Main Water Research Articles

Flood damage cost prediction using random forest

Floods are one of nature's deadliest catastrophes, causing permanent and catastrophic damage on the socioeconomic system, agriculture and human life. The problems arise when floods could cause a lot of economic damage such as damage to buildings, agriculture and others. Flood damage estimation is a subject of study that has not received much attention. The objective of this research is to explore the Random Forest algorithm in the flood damage cost prediction. The damages specified by the Malaysia’s Department of Irrigation (JPS) are structures such as culverts, MTB bridges, riverbank ruins, concrete main channels, farm roads, hydrological stations, agricultural and water drainage, JPS pump houses and tyres in Terengganu. Terengganu is one of the states in Malaysia which has to endure floods during the monsoon season by the end of the year. The methods employed in this research include data collection, data pre-processing, backend engine coding and user interface design. This project was implemented using the Python programming language. The data were collected from the annual flood report provided by the JPS Negeri Terengganu. The research used the rainfall and streamflow data from the year 2012 to 2022 as attributes to forecast the cost of the JPS structures damages in Terengganu. The prediction results showed that the best model achieved the accuracy of 91.47% with a Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (MSLE) of 0.48 and Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.92. In the performance evaluation, the model with 80:20 training and testing data ratio produced the best result in predicting the flood damage cost. The potential enhancements to this research involve extending the scope to encompass all Malaysian states, incorporating diverse flooded structures and adding more input variables for a more improved and more reliable flood prediction system.

Root Distribution and Water Uptake Applied by Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotopes for Lianas in Northwest China

The root distribution and water uptake of irrigated vines (Vitis vinifera L.) in arid oasis areas remain poorly understood, particularly in terms of the variations in water uptake resulting from plant type and growing period. In this study, excavation and soil coring were employed to investigate the root distribution of vines. Meanwhile, the water uptake dynamics of irrigated vines in an arid oasis area were developed using stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water bodies (δD and δ18O) and in crops and soil water, coupled with a direct inference approach and a linear mixed model (IsoSource). The soil layers were divided into nine layers via hierarchical cluster analysis. The results indicated that the vertical distributions of the total and fine roots of grapevines were mainly in the range of 40–160 cm, accounting for 93.1% (91.2%) and 92.5% (90.0%) of the total root (200 cm) distribution during May and October, respectively. In the horizontal direction, both the total root and fine root systems were mainly distributed within 0–100 cm from the trunk and contributed 81.2% and 79.8% of the total root distribution, respectively. Meanwhile, both the total root weight (length) density and fine root weight (length) density decreased gradually with increasing radial distance from the trunk in the 0–80 cm range. The main water uptake of vines was at 0–40 cm in June, 20–80 cm in July, and 40–100 cm in August. These findings suggest that the main depth of root water uptake increases during the whole growth stage for grapevines in arid oasis ecosystems. This information will help growers to improve irrigation efficiency and provide a data analysis of water conservation in an arid oasis area during water stress.

Piezometric depth modeling of groundwater using monthly variables of precipitation and water consumption (case study: Sarab Plain aquifer)

