Mainland Areas Research Articles

Analysis of the leading fisheries sector in the minapolitan area of Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi Province

The purpose of this study was to determine the existing condition of the minapolitan area in Pangkep district and to determine the leading sector of capture fisheries and aquaculture commodities in the minapolitan area of Pangkep District, South Sulawesi Province. Data collection techniques were carried out using observation, interviews using questionnaires and documentation. The type of data collected is primary data, namely observation data regarding facilities supporting fishery activities in the Minapolitan area, interview data for respondents from fisheries business actors or fisheries households regarding fishery activities and demographics, then secondary data from agencies related to the production of fishery commodities in Pangkep Regency. And South Sulawesi. This research was conducted in the minapolitan area of Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi Province, in February – April 2021. The results showed that the existing condition in the availability of infrastructure facilities in the minapolitan area in the mainland area of Pangkep Regency, especially at the level of availability of facilities, was categorized as medium. Supporting facilities for fishery activities are at an availability level of 61.6 per cent because many are abandoned due to not being able to optimize their operations. The leading fishery commodities in the Minapolitan area that have the export potential are Tilapia, Patin, Cottonii seaweed and Milkfish. Fishery commodities that have the potential to meet local market demand are Vanamei Shrimp and Windu Shrimp. Fishery commodities that are not superior are Gracillaria Seaweed, Carp, Catfish and Crayfish.

The Impact of Education on Patriarch Culture and Gender Equality

This article will explore the independence that is actually expected by every human being, both women and men in the framework of education under the title, "Impact of Education on Patriarchal As This article would analyze on the true independence that expected by every human both of women and men in frame of Education with the title , “The Impact of Education on Patriarchate Culture and Gender Equality". In this sense, education must be placed in the perspective of liberation. Education is for all and lasts for life. Patriarchate refers to a system of legitimate relations in the fields of law, economy and politics and strengthens domination relations in a society. The research takes place in the mainland area of East Flores with characteristic of a strong patriarchate culture. Observations were made on the family in the interaction of husband and wife dealing with work and tasks in the realm they carried so that the authors were sent to find out whether there is an influence of education on patriarchate culture and therefore patriarchate culture affects gender equality which has an impact on women's participation. The methodology used in this study is interpretive, with a qualitative model and a phenomenological approach. The data collection technique is done through interviews. This study found that patriarchate culture, gender equality and the involvement of East Flores women that were influenced by the higher education received by the community. Thus, this study is different from the one conducted by Shannon McAlister with the title, “Christ as the Woman Seeking Her Lost Coin: Luke 15:8-10 and Divine Sophia in the Latin West” in the Journal of “Theological Studies”, 2018, Vol. 79, no. 1, pp 7-35

Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, 1884/85 Negative Sovereignty Treaties, Positive International Law, British Colonization & Good Governance towards the Advancement of Civilization in Nigeria

This socio-legal study examines the 1884/85 imperialistic vis-à-vis negative sovereignty treaties of friendship, commerce and protection, simply called treaties of protection, which were entered into by Great Britain and the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, so as to maintain and strengthen the cordial relations that were existing between the parties. However, positive international law altered the hitherto proto natural law-based equal and cordial relations between the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and the Western European nations, from the 15th Century AD, when the Portuguese explorers and merchants were dominant in the Niger Delta region, before the arrival of Great Britain and France in the region about the 18th Century AD. Positive international law, enhanced by British gunboat diplomacy associated with it, promoted Western imperialism and thereby enabled Great Britain to achieve her imperialist ambition of transforming the erstwhile naturally sovereign Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and their mainland and hinterland ethnic nationality areas into the 1885 British Protectorate of the Niger Districts. Based on British imperialist protectionism over the Niger Districts and the rest of pre-colonial Nigeria, the entire ethnic nationality areas of pre-colonial Nigeria became a single British colonial possession called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, otherwise called modern Nigeria, in 1914. The British colonial government eventually granted political independence to modern Nigeria in October 1960. From the background of the aforementioned 1884/85 negative sovereignty treaties and continuing agitation of separatist groups in post-colonial Nigeria for improvement of their lots, the study makes a case for good governance, boosted by ethos of natural law and the social contract of governance, towards the advancement of civilization in the country.

