meeting of the UN Security Council at the highest level on September 24, 2009, Resolution UN Security Council Resolution № 1887 was adopted, aimed at supporting nuclear non-proliferation, criticizing Iran and North Korea. Resolution №1887 outlines measures to strengthen control and the rights of nuclear-weapon states to demand the return of nuclear materials and equipment in case of violations of the Non-Proliferation Treaty or withdrawal from it. It also involves enhancing security measures for the storage of nuclear materials and strict export controls.
 Conclusions. In our opinion, the powers of the UN Security Council in the field of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction should be utilized more promptly and effectively. The insufficient effectiveness of this international mechanism in preventing proliferation remains a cause for serious concern among UN members worldwide. To enhance the effectiveness of the UN Security Council, we propose the adoption of a comprehensive resolution that includes provisions on the procedure for a state’s withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and its violation of commitments to refrain from acquiring nuclear weapons. This resolution should stipulate the imposition of sanctions against such a state based on a special report from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Such a mechanism can ensure an effective impact of the international community on states that withdraw from the NPT.

The Language of Responsibility in the United Nations Security Council, 1946–2020

Abstract The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the United Nations' most powerful institutional body, charged with the “primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.” The main instrument through which the Council asserts this power is its resolutions, specifically by using resolution text to attribute responsibility. The UNSC uses responsibility language to assign tasks, identify accountability under international law, or reflect the Council's normative interpretation of political principles. Yet we lack a comprehensive empirical description of responsibility attributions in UNSC resolutions. We address this gap by providing an original dataset of the full text of all UNSC resolutions between 1946 and 2020. We use this data to show that the Council has significantly increased responsibility attributions since the end of the Cold War, but only for a very specific subset of terms, targeting predominantly states and individuals. We further demonstrate how the data can inform debates about the timing and status of the “responsibility to protect” as an international norm. The data and findings provide a helpful starting point for many future research endeavors, including the role of member states in the UNSC, quantitative and qualitative research on UNSC decision-making processes, or topic development of the UNSC agenda in general.

International Law Regulation of Environmental Security in Disarmament Treaties

INTRODUCTION. Currently, one of the urgent issues on the agenda is environmental protection. In the 80s 20th Century, due to the sharp degradation of the environment, the world community raised the issue of developing a concept of environmental safety. It has been integrated into the comprehensive system of international security as one of the constituent elements that is becoming increasingly important.The absence of lasting peace, the spread of armed conflicts, and the accumulation of weapons, including nuclear weapons, are of concern to the international community. Therefore, an important task in improving the system of international legal regulation of environmental protection is to improve its contractual basis.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study uses the works of both domestic and foreign experts in international law and analyzes international legal documents on disarmament. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of cognition were used, which made it possible to systematically and logically study the subject of research in interrelation, interdependence and interdependence (comparative legal, formal legal methods, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction).THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY. Within the framework of this article, the author analyzed the problem of international legal environmental protection in relation to disarmament and made proposals for their solution and further development of international legal regulation.JUDGMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS. According to the results of the study, it was found that treaties adopted in international law to ensure international security contribute not only to the maintenance of peace, but also to environmental safety, which over the past 30 years has become included in most international legal documents.

PROBLEMS OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL REFORM AND ITS LEGITIMACY

This article discusses the role of the United Nations Security Council in international security law and the need to reform the Security Council as the main organ charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. The author deeply analyzes main issues of reform of the Council and proposals of states in this regard. In particular, formats of cooperation on reforming the Security Council, such as the Big Four, the Consensus Group, the Annan Plan, and the African Group will be more widely covered. In the article, the author develops several proposals for the effective organization of the Council's activities.

Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes

Disputes (disagreements) between States are an evitable part of international relations and have frequently led to armed conflicts. Under Article 2/3 of the UN Charter, all member States are obliged to settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endanger. It is a natural corollary to the obligation of States to refrain from the threat or use of force as enshrined in Article 2/4 of the Charter of the United Nations, The maintenance of international peace and security has always been the major purpose of the International Law. It was the basic objective behind the creation of the League of Nations in 1919 and the United Nations in 1945. Since the direct cause of war and violence is always a dispute between States, it is therefore in the interest of peace and security that disputes should be settled. Methods and procedures for the peaceful (pacific) settlement of disputes have been made available in the International Law. The methods of peaceful settlement of dispute can be classified into three principal categories: diplomatic, adjudicative, and institutional methodologies

Life Experiences and Aspirations of Police Criminal Investigators

This study explored the experiences of the informants as criminal investigators in the province of Bohol. Specifically, it determined the following: experiences of the informants as criminal investigators, the contribution of criminal investigation to the criminal justice process, and aspirations of the informants in their professional and personal lives. This study employed a qualitative method of research employing a phenomenological approach in delving into the experiences of the informants. This study was conducted in the province of Bohol. The informants of this study were ten (10) police investigators who were assigned as police investigators for at least five (5) years and have attended the criminal investigation and detection course or training of any equivalent courses. Six (6) emergent themes were derived from the responses of the informants. For the experiences of the informants in criminal investigation in the positive and negative aspects, four (4) themes were created namely: Together for the Better; Yes, as Achiever, Never Surrender; Work over Family; and lastly, When Obstacles Hinder Justice. For the contribution of criminal investigation to the criminal justice process, two themes were created: Cautious Step Towards Development; Hand in Hand, We Stand. Lastly, for the aspiration of the informants in their professional and personal lives, two themes were created: Inspired to Serve; and Once an Officer, Forever and Influence. Awareness programs from the Philippine National Police under Police Community Relations have to double the efforts in making the community knowledgeable of the programs and of the importance of police-community relations as a step in making the community open-minded during the implementation of any programs that involve their participation in the maintenance of peace and order and as members of the pillars of the criminal justice system. Refresher courses, training, and other related seminar workshops should be conducted for the personnel assigned as an investigator to uplift their knowledge and exposure to the different criminal cases, and techniques comprising the three phases of investigation.

Understanding Oil Production: Investigating Factors Affecting the Oil Production Decline in Blocks 3 & 7 of South Sudan (2017-2022)

The study has comprehensively examined factors that have led to oil production decline in block 3 & 7 in Paloch of South Sudan from 2017-2022 as well as appraising solutions to the oil production decline. The study objectives were subjected through rigorous empirical literature review and the gaps in the literature were filled through field research. During fieldwork, mixed research methodology was deployed. This includes qualitative and quantitative research design. Research instruments such as questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect the data with a target population of 100 people that was later determined via Yamane’s formula to end up with a sample of 80 respondents. The study found systematic and drastic oil production decline of block 3 & 7. From 2017, the average daily production was 131,000 barrels per day (bpd). However, in 2022 the average daily production was 97,267 barrels per day (bpd). The study findings indicate that the causes of oil production are high water cut (produced water), too much sand produced, floods, poor & obsolete technologies and wars & conflicts in block 3 & 7 of Paloch. The study found the solutions to this oil production decline as re-injection of the water to the reservoir, proper reservoir management, laboratory testing for the sand before it accumulates, use of dykes and river Nile dredging for floods prevention, use of modern and relevant technologies and finally maintenance of genuine peace and security across the country. The study concludes with immediate implementation of the solutions to the oil production decline and carrying out more explorations as most of the oilfields are still green fields for new discoveries.

ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ЧЕРКЕССКОЙ АССОЦИАЦИИ ПО ПОДДЕРЖАНИЮ МЕЖНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО МИРА В СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ПЕРИОД

