Road Maintenance Costs Research Articles

PENGARUH MUATAN TRUK BERLEBIH TERHADAP NILAI KERUSAKAN DAN BIAYA PEMELIHARAAN JALAN RUAS CIKAMPEK-PAMANUKAN

Cikampek-Pamanukan Road is the main route of Pantura in the area ofWest Java Province. The proportion of truck traffic in the lane tend to be higher along with the high traffic of goods. The research conducted in the Cikampek-Pamanukan section aims to analyze the magnitude of the effect of overloaded truckloads on the road damage value, to analyze the magnitude of the effect of overhead truckloads on road maintenance costs, and the costs incurred due to excessive truckloads. Methods The study was conducted by conducting a road damage survey from March to December 2016, and an overload truck survey using WIM tools from January to December 2014. The results showed the effect of overload loading on vehicle damage (ESAL) in the form of exponential curve with the equation Y = 23,722e0,0264x. The influence of overload truck volume on roaddamage resulted in Cirebon Y = 7,4823066 - 0,0000048X1 + 0, 004239X2, and Jakarta Y = 172,9392 + 0,00009X1 - 0,00830X2. The effect of overloaded truckloads on road maintenance costs with over 10% MST loading, resulting in a cost of Rp. 733.180.483,72

Deterministic and stochastic life-cycle cost analysis for Otta seal surface treatment on low volume roads

The US has a considerable length of unpaved secondary roads experiencing relatively low daily traffic volume. To maintain such roads, the US county secondary road departments spend millions of funds annually for aggregate replacement alone. Meanwhile, Otta seal has been reported as a low-cost bituminous surface treatment (BST) and dust mitigation technique. In consideration of its limited use in the US, Otta seal could be compared with chip seal, which is a commonly used BST in the US, from an economic viability perspective. In this study, through using the Minnesota case, a life-cycle cost analysis was conducted at two levels: (I) deterministic life-cycle cost analysis and (II) stochastic life-cycle cost analysis. Based on the analysis results, it was concluded that the Otta seal could potentially be an economic viable BST, and public agencies could use it to reduce maintenance cost of low-volume roads, especially when gaining access to uniformly graded aggregate, which is commonly not feasible for chip seal.

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF ROADWAY CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE LOCAL NETWORK ROADS

<p>This work's searching subject are Banovici's local roads which represent mutually dependent municipality or town traffic system that is connected to regional or motorway road system, and uncategorized roads which represent every traffic area that is not categorized as public road.Also it gives a view of local and uncategorized roads but those that are built using macadam and flexible (asphalt) road construction with given advantages and disadvantages of present built flexible constructions.This work also contains a maintenance review of macadam and flexible (asphalt) road constructions with given road maintenance costs annually. Road dimensioning construction has been done, optimal thickness and road construction level type has been obtained.</p><p>The guideline method for designing and maintaining roads in B&H is the one by which dimensioning has been made considering the same embrace more familiar dimensioning methods but demanding more input details.These details start with traffic burden, groundwork capacity, project road characteristics, traffic burden estimate as well as other factors that have impact on traffic burden. Concerning given results, using parallel analyses the most optimal solution of local and uncategorized road traffic construction has been defined for a price of 1m2, so the specific conclusions have been made.</p>

Pengauditan Kerja Penyenggaraan Jalan Menggunakan Kenderaan Udara Tanpa Pemandu

Road maintenance works performed by contractors require validation upon completion. Conventional methods are typically chosen to validate the works. Geographic Information System (GIS) is applied in this study to produce accurate data such that waste from road maintenance costs can be minimised. In this study, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was used to observe the images of two roads, namely Jalan Gelanggang and Jalan Temuan, both of which are under maintenance at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The objectives of this study are; to determine the ability of UAV technology in supervision and verification of maintenance works, and the effectiveness of spatial works in road maintenance. This study then proceeds with analysing data by using ArcGIS and AutoCAD software to determine the width, perimeter, and area of the road that has been maintained. Comparisons were made between these two data which are the data that has been claimed and provided by the contractors (as-built data) and images data of the UAV whenever to get the percentage of the difference for several features of the road. Results from this study showed that the value for width, perimeter, and area of the as-built data for both roads are greater than the value of the image where the UAV data show percentage differences of shape area for Jalan Gelanggang is 3.27% and for perimeter is 1.35%. While percentage differences of shape area are for Jalan Temuan is 4.83% and for perimeter is 2.44%. Therefore, if UAV is used for work validation, the total saving on road maintenance work costs are saved at least RM 6,386.28 for Jalan Gelanggang and RM 5,775.24 for Jalan Temuan.