Revisit the History of Early Settlements in Pulau Pinang: The Contributions and Legacies of Rawa People

It is common that the history of Pulau Pinang has often been affiliated with British as pioneers even among Malaysians, almost to the point of no return. This despite the fact that there had been Malay groups of both local and regional origin who had made Pulau Pinang as their homeland long before the coming of the British. Of the second group, Rawa people from West Sumatera were neither strangers to Pulau Pinang Island nor the mainland area that formed part of the northern state i.e. Seberang Perai. Adopting a content analysis approach via library research and qualitative methods, plus interviews involving the Rawa people of the state, the paper aims to highlight the often-dismissed fact that the Rawa people along some other Sumatran migrant groups had contributed to the early development of Pulau Pinang. Only recently that several studies came to prove the existence of Malay settlements on the Island prior to its so-called foundation by British explorer representing the British East India Company, Francis Light in 1786. This paper is to provide further proofs in that direction as the early Malay settlers deserved acknowledgement for the contributions made and recognition for the legacies left behind. Apart from assessing various reasons for the Rawa migration and their early areas of settlements, more importantly, the paper demonstrates that the Rawa migrants throughout their long years of existence in the state have contributed to the socio-economic and political developments of Pulau Pinang.

Low-altitude periglacial activity in southeastern Australia during the late Pleistocene

AbstractOnly a small area of the Australian mainland was glaciated during the Pleistocene, whereas periglacial deposits are far more common, indicating that cold environments were extensive and a major influence on landscape evolution. Here we identify representative low-elevation examples of scree slopes and frost action, together with fans and valley fills, indicating pronounced erosion cycles during the Pleistocene. To date the deposits, we explore approaches using radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence, and profile dating using the cosmogenic nuclide10Be. The radiocarbon and optical ages show that screes, alluvial valley fill, and fans were deposited between 66–13 ka during the coldest part of the last glacial cycle, and within the previous glacial cycle. Exposure dating indicates further landscape erosion cycles back to the mid Pleistocene. Together, the deposits indicate the frost cracking limit was ~1300 m lower at 680 ± 10 m and mean winter temperature was 8.2 ± 0.5°C colder than present. Periglacial conditions probably affected much of southeastern Australia. The treeless and dry conditions resulted in widespread erosion and increased run off. Combined with increased snow storage within catchments, rivers were paradoxically larger, with high seasonal discharge and sediment loads.

Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in urban population of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: culicidae) from Lagos, South-West Nigeria

Malaria is a major public health challenge in Africa with Nigeria accounting for the highest burden of the disease in the world. Vector control has proved to be a highly effective component of malaria control, however, the development and spread of insecticide resistance in major vectors of malaria have been a major challenge. This study assessed resistance mechanisms in Anopheles coluzzii populations from Kosofe, Lagos mainland and Ojo Local Government Areas in Lagos, Nigeria where An. gambiae s.l is resistant to DDT and Permethrin. WHO susceptibility bioassay test was used in determining resistance status of An. coluzzii to discriminating doses of DDT and Permethrin while synergist assay was used to assess the involvement of monooxygenases in resistance development. Sub-species of An. gambiae s.l (An. gambiae and An. coluzzii) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) while Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) assay was used to detect knockdown mutation (kdr-West; L1014F). Biochemical assays were used in determining the activities of metabolic enzymes. High DDT resistance was recorded in An. coluzzii populations from the three sites. Mortality rate of mosquitoes exposed confirmed Permethrin resistance in Kosofe (50%) and Lagos mainland (48%) but resistance was suspected in Ojo (96%). All specimens tested were confirmed as An. coluzzii with low kdr frequency; 11.6%, 16.4% and 6.7% in Kosofe, Lagos mainland and Ojo respectively. Pre-exposure to synergist (PBO) before exposure to Permethrin led to increased mortality in all populations. Esterase activity was insignificantly overexpressed in Kosofe (p = 0.849) and Lagos mainland (p = 0.229) populations. In contrast, GST activity was significantly lower in populations from Lagos mainland (63.650 ± 9.861; p = 0.007) and Ojo (91.765 ± 4.959; p = 0.042) than Kisumu susceptible strains (120.250 ± 13.972). Monooxygenase activity was higher in Lagos mainland (2.371 ± 0.261) and Ojo (1.361 ± 0.067) populations, albeit significantly in Lagos mainland (p = 0.007) only. Presence of target-site mutation in all populations, increased mortality with pre-exposure to PBO and elevated monooxygenase in Lagos mainland population were confirmed. Multiple resistance mechanisms in some urban populations of An. coluzzii from Lagos, Nigeria calls for appropriate resistance management strategies.