The growth of the world population and the problem of food supply have led to the development of agricultural land, particularly in the Third World and in Iran, and thus to a sharp increase in water consumption regardless of the existing water resources. On the other hand, the ever-increasing growth of industries and factories, regardless of the impact on the environment, together with the increase in water consumption, has disturbed the balance of the environment and caused climate change with rising temperatures and increasing pollution. Unfortunately, the management of water resources and the environment is incompatible with the development of agricultural land and the development of industries, and therefore in most countries of the world a situation has arisen in which surface and groundwater resources are at risk. The two main variables, precipitation and water consumption, control groundwater levels. The area studied in this research is the Sarab Plain aquifer located in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. In the Sarab Plain and other plains of Iran, indiscriminate harvesting has led to a significant decline in the groundwater level (in other words, piezometric depth) and subsidence of the plain. The area under cultivation of various agricultural crops such as beans, cucumbers and alfalfa and gardens is about 38,176 ha, irrigated by 739 licensed wells. Agricultural uses on the one hand and industrial and animal uses on the other led to a progressive lowering of the piezometric level of the plain. The average water consumption from the table is currently 53 million cubic meters per year, while the amount of renewable water is 35.81 million cubic meters per year. The data used in the study are monthly precipitation from 19 rain gauge stations, monthly piezometric codes from 78 piezometers converted to piezometric depth, and monthly water consumption from 1886 consumable wells between 2007 and 2022. Individual regression relationships were created between the piezometric depth variable and consumption and precipitation variables. In the first step, a general hybrid exponential relationship between piezometric depth, consumption and precipitation was found. The correlation coefficient value between the calculated and observed piezometric depth was 0.69. Furthermore, the root mean square error and Kling-Gupta were 2 m and 0.57, respectively. In order to apply the hybrid exponential relationship to predict piezometric depth in the coming years, it was necessary to predict precipitation and consumption. To predict monthly precipitation based on its periodicity, the Thomas and Fiering (T&F) consumption forecasting method was used. 20% of the data was compared with calculated data. The result showed, R = 0.815 and RMSE = 0.07 mm between calculated and observed data. Additionally, to predict consumption in the coming years, a suitable regression relationship between consumption and time was constructed, showing a correlation of 0.97 and a root mean square error of 0.0008 mcm with observations. In the second step, precipitation and consumption were predicted for the next 3 years (2023–2025) and piezometric depth were determined for this period by applying them in the hybrid model. The forecast for the next three years shows that the upward trend of the piezometric level will continue. The application of the regression method resulted in a final equation, which is particularly important in view of the stabilization of the piezometric level of the reservoir. This method has no particular limitations and is an appropriate method when accurate consumption water and precipitation statistics are available. The only limitation that can be considered with this method is the movement around the average values and does not take into account the positional fluctuations. This work is new because it calculates groundwater simultaneously using two parameters: precipitation and water consumption. Other similar studies did not use groundwater consumption data.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Taluka Bulri Shah Karim, District Tando Muhammad Khan, Sindh, Pakistan

Groundwater in Pakistan is the main drinking water source, highlighting the significance of regularlymonitoring its quality. There have been several examples of high concentrations of elements like arsenic and nitrate ingroundwater that harm human health and the environment. Our aim with this study was to assess the groundwater qualityof the sub-district Bhulri Shah Karim for drinking and irrigation purposes. We collected groundwater samples from 53shallow bore well hand pumps in October and November 2018. We determined the concentration of four cations, fiveanions and other parameters like pH, turbidity, TDS, total hardness, EC, alkalinity, total iron, and arsenic. Thegroundwater was found to be very hard, and the relative abundance of cations and anions was Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+ andCl‾ > HCO3‾ > SO42‾ > NO3‾ > F‾. The concentrations of arsenic and iron varied from 0 to 0.2 mg/L and 0.02 to 3.6mg/L, respectively. We discussed groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes by calculating the waterquality index, sodium adsorption ratio, percent of sodium, permeability index, and residual sodium carbonate. Inconclusion, the groundwater of the studied area is suitable for drinking on average and irrigation. However, some watersamples were high in arsenic content, and some were highly saline and may need some prior treatment

Development of high‐resolution monthly precipitation datasets for geomorphological applications in the Tianshan Mountains from 2000 to 2050

AbstractPrecipitation has a fundamental influence on landscape evolution and erosion rates. Accurate predictions of precipitation changes are crucial for landscape evolution modelling and erosion modelling. The Tianshan Mountains are known as the ‘Water Tower in Central Asia’, where precipitation is the main water supply for the surrounding lakes and rivers and also supports the population and economic development in the plain areas. This study developed a global climate model (GCM) and digital elevation model (DEM)‐based downscaling method and simulated high‐resolution monthly precipitation in Tianshan from 2000 to 2050, with a resolution of 90 m. The datasets developed from 30 surface observation stations had a high degree of precision and simulated the precipitation processes well in the historical period. The simulation results indicated that precipitation will increase at a rate of 11 mm/decade under the SSP245 scenario and 5 mm/decade under the RCP4.5 scenario from 2022 to 2050. Spatially, precipitation was projected to increase in the central and eastern regions and decrease in the western region. In the Kaidu, Urumqi and Manas river basins in the central Tianshan Mountains, precipitation was projected to increase at a rate of 20 mm/decade. The datasets developed here have important theoretical and practical implications for water resource management, and sustainable development in Central Asia.