It has been revealed that the propaganda of the maintenance of interethnic peace at the interna-tional, federal and regional levels is a priority in the activities of the ICA in the modern period. In this activity of the ICA, the most effective and widespread were those conducted in 2014-2023 scientific and practical conferences, round tables, etc., the purpose of which is to promote: harmo-nization of interethnic relations, development of international and interregional cooperation using public diplomacy methods, strengthening ties with foreign compatriots, forming a favorable pub-lic opinion about Russia abroad, interaction between government bodies, public, religious and ed-ucational organizations. The active work of the ICA in the maintenance of interethnic peace was highly appreciated at the federal level. President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, in his ad-dress to the participants of the XIII ICA Congress, noted special recognition of the association’s efforts to maintain peace and harmony in the North Caucasus, constructive dialogue with govern-ment agencies and civil society institutions. The peacekeeping position of the ICA on the political situation in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine, which escalated in March 2014, was to support Russia’s policy aimed at its peaceful settlement. After the start of the special operation of the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine (February 2022), the position of the ICA is to support this measure, criticize the founders and participants of the “Free Circassia” movement, created in Warsaw in 2022, as well as calls for the Circassian people – unite and resist the provocations of anti-Russian forces.

Legal considerations on a regional security organization for planetary defence

Under the UN-Charter system, the maintenance of international peace and security is traditionally the primary responsibility of the UN Security Council as set forth in Chapter VII. Since the Security Council's competence for dealing with matters of international peace and security is not exclusive, other international bodies may take a role in addressing threats emanating from outer space. A regional security organization for planetary defence can be established under Article 52 UN-Charter and may provide for an alternative forum to decide upon the necessary steps for Near Earth Object (NEO)-deflection missions. The international legal personality of an international organization for planetary defence leads to the capacity of entering into treaties, the international responsibility for acts and omissions attributed to it and the enjoyment of privileges and immunities. Such organization can also declare acceptance of the UN Space Treaties.

Trade and peace: The WTO case

Investigating the impact of international trade on global peace assumes paramount significance given the current state of global political and economic instability, which is characterized by growing volatility and increased uncertainty. This paper empirically examines the impact of international trade on peace in the world and among different countries from the perspective of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Using data on interstate conflicts from 1950 to 2000, we find robust evidence that the international trade framework, represented by the WTO, reduces the probability and intensity of militarized interstate disputes, thereby making a significant contribution to the establishment and maintenance of global peace. The magnitude of this impact, however, varies depending on the geographical distance between nations, the extent of tariff concessions made by countries, and the changes in the institutional framework of the World Trade Organization. First, the WTO has the greatest impact on neighboring countries and those in close proximity, where the probability of conflicts is higher. Second, the peace-promoting effect of the WTO is significantly higher for developed countries that make greater tariff concessions compared to developing countries. Finally, changes in the WTO's institutional framework following the Uruguayan negotiations have diminished its effect in promoting peace. These results suggest that in order to mitigate the current concerns about global security, all countries must insist on expanding openness, deepening common interests, and avoiding engaging in direct military conflicts that would result in significant welfare losses.

International Criminal Law And Victor's Justice:acase Study Of The Tribunal For Rwanda

The background of the study focuses on Rwanda in the situation of selective justice by the victors after the civil war between the Rwanda Patriotic Front and the Rwandan government in 1994 and subsequent atrocities the victors committed. The purpose of the study is to critically examine the credibility and the way the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda selectively discharged its mandate by only prosecuting the defeated individual perpetrators whilst protecting victors’ perpetrators who also committed the same atrocities. The selectivity done by the ICTR was contrary to the Tribunal’s competence enshrined in the Statute that the Tribunal shall prosecute individual perpetrators regardless of their affiliations. Ignoring the selective prosecution discharged by the Tribunal would promote the continued violation of International Humanitarian Law and genocide in Rwanda and in other countries worldwide. The methodology applied under this study is based on analytical review of the literature relating to the topic, because it deeply explains the application of the selective prosecution of the perpetrators. The research also analyzed international instruments like ICTR’s Statute and Geneva Conventions. The analytical method is also complemented by the methodology of case study of the Tribunal for Rwanda. The data collected was subsequently analyzed qualitatively through narrative data analysis approach showing individual prosecution of perpetrators. The findings of the study show that the ICTR discharged its obligations selectively due to the lack of cooperation from the Rwandan State and support from the United Nations Security Council. Had the RPF led government cooperated with the United Nations Security Council, could lead the ICTR to prosecute both individual perpetrators of armed conflict, end impunity, redress successfully, and contributed to the process of national reconciliation and maintenance of peace. The study recommends to the United Nations Security Council to re- evaluate its mandate and call upon the RPF led government to comply with its obligation.