Use of Real-Time Dust Monitoring and Surface Condition to Evaluate Success of Unpaved Road Treatments

Fugitive dust from unpaved roads creates human health hazards, degrades road surfaces, and increases the cost of road maintenance. As a result, many different chemical treatments are applied to unpaved roads in an attempt to control dust and stabilize the wearing course. However, investigations of the effectiveness of these treatments have often been poorly planned or executed. The objective of this study was to use a combination of real-time dust monitoring and objective road condition evaluations to assess the success of two chemical treatments for a period of 19 months post-application, to provide quantitative information in support of road management decisions. Dust production from road sections treated with calcium chloride-based durablend-C™ or the synthetic fluid EnviroKleen® was monitored on five dates using a vehicle-mounted particulate matter meter. Both products reduced dust by up to 99% relative to an untreated control section during the monitoring period, and quantitative data from the meter were consistent with qualitative observations of dust conditions. Linear models of dust production indicated that road treatment and humidity explained 69% of the variation in dust over time. Road sections treated with either product developed less rutting and fewer potholes than the untreated control. Overall, the combination of real-time dust monitoring and surface condition evaluation was an effective approach for generating quantitative data on endpoints of interest to road managers.

A preliminary study of mechanistic approach in pavement design to accommodate climate change effects

Road damage is caused by some factors, including climate changes, overload, and inappropriate procedure for material and development process. Meanwhile, climate change is a phenomenon which cannot be avoided. The effects observed include air temperature rise, sea level rise, rainfall changes, and the intensity of extreme weather phenomena. Previous studies had shown the impacts of climate changes on road damage. Therefore, several measures to anticipate the damage should be considered during the planning and construction in order to reduce the cost of road maintenance. There are three approaches generally applied in the design of flexible pavement thickness, namely mechanistic approach, mechanistic-empirical (ME) approach and empirical approach. The advantages of applying mechanistic approach or mechanistic-empirical (ME) approaches are its efficiency and reliability in the design of flexible pavement thickness as well as its capacity to accommodate climate changes in compared to empirical approach. However, generally, the design of flexible pavement thickness in Indonesia still applies empirical approach. This preliminary study aimed to emphasize the importance of the shifting towards a mechanistic approach in the design of flexible pavement thickness.

An Electromagnetism-like Algorithm to Solve Three-dimensional Highway Alignment Problem

Road alignment design is an important determinant of the development cost of road networks. On the one side, it affects road construction and maintenance costs, which constitute a significant part of country-wide infrastructure development, management and operation budget each year. On the other side, it affects road user-related costs of travel time and vehicle use, which comprise a significant portion of the total transportation cost. This study adapts the existing Electromagnetism-like meta-heuristic algorithm to solve a three-dimensional highway alignment problem, which explores and finds a good route between two given points on a terrain. It detects the potentials of the given initial routes, which are enhanced and shaped toward better positions by the help of the local and global search. The final good solution is, then, fine-tuned for a better alignment. Several example problems are designed to show the behavior of the algorithm. The results show that the algorithm satisfactorily maneuvers to by-pass obstacles, and build highway structures where necessary. The set of the example problems in this paper may also serve to found a basis for evaluation of the performance of alternative algorithms

The impact of drainage towards roads in maintenance cost

An ideal road infrastructure has a low cost for maintenance and better performance of the roads and drainage systems. The disintegrated maintenance system between the roads and drainage is the major cause of an increasing road maintenance cost. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the impact of drainage towards roads in maintenance cost. This paper is located in Surakarta which was divided into eight catchment areas. The main variables of this paper are cost maintenance of drainage and roads, which were analyzed using regression. These variable data were obtained from the total cost per year allocated by Surakarta City Government on the urban drainage and local road maintenance budget from 2013 to 2017. The results showed that low drainage maintenance cost tended to result in high road maintenance cost.