Strategic Maintenance Boosts Global Power Plant Efficiency and Safety

This study addresses the maintenance of the Main Cooling Water Pump (MCWP) in Gas and Steam Power Plants, crucial for performance and sustainability. Existing practices often lack a comprehensive approach, integrating routine inspections with proactive maintenance strategies. We aimed to develop a maintenance framework that improves operational efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Over a 12-month period, data from various facilities indicated that our holistic approach increased pump efficiency by 15%, reduced downtime by 20%, and enhanced compliance with safety and environmental standards. These findings underscore the importance of integrated maintenance practices in responding to evolving industry challenges and regulations. Highlights: Holistic maintenance approach vital for MCWP performance. Safety compliance crucial for personnel and asset protection. Maintenance enhances efficiency and sustainability efforts. Keywords: Maintenance, Main Cooling Water Pump, Energy Efficiency

Analysis of main components of Lake Toba’s water quality in different seasons

Lake Toba is one of the largest lakes in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Its waters are used for multiple purposes, constituting an important natural and economic resource. Most of the waters of Lake Toba come from the overflow of disposal of agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, households, and other activities. The present study identified water quality based on total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and other water quality parameters carried out at 60 sampling sites grouped into 6 observation stations, i.e., control areas (located in the middle and far from direct activities), community floating net cages, company floating net cages, settlement, hospitality, and river mouths. The main water quality components were very dynamic at the monitoring stations in three seasons (rainy, transition, and dry). Total nitrogen concentration tended to be higher in the rainy season than in the transition and dry seasons. However, all stations tended to be classified as mesotrophic or higher in all seasons, with total nitrogen concentrations greater than 12.5 mg L–1. Total phosphorus at the six stations was highly dynamic in all seasons and tended to decrease in the dry season. The concentration of total phosphorus was higher at the settlement and hospitality stations than at the other stations. The total phosphorus of the settlement and hospitality stations reached 0.18 mg L–1 and 0.17 mg L–1, respectively, in the rainy season. In general, total phosphorus concentrations in the waters of Lake Toba were above 0.1 mg L–1, which allowed the lake to be classified as above mesotrophic status.

Monitoring domestic water consumption: a comparative study of model-based and data-driven end-use disaggregation methods

ABSTRACT Monitoring the water usage of different appliances and informing consumers about it has been shown to have an impact on their behavior toward drinking water conservation. The most practical and cost-effective way to accomplish this is through a non-intrusive approach, that locally analyzes data received from a flow sensor at the main water supply pipe of a household. In this work, we present two different methods addressing the challenges of disaggregating end-use consumption and classifying consumption events. The first method is model-based (MB) and uses a combination of dynamic time wrapping and statistical bounds to analyze four water end-use characteristics. The second, learning-based (LB) method is data-driven and formulates the problem as a time-series classification problem without relying on a priori identification of events. We perform an extensive computational study that includes a comparison between an MB and an LB method, as well as an experimental study to demonstrate the application of the LB method on an edge computing device. Both methods achieve similar F1 scores (LB: 71.73%, MB: 71.04%) with the LB being more precise. The embedded LB method achieves a slightly higher score (72.01%) while enhancing on-site real-time processing, improving security and privacy and enabling cost savings.

Modeling water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers using a one-dimensional transport model

In this paper, we present a one-dimensional transport model for water transport across Nafion® membranes in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. This physics-based model is based on the three main water transport mechanisms: diffusion, electro-osmotic drag, and pressure-driven flow. A good agreement is obtained between the model predictions using the measured values of the physical parameters as inputs and the previously reported experimental data. Further, with the help of this simple transport model, the numerical analysis is performed to delineate the effect of electrolyzer operating conditions on the net water transport across the membrane, water condensation at the cathode, individual contribution of the transport fluxes, and electrolyzer design. Finally, the model is exercised to simulate the dependence of water transport as a function of membrane thickness. This confirms the validity of the current approach of using thin reinforced membranes by electrolyzer fabricators.

ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLDS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR THE PROVISION OF PDAM TIRTA RAHARJA’S PIPE CONNECTION USING CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD

Gandasari is one of the villages in Katapang Sub District, Bandung Regency. Most people in Gandasari Village use groundwater as their main water source to fulfill their needs of water. Groundwater in Gandasari Village has bad quality and quantity. Hence, the provision of a safe water supply is needed in Gandasari Village. On the other hand, Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Tirta Raharja is developing their House Connection (SR) in Gandasari Village RW 5,6,7,9, and 11. Provision and management of water supply required to achieve full cost recovery. Therefore, it is necessary to know the willingness to pay (WTP) value for the provision of PDAM’s pipe connection. This study aimed to determine households’ WTP for the provision of piped water service and identify the factors affecting it. The WTP was estimated through questionnaires collected from 89 households in Gandasari Village using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and bidding games technique. Based on the questionnaire result, the Estimated Mean WTP (EWTP) value of WTP for installation fee is Rp961.798 and Total WTP is Rp735.775.281. Meanwhile the EWTP value of WTP for retribution fee is Rp51.180/month and TWTP is Rp39.152.528. Factors affecting the value of WTP for installation fee is household size and average income, meanwhile for retribution fee WTP value average income was the affecting factor. Provision of communal well is recommended for households who cannot afford to pay for PDAM.

Environmental factors controlling seasonal and spatial variability of zooplankton in thermokarst lakes along a permafrost gradient of Western Siberia

Humic thermokarst lakes of permafrost peatlands in Western Siberia Lowland (WSL) are major environmental controllers of carbon and nutrient storage in inland waters and greenhouse gases emissions to the atmosphere in the subarctic. In contrast to sizable former research devoted to hydrochemical and hydrobiological (phytoplankton) composition, zooplankton communities of these thermokarst lakes and thaw ponds remain poorly understood, especially along the latitudinal gradient, which is a perfect predictor of permafrost zones. To fill this gap, 69 thermokarst lakes of the WSL were sampled using unprecedented spatial coverage, from continuous to sporadic permafrost zone, in order to assess zooplankton (Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera) diversity and abundance across three main open water physiological seasons (spring, summer and autumn). We aimed at assessing the relationship of environmental factors (water column hydrochemistry, nutrients, and phytoplankton parameters) with the abundance and diversity of zooplankton. A total of 74 zooplankton species and taxa were detected, with an average eight taxa per lake/pond. Species richness increased towards the north and reached the maximum in the continuous permafrost zone with 13 species found in this zone only. In contrast, the number of species per waterbody decreased towards the north, which was mainly associated with a decrease in the number of cladocerans. Abundance and diversity of specific zooplankton groups strongly varied across the seasons and permafrost zones. Among the main environmental controllers, Redundancy Analysis revealed that water temperature, lake area, depth, pH, Dissolved Inorganic and Organic Carbon and CO2 concentrations were closely related to zooplankton abundance. Cladocerans were positively related to water temperature during all seasons. Copepods were positively related to depth and lake water pH in all seasons. Rotifers were related to different factors in each season, but were most strongly associated with DOC, depth, CH4, phytoplankton and cladoceran abundance. Under climate warming scenario, considering water temperature increase and permafrost boundary shift northward, one can expect an increase in the diversity and abundance of cladocerans towards the north which can lead to partial disappearance of copepods, especially rare calanoid species.

Groundwater vulnerability zonation using Aplis and Foster method in The Ponorogo-Ngawi groundwater basin

In 2021, Ngawi district became the largest rice producer in East Java. Groundwater is the main water source used for irrigation purposes. Lack of management for developing necessary irrigation wells has resulted in uncontrolled groundwater use, potentially reducing groundwater quantity and quality. This study aims to analyze groundwater vulnerability zones. An assessment was conducted using the Aplis and Foster methods, and their parameter classes can be customized to match the conditions of the research area. The Aplis method considers five parameters: altitude (A), slope (P), lithology (L), infiltration (I), and soil (S). The Foster method considers four parameters: aquifer response characteristics (RA), aquifer storage characteristics (DS), aquifer thickness (s), and groundwater depth (h). The vulnerability values obtained using the Aplis method ranged from 30 to 131 and were divided into four classes: low, moderate, high, and very high. The Vulnerability values obtained using the Foster method ranged from 10 to 15 for the low and moderate classes. A non-technical approach through the strict application of permits and restrictions on groundwater usage is a basis for formulating policies related to groundwater management in the research area.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ИОННОГО СОСТАВА ЛАДОЖСКОГО ОЗЕРА

The sum of ions of the basic Lake Ladoga water mass has varied quite significantly from 55.6 to 71.6 mg/L over the past 60 years. In the present paper, separate periods of the mineralization growth are identified. It is shown that the change in the mineralization of Lake Ladoga has been always accompanied by a significant change in the ratio of basic ion concentrations. Any significant trends in the total mineralization of Lake Ladoga over