The Right to Freedom of Expression and Hurting Religious Feelings: Global Perspective

In recent times, there has been a case of making abusive remarks, in particular, against the prophet of Islam or burning the holy Quran in public. These conducts no doubt outrage the religious feelings of people belonging to that religion. Against the backdrop of these recent events, this article engages the right to freedom of expression against hurting the religious feelings of individuals. Paragraph 2 of Article 19 of the ICCPR provides for the right to freedom of expression. Paragraph 3, however, recognizes “public order” as one of the grounds on which restriction may be imposed on freedom of expression. The HRC in General Comment No. 34 has provided that ‘prohibitions on display of lack of respect toward any religion including blasphemy laws’ are incompatible with the Covenant rights of freedom of expression. I argue that the HRC’s General Comment has been internally inconsistent so far as the freedom of expression at the one hand and its restriction on the “public order” ground at the other hand is concerned. Since maintenance of peace and public order is one of the mostly recognized functions of criminal law, I argue that the States parties to the Covenant should be allowed to prohibit ‘display of lack of respect toward religion’ since they have the tendency to stir up the breach of peace and public disorder. To remove the inconsistency, I also urge upon the HRC to amend the relevant part of its General Comment No. 34.In the background of these arguments, I attempt to justify the criminalization of hurting religious feelings coupled with some recommendations which if followed would reduce the chances of the State power from being abused. I hold that the urged amendment of the General Comment along with considering hurting religious feelings as crime coupled with the recommendations would make freedom of expression more internally consistent so far as its restriction on the “public order” ground is concerned.

Fungsi Dewan Keamanan PBB Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Bersenjata Internasional

Introduction: This study discusses the function of the UN Security Council in resolving international armed conflicts which have a very large role in fighting for and providing maintenance of world peace and security. The UN Security Council has a very large role in being a peacekeeper to stabilize conflicts related to information such as human rights, disarmament, gender, humanitarian relations and political affairs. The implementation of international law provisions in the UN Charter has not been carried out optimally because there are still countries that do not comply with the rules that have been set. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to identify and examine the functions of the Security Council in the structure of the UN international organization and to identify and examine the functions of the UN Security Council in resolving international conflicts according to the UN charter.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical research. This research is called library research because normative juridical research is carried out by examining sources of legal material using a law approach and a case approach. The use of legal material sources consists of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting this research was done through library technique.Results of the Research: The United Nations Security Council as one of the main organs in the United Nations has functions and powers which are generally regulated in Articles 24 to 26 of the United Nations Charter which includes members of the United Nations giving the Security Council the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security as well as having the responsibility in formulating plans to be submitted to members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system of arms regulation. In the conflict in Central Africa, the implementation of these provisions has not been carried out optimally because there are still violations by several parties by not complying with the policies issued by the Security Council. It requires the commitment of all disputing parties to comply with the applicable provisions of Humanitarian Law and provide strict sanctions against those who violate them.

Irreversibility in nuclear arms control and disarmament law?

Abstract While irreversibility of nuclear arms control and disarmament measures can be supported by compliance with applicable legal norms, the existing treaty regulation has serious gaps: pertinent treaties are not universally applicable; limitations on missiles as important carriers of nuclear warheads have been abrogated; the strategic doctrines of nuclear weapons powers are not fully transparent, and while the latter may strengthen the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence, it also raises questions as to compliance with fundamental obligations to refrain from a threat or use of force and to settle international disputes by peaceful means. There are certain principles of general international law that can and should be used in international cooperation to overcome nuclear crisis situations and strengthen international security: fundamental norms regarding the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament under strict and effective international control have an erga omnes character and are accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole. Furthermore, general rules of international responsibility are fully applicable in the law of nuclear arms control and disarmament. It is in this sense that irreversibility in nuclear arms control and disarmament is served by legal principles and rules, which require States to comply with existing obligations and to cooperate for the maintenance of peace and security.