Characteristics Buton Natural Asphalt-Rubber (BNA-R) on the Performance Improvement of Warm Mix Asphalt Using Natural Zeolite

The decrease in the ability of service of pavement can be caused by the durability factor in the pavement layer in receiving heavy traffic load and the temperature of the pavement. Permanent deformation is one of the criteria of failure of asphalt mixture. Performance assessment of the asphalt mixture can be observed from the rheological properties of asphalt binder. The use of BNA-R in this study is intended to modify the characteristics of bitumen penetration grade 60 / 70 used in warm mix asphalt. Warm mix asphalt with lower temperatures of mixing and compaction than conventional asphalt mixtures was chosen because it is more environmentally friendly. To reduce the temperature in this warm asphalt technology is achieved by using natural zeolite. Both of these materials are local materials that are widely available in Indonesia. The rheology of asphalt 60/70 modified with BNA-R indicates that the addition of BNA-R in the base asphalt increase the complex modulus value and decrease the phase angle value. These values were related to the performance of mixture in the permanent deformation criteria. Reducing the temperature of mixing and compaction should be balanced with modifying the asphalt binder used. Rutting due to permanent deformation can resulted in inconvenience to the passengers and can lead to high costs of road maintenance. To determine the permanent deformation of asphalt mix with material combinations was performed through the wheel tracking test machine with 3,780 cycles for 3 hours. The results shows that after test track over 7 thousand passes have seen permanent deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete mixture with a variation of the characteristics of bitumen.

Building the right roads in the right places

Infrastructure The current boom in global infrastructure development is likely to include the construction of millions of kilometers of new roads, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In a Perspective, Laurance and Burgues Arrea argue that road planning often overestimates socioeconomic benefits and does not adequately account for road maintenance costs, while also threatening ecosystems and the services that they provide. A proactive planning approach can help to bridge opposing views and guide construction of roads in the right places for the benefit of human society and the natural environment alike. Science , this issue p. [442][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aao0312

Mechanical Resilience of Modified Bitumen at Different Cooling Rates: A Rheological and Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation

Due to the wide variation in geographic and climatic conditions, the search for high-performance bituminous materials is becoming more and more urgent to increase the useful life of pavements and reduce the enormous cost of road maintenance. Extensive research has been done by testing various bitumen modifiers, although most of them are petroleum-derived additives, such as polymers, rubbers and plastic, which in turn do not prevent oxidative aging of the binder. Thus, as an alternative to the most common polymeric rheological modifiers, selected binder additives falling in the categories of organosilane (P2KA), polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and food grade phospholipids (LCS) were homogeneously mixed to a base bitumen. The goal was to analyse the micro-morphology of the bitumens (neat and modified) subjected to different cooling rates and to find the corresponding correlations in the mechanical response domain. Therefore, microstructural investigations carried out by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and fundamental rheological tests based on oscillatory dynamic rheology, were used to evaluate the effect of additives on the bitumen structure and compared with pristine binder as a reference. The tested bitumen additives have been shown to elicit different mechanical behaviours by varying the cooling rate. By comparing rheological data, analysed in the framework of the “weak gel” model, and AFM images, it was found that both P2KA and PPA altered the material structure in a different manner whereas LCS revealed superior performances, acting as “mechanical buffer” in the whole explored range of cooling rates.

Scale, quality and efficiency in road maintenance: Evidence for English local authorities

This paper outlines the first econometric stochastic frontier efficiency analysis of road maintenance costs for local authorities in England in the academic literature. It is motivated by current public sector austerity requiring local authorities to provide efficient highway functions both in terms of learning from best practice (economic efficiency) and potential reorganisation to exploit economies of scale (scale efficiency). The analysis utilises a road condition measure and an end user (public) satisfaction indicator as well as road length and traffic factors. The availability of public satisfaction data is particularly important as incorporation of such a measure into benchmarking is currently in its infancy in economic regulation but is increasing in prominence, such as in regulation of health care. Evidence is found for an optimal road length which has implications for the current trend to merge the delivery of highways services across local authorities. Bigger is not necessarily better. A positive relationship is found between public satisfaction and cost which is strongest for very low or high public satisfaction. Finally, the median cost efficiency is 83% which implies many authorities have the opportunity to save substantial sums by adopting best practice without reducing service quality.