Range extension of the Regulus seastar Pentaceraster regulus (Müller & Troschel, 1842) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Oreasteridae): evidence of tropicalization of the east Australian coast

The seastar Pentaceraster regulus (Müller & Troschel, 1842) is documented from the coastal estuary of Wallis Lake, New South Wales, Australia, c. 600 km from the nearest previous records at Lord Howe Island, an offshore area known to receive a tropical influence from the southern flowing East Australian Current, and between 640 to 800 km south of earlier published records from mainland areas to the north in Queensland. Historical data combined with contemporary observations provide evidence that this is a recent range extension and may be a further example of tropicalization of the south eastern Australian coastal waters. Records from Wallis Lake span a twelve year period and the most recent observations in 2020 indicate it is abundant, and there is considerable difference between the smallest and largest specimens present, suggesting a population that completes most or all of the life cycle is established in the estuary. Given the impacts range shifted species and other echinoderms are known to have in influencing ecosystem dynamics, it is suggested that further study of this seastar is prudent to determine what impacts it may have in the newly colonized area.

OIL PATTERN IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS USING SEMANTIC DEEP LEARNING METHOD FROM PLEIADES-1B SATELIITE IMAGERY WITH ARCGIS PRO SOFTWARE (Case Study: Village “A”)

There are many petroleum mining activities scattered in developing countries, such as Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the largest oil-producing countries in Southeast Asia with the 23rd ranking. Since the Dutch era, Indonesia has produced a very large amount of petroleum. One of the oil producing areas is “A” Village. There is an old well that produces petroleum oil which is still active with an age of more than 100 years, for now the oil well is still used by the local community as the main source of livelihood. With this activity, resulting in an oil pattern around the old oil refinery, which over time will absorb into the ground. This study aims to analyze and identify the oil pattern around the old oil refinery in the “A” area. The data used is in the form of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery (CSRT), namely Pleiades-1B with a spatial resolution of 1.5 meters. Data were identified using the Deep Learning Semantic method. For the limitation of this research is the administrative limit of XX Regency with a scale of 1: 25,000 as supporting data when cutting the image. The method used is the Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network series. This research is based on how to wait for the method of the former oil spill which is the consideration of the consideration used. This study produced a land cover map that was classified into 3 categories, namely oil patterns area, area not affected by oil and vegetation. As a supporting value to show the accuracy of the classification results, an accuracy test method is used with the confusion matrix method. To show the accuracy of this study using thermal data taken from the field. Thermal data used in the form of numbers that show the temperature of each land cover. Based on the above reference, a research related to the analysis of very high-resolution image data (Pleiades-1B) will be conducted to examine the oil pattern. This research uses the deep learning series convolutional neural network (CNN) method. With this research, it is hoped that it can help agencies in knowing the right method to identify oil in mainland areas.

One Health approach on human seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies, Toxocara spp. eggs in dogs and sand samples between seashore mainland and island areas of southern Brazil

Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara spp. nematodes, is among the top 5 neglected parasitic diseases worldwide; however, no comprehensive study to date has serologically compared infections in people and their dogs and environmentally contaminated soil or sand of mainland and island locations. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in traditional human seashore populations, the presence of eggs in dogs' feces and hair, and the presence of eggs in environmental samples from islands compared to the adjacent mainland of southern Brazil. Overall, 212/328 (64.6%) people were positive for Toxocara spp. antibodies, including 125/190 (65.8%) island and 87/138 (63.0%) mainland residents. For dog samples, 12/115 (10.43%) were positive for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, all from dogs living in islands, and 22/104 (21.15%) dog hair samples contained eggs of Toxocara spp. Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs was observed in 50/130 (38.46%) samples from all sampled sites. No significant association was found between risk factors (age, sex, educational level, monthly income, owning dogs or cats, ingestion of treated water, and consumption of raw or uncooked meat) and Toxocara spp. seropositivity. The present study is the first concurrent report on people, their dogs, and environmental contamination of Toxocara spp. The high prevalence we observed in the seashore populations of both in island and mainland areas may be caused by exposure to contaminated sand and climatic factors favoring frequent exposure to Toxocara spp. In conclusion, seashore lifestyle and living conditions of both island and mainland areas may have predisposed higher contact with infected pets and contaminated soil, favoring the high prevalence of toxocariasis.

The Inconsistency a Village Planning and Budgeting (A Study Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province)

The consistency between the planning and budgeting processes is a form of implementing good governance in the village. This study aims to analyze the inconsistency of village planning and budgeting in Muna Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach with natural settings and in-depth investigation. This method is carried out by studying village planning and budgeting documents, starting from the process to the output. The study sites were conducted in 15 villages in Muna Regency, which were divided into two regions / locations. Region one consists of 7 villages, which are located on the waterfront. Furthermore, the second area consists of 8 villages located in the mainland area (not by the sea). Secondary data retrieval is limited based on the time period of the budgeting namely the period of the 2016 and 2017 fiscal years. Data collection procedures through document study and focus group discussions. Focus group discussions involve village officials, members of the Village Consultative Body, and the Village Community Empowerment Institute. The results found: first, the implementation of the village planning and budgeting process in Muna District was not entirely consistent. Inconsistency is shown by the activities contained in the Village Budget/Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Desa (APBDes), but not stated in the Village Government Work Plan/Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Desa (RKPDes) that has been previously determined. Second, village planning and budgeting do not yet have a reciprocal relationship, that is, a plan requires a budget while the budget is nothing but the financial instrument of the plan. Third, the inconsistency between the RKPDes and the ABPDes is intentional, where the motive is the desire to be able to distribute until the ceiling / budget allocation has been determined by giving a greater portion to the interests of the village government.

Four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) performance test with assimilation satellite and radar data (case study of a heavy rainfall Bengkulu March 4, 2019)

Four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) is one of the assimilation techniques considering time integration to distribute observational data at time window intervals. In this study, we aim to evaluate the 4DVAR assimilation technique using satellite and radar data to simulate a heavy rainfall case in Bengkulu on March 4, 2019. The result shows that radar data assimilation (DA-RAD) can improve rainfall pattern over Bengkulu mainland areas, while the satellite data assimilation (DA-SAT) enhances rainfall over the ocean. In addition, for temporal analysis, the DA-RAD successfully correct the initial time of the event, producing the smallest error and the best correlation in statistical verification, also a small bias and higher accuracy for discrete verification. However, DA-SAT is more capable to improve rainfall accumulation with the lowest FAR value. In conclusion, compared to others, both satellite and radar can be used as assimilation data for 4DVAR methods as they have different roles in increasing the quality of model performance.