Methods and criteria for evaluation of asphalt mixture resistance to low temperature cracking

In cold regions and areas where there is a huge difference between high and low temperatures asphalt pavements are subject to low temperature cracking. The appeared cracks form pavement discontinuities, through which water penetrates into pavement structure. It reduces the bearing capacity of the whole pavement structure, weakens adhesion between bitumen and aggregate, affects bonding between layers and increases the development of frost heaves. A sealing of cracks deals with these issues. However, additional inspections after each winter have to be carried out to identify both cracks that have newly appeared and cracks that need to be resealed. These activities significantly increase road maintenance cost. Selection of the appropriate asphalt mixture by its performance at low temperatures reduces or even prevents low temperature cracking of asphalt pavements. A number of methods such as the Indirect Tensile Test, the Bending Beam Rheometer Test, the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test, Asphalt Thermal Cracking Analyser, the Single-Edge-Notched Beam Test, the Disc-Shaped Compact Tension Test, the Semi-Circular Bend Test, the Fenix Test, Asphalt Concrete Cracking Device and Spectral Analysis of Acoustic Emission are developed to evaluate asphalt mixture resistance to low temperature cracking. This paper presents an analysis of these tests, emphasizes their advantages and disadvantages and gives limiting criteria to evaluate asphalt mixture resistance to low temperature cracking. The test advantages and disadvantages are deciding factors in a test selection. Some tests such as the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test and Spectral Analysis of acoustic emission can directly reveal the lowest temperature at which asphalt mixture can withstand induced thermal stresses.

Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation Program Using Functional and Structural Assessment

Road sector development policy in Bangka Belitung emphasis on equitable development, which is opening up new areas for industrial development zones of potential marine and coastal tourism, so that having an impact on the budget priority to build a new road. This led to a minimal budget provided for the maintenance of the existing road. This study aimed to evaluate the condition of the pavement both functionally and structurally, the growth of traffic density and the availability of existing road maintenance costs. Then, to analyze the influence of existing road conditions, traffic density and road maintenance costs to the type of road maintenance management. The results are compared with the results of the existing maintenance conducted by the Public Works Department of Bangka Belitung province. Evaluation of pavement conditions consists of visual assessment of pavement condition using IRI, pavement condition assessment functionally with deflection method using test data tool Benkelman Beam (BB) and the actual traffic load. IRI value, deflections and traffic growth gained from years 2011-2015 subsequently created regression models to obtain the relationship and the correlation coefficient. The analysis showed that using the same relative magnitude of the budget from 2011 to 2015, giving priority to the maintenance of the road with good conditions capable of providing the road with a steady state of 100%. Recommendations can be given that maintain the road with good conditions reflecting that preservation provide maximum results with the more efficient maintenance cost.

The importance of inter-modal transport system in Nigeria with reference to the Asaba-Onitsha transport corridor since the pre-colonial period

Transportation system in Nigeria is predominantly uni-modal. It is estimated that over ninety per cent of goods and passengers are transported by road. The over-reliance on road transport for the conveyance of goods and people has contributed greatly to the deterioration of Nigeria’s roads and the attendant increase in road maintenance costs. Scholars have revealed that a single means of transport cannot adequately serve the transportation needs of the majority of people living in urban centres. The cities of Asaba and Onitsha located on the west and east banks of the river Niger have outlets for water-based transport and rail services, but are yet to be fully developed and integrated with the dominant road transport system. It is against this background that this paper examines the current transport challenges in the transport systems in the area and the wider Nigerian context and advocates for inter-modal transport system, that is, the blending of road, water and rail to facilitate easy movement of people and goods. The paper submits that the development of an efficient inter-modal transport system would minimize the frequent chaotic traffic congestion experienced by motorists and commuters on the Niger Bridge that links the two cities, and eastern and western states with other parts of the country.

The importance of inter-modal transport system in Nigeria with reference to the Asaba-Onitsha transport corridor since the pre-colonial period

Transportation system in Nigeria is predominantly uni-modal. It is estimated that over ninety per cent of goods and passengers are transported by road. The over-reliance on road transport for the conveyance of goods and people has contributed greatly to the deterioration of Nigeria’s roads and the attendant increase in road maintenance costs. Scholars have revealed that a single means of transport cannot adequately serve the transportation needs of the majority of people living in urban centres. The cities of Asaba and Onitsha located on the west and east banks of the river Niger have outlets for water-based transport and rail services, but are yet to be fully developed and integrated with the dominant road transport system. It is against this background that this paper examines the current transport challenges in the transport systems in the area and the wider Nigerian context and advocates for inter-modal transport system, that is, the blending of road, water and rail to facilitate easy movement of people and goods. The paper submits that the development of an efficient inter-modal transport system would minimize the frequent chaotic traffic congestion experienced by motorists and commuters on the Niger Bridge that links the two cities, and eastern and western states with other parts of the country.