Analisis Plastisitas Fenotipe Kupu-Kupu Papilio ulysses Asal Papua

Papua has a high diversity of butterflies, especially in mainland areas. Most of the data on the diversity and distribution of Papilionoidea, such as the example of Papilio ulysses in the mainland of Papua, are well known. Butterfly research in Papua is mostly aimed at species richness and abundance. Based on the results of specimen collection at the Papua Insect Collection Laboratory (KSP) Br Henk van Mastrigt FMIPA UNCEN, it can be seen that there are differences in morphological characters between P. ulysses in several areas in Papua, especially in the highlands and lowlands. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenotypic plasticity pattern of P. ulysses stored in the KSP Laboratory. This research method is descriptive quantitative. The research sample consisted of 58 specimens with perfect wing shapes. The specimens were collected from Jayapura, Sarmi, Mamberamo, Timika, Pegunungan Bintang, Waropen and Biak-Supiori. The samples were documented using a digital camera and observed for wing variations using the Adobe Photoshop CS5 and Image J free program. Based on the observations, it shows that there are significant differences in the shape and size of P. ulysses that are found on the mainland and on islands. The morphology of butterflies originating from large areas is bigger than those of butterflies on islands. This butterfly plasticity process is a form of morphological adaptation to the surrounding environment.  Key words: plasticity; P. ulysses; butterfly; Papua.

Maritime law enforcement on border-crossing fishing vessels: Experience of Taiwan’s practices under its unique political relationship

Due to political factors, Taiwan is separated from Mainland China. Although the two sides are only separated geographically by the Taiwan Strait, direct exchanges between them have not been possible for many years. The special relationship between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has led to certain cross-strait relational issues, which Taiwan must enact special laws to resolve, such as the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area. This Act established the “Prohibited Waters” and “Restricted Waters” to regulate the entry of the Mainland fishing vessels into the Waters surrounding Taiwan. Taiwan’s regulation of the fishing activities of Mainland fishing vessels in the “Prohibited Waters” and “Restricted Waters” is based on this Act rather than on the Fisheries Act, the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, and the Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf. This study analyzes the unique relationship between Taiwan and Mainland China and the special laws formulated by Taiwan to deal with the issues related to Mainland China. It also explores Taiwan’s law enforcement against the Mainland fishing vessels in these Waters and the history of Taiwan’s prevention of the Mainland fishing vessels from crossing the border. This study further analyzes the methods used at different phases and their effectiveness, hoping that future dialog and negotiation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait will work towards the sustainable use of fisheries resources in shared waters.

Evidence for multiple colonisations and Wolbachia infections shaping the genetic structure of the widespread butterfly Polyommatus icarus in the British Isles

The paradigm of isolation in southern refugia during glacial periods followed by expansions during interglacials, producing limited genetic differentiation in northern areas, dominates European phylogeography. However, the existence of complex structured populations in formerly glaciated areas, and islands connected to mainland areas during glacial maxima, call for alternative explanations. We reconstructed the mtDNA phylogeography of the widespread Polyommatus Icarus butterfly with an emphasis on the formerly glaciated and connected British Isles. We found distinct geographical structuring of CO1haplogroups, with an ancient lineage restricted to the marginal European areas, including Northern Scotland and Outer Hebrides. Population genomic analyses, using ddRADSeq genomic markers, also reveal substantial genetic structuring within Britain. However, there is negligble mito-nuclear concordance consistent with independent demographic histories of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA. While mtDNA-Wolbachia associations in northern Britain could account for the geographic structuring of mtDNA across most of the British Isles, for nuclear DNA markers (derived from ddRADseq data) butterflies from France cluster between northern and southern British populations - an observation consistent with a scenario of multiple recolonisation. Taken together our results suggest that contemporary mtDNA structuring in the British Isles (and potentially elsewhere in Europe) largely results from Wolbachia infections, however, nuclear genomic structuring suggests a history of at least two distinct colonisations. This two-stage colonisation scenario has previously been put forth to explain genetic diversity and structuring in other British flora and fauna. Additionally, we also present preliminary evidence for potential Wolbachia-induced feminization in the Outer Hebrides.