A novel dynamic segmentation model for identification and prioritization of black spots based on the pattern of potential for safety improvement

Road segmentation is one of the most important steps in identification of high accident-proneness segments of a road. Based on the ratio of the Potential to Safety Improvement (PSI) along the road, the objective of the paper is to propose a novel dynamic road segmentation model. According to the fundamental model assumption, the determined segments must have the same pattern of PSI. Experimental results obtained from implementation of the proposed method took four Performance Measures (PMs) into consideration; namely, Crash Frequency, Crash Rate, Equivalent Property Damage Only, and Expected Average Crash Frequency with Empirical Bayes adjustment into the accident data obtained from Highway 37 located between two cities in Iran. Results indicated the low sensitivity of the method to PMs. In comparison with the real high accident-proneness segments, identified High Crash Road Segments (HCRS) obtained from the model, demonstrated the potential of the method to recognize the position and length of high accident-proneness segments accurately. Based on the road repair and maintenance costs limitation index for safety improvement, in an attempt to compare the proposed method of road segmentation with conventional ones, results demonstrated the efficient performance of the proposed method. So as to identify 20 percent HCRS located on a read, the proposed method showed an improvement of 38 and 57 percent in comparison with the best and worst outcomes derived from conventional road segmentation methods.

Improving road weather model forecasts by adjusting the radiation input

ABSTRACTConsiderable savings in winter road maintenance and accident costs can be achieved with accurate road weather forecasts. Forecasting road surface freezing time accurately enables the timely start of salting and thus ensures safety on roads. The optimal use of road weather observations is essential for the accuracy of short‐range road condition forecasts. Road weather models incorporate radiation and other atmospheric variables from numerical weather prediction models. In this study, observations were used to correct the forecast radiation and thus improve road weather forecasts for a set of specific sites. Eighteen different configurations of this methodology were tested for 20 road weather stations in Finland during the autumn–winter period 3 October 2013 to 13 January 2014. This study shows that the coupling method has potential to significantly improve road surface temperature forecasts. Two model configurations in particular turned out to be better than the others giving almost equally good road surface temperature forecasts. It was found that the length of the adjustment period using the corrected radiation had only a slight effect on the results. The outcome of this study can be used to improve road weather models and thus achieve more accurate forecasts.

Impact of Performance Based Contract Implementation on National Road Maintenance Project to Road Functional Performance

The national road network has a significant role in promoting the national economy in Indonesia. But the national road network conditions in general are still not satisfactory although the government continues to improve the technical standards of road maintenance which contributes to the high unit cost of road maintenance. To overcome this classical problem, now the road agencies began to implement alternative road maintenance contracts known as Performance Based Contract (PBC). Successful practice of PBC implementation in various countries indicates that the PBC is able to produce a good road service performance compared with the implementation of in-house system or contract-based input on road maintenance projects. This study aims to measure the impact of PBC implementation on the national road maintenance project in Indonesia with the type of flexible pavement. The impact of PBC is focused on the functional performance, which is measured using a model of IIRMS and expressed in the International Roughness Index (IRI) value. The case study conducted on one of the PBC pilot projects that are in the segment of northern coast of West Java. The results showed that the implementation of PBC for national road maintenance projects proven to ensure the quality and road service performance for the long term.

Developing a weighted reward criterion for the Markov-based decision of road maintenance.

Reward criterion is an important decision factor in a Markov-based road maintenance optimization model. At present, average reward criterion or discounted reward criterion is widely used to optimize life cycle costs of road maintenance. However, the former one cannot reflect the time value of life cycle costs whereas the latter one tends to neglect the costs accumulated in the later periods over the decision horizon. In this regard, a weighted reward criterion is developed for the Markov-based road maintenance optimization model. It measures the trade-off of the average reward and the discounted reward by setting the weights of two rewards. In addition, the existence of the optimal plan under the weighted reward criterion is proven by two numerical examples under two scenarios with and without considering the inflation on maintenance costs. Finally, comparison is conducted between the proposed criterion and the average reward criterion/the discounted reward criterion to check the impacts of discount rates and inflation rates on the optimal plan.