New and rare lichens and allied fungi from Arkhangelsk Region, North-West Russia. II

Information about 38 species of lichens is presented. In total, 18 species are newly recorded for Arkhangelsk Region, 11 species are new for its mainland area. New localities for 9 rare species are presented. Thalloidima physaroides is new for the territory of Northwest Russia. The species Sclerophora peronella is reported for the second time in the whole territory of Russia, Calicium pinicola – in European Russia and Rhizocarpon simillimum – in Northwest Russia. For Vezdaea rheocarpa and Pilophorus robustus the westernmost localities in Russia are reported. The new localities of 9 species included in the Red Data Book of Arkhangelsk Region are presented. Six species are added to the list of lichens of Vodlozersky National Park.

100Identification of a latitude gradient in the prevalence of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in Australia

Abstract Background Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune destructive condition of the gall bladder, with environmental factors like sun exposure implicated in its aetiology, similar to multiple sclerosis. PBC prevalence varies significantly and appears to have a positive latitudinal gradient. To determine whether there was a latitudinal gradient of PBC prevalence in Australia using two methods of prevalence estimation: private pathology anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) results, the primary diagnostic test for PBC, and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) prescriptions, the sole pharmacological treatment for PBC. Methods We investigated the latitudinal variation in PBC prevalence across the states and territories of Australia (latitudinal range 18.0° to 42.7°S) using pathology-based (private pathology AMA results search (three of the major private pathology companies in Australia which cover 77% of all private pathology testing) and PBC-specific prescription databases (prescriptions for UDCA). Results Pathology-based PBC prevalence was significantly increased with latitude, such that the postcodes in the highest quintile of latitude (encompassing the south coastal areas of the Australian mainland and insular Tasmania (latitude range -37.75 to -42.72)) had 1.83-times higher frequencies than those in the lowest quintile (encompassing tropical and southern Queensland (latitude range -18.02 to -27.59). Analogous results were seen for state-based UDCA prescriptions, being 2.31-times higher in Tasmania than Queensland. Conclusions We have found for the first time that the prevalence of PBC significantly varies with latitude in Australia. While the most immediate mediating factors underlying this association would be ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D levels, studies to substantiate this mechanism are needed. Key messages In line with some other autoimmune conditions, PBC shows a significant positive latitudinal gradient, with nearly 2-times higher prevalence in the southernmost state than the northernmost.

A Preliminary Seismic Hazard Assessment of the Sakhalin–Mainland Area for a Critical Linear Structure

The results of seismic hazard zoning of the submerged crossing of the pipeline in the Nevelskoy Strait, between the village of Lazarev of the Nikolaevsky district, Khabarovsky krai, and Cape Pogibi near the village of Pogibi, Sakhalin oblast are presented. Along the water area, this section of the crossing is limited by a zone that is 500 m wide and 11 km long. It follows from the stock of geological documents of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the general seismic zoning map (GSZ-2015) that the highest seismic activity in the Okhotsk region is observed in the area of the Kuril Islands, while the closest activity to the construction site manifests itself in the central zone of northern Sakhalin. Large earthquakes are recorded by a number of seismological stations in the immediate vicinity of the construction site. The foci of nearby earthquakes are displaced eastward of the construction site and are mostly confined to the systems of deep faults that result from the juncture between the West Sakhalin synclinorium and the Sikhote Alin volcanic belt. The main purpose of this research is related to the development of a procedure for forecasting seismic impacts for the areas that are prone to predicted strong earthquakes. In this context, an approach is proposed for the specific structure, which is based on the construction of a set of the most probable seismic models to reach the reference bedrock, setting of the pickup signal corresponding to initial seismicity of the area, calculating the main parameters of seismic impacts for them, and then, in the first approximation, the implementation of the technology for constructing an engineering–seismological cross-section along the pipeline construction site. The proposed approaches to forecasting seismic events for the section of the pipeline crossing in the Nevelskoy Strait are based on certain restrictions that made it possible to obtain a set of parameters of seismic impacts for predicted strong earthquakes that are necessary for design and construction of an earthquake-resistant linear structure. In improving the calculation methods and monitoring critically important objects, the advantage of this approach is the ability to recalculate seismic impacts on a structure using the constructed seismic ground-motion models.

Late Holocene climate anomaly concurrent with fire activity and ecosystem shifts in the eastern Australian Highlands

The alpine area of the Australian mainland is highly sensitive to climate and environmental change, and potentially vulnerable to ecosystem tipping points. Over the next two decades the Australian alpine region is predicted to experience temperature increases of at least 1 °C, coupled with a substantial decrease in snow cover. Extending the short instrumental record in these regions is imperative to put future change into context, and potentially provide analogues of warming. We reconstructed past temperatures, using a lipid biomarker palaeothermometer technique and mercury flux changes for the past 3500 years from the sediments of Club Lake, a high-altitude alpine tarn in the Snowy Mountains, southeastern Australia. Using a multi-proxy framework, including pollen and charcoal analyses, high-resolution geochemistry, and ancient microbial community composition, supported by high-resolution 210Pb and AMS 14C dating, we investigated local and regional ecological and environmental changes occurring in response to changes in temperature. We find the region experienced a general warming trend over the last 3500 years, with a pronounced climate anomaly occurring between 1000 and 1600 cal yrs. BP. Shifts in vegetation took place during this warm period, characterised by a decline in alpine species and an increase in open woodland taxa which co-occurred with an increase in regional fire activity. Given the narrow altitudinal band of Australian alpine vegetation, any future warming has the potential to result in the extinction of alpine species, including several endemic to the area, as treelines are driven to higher elevations. These findings suggest ongoing conservation efforts will be needed to protect the vulnerable alpine environments from the combined threats of climate changes, fire and invasive species.

Landslide-tsunamis along the flanks of Mount Epomeo, Ischia: propagation patterns and coastal hazard for the Campania Coasts, Italy

Abstract Ischia Island has been repeatedly affected by mass collapses, which are mainly caused by the steepness of the main peak (Mt Epomeo) and by phenomena related to its volcanic activity. The most relevant cases of mass failure studied in the literature and postulated to be tsunamigenic cover a wide spectrum of sizes, from sector collapse to small-volume mass transports. Tsunamis generated by landslides in Ischia may affect the coast of the Campania mainland, including the Gulf of Naples. The focus of this work is an evaluation of the pattern of the maximum tsunami energy. To this purpose, we perform a series of numerical simulations by moving the same landslide source in different hypothetical positions around the island. The landslide dynamics are computed through the code UBO-BLOCK, and the tsunami propagation by employing the code UBO-TSUFD, both developed in-house. The final goal is to characterize the coastal areas of the Campania mainland most exposed to tsunami attack from Ischia sources. It is found that the position of the landslide deeply influences the distribution of the tsunami elevation in the coastal stretch north of the Procida Mt, while, remarkably, it is irrelevant inside the Gulf of Naples where the bathymetric effect prevails.

Comparison of House Price Analysis in DKI Jakarta and Surabaya with Minitab Software 17.0

This article discusses the comparative analysis of factors affecting the selling price of houses between the city of DKI Jaka rta and the city of Surabaya. The study uses quantitative methods through Minitab 17.0 software. Analysis of research uses hedonic prices with data obtained from home sale sites. The findings of this study are factors that affect housing prices in Surabaya, the distance between the house and the town hall and the main road, electrical, namely the amount of electric power, land area, distance between the house and public facilities, and information on the quality of housing materials. While the factor determining the selling price of houses in DKI Jakarta is the distance between the house and the main road, land area, PDAM water and road type or the type of road location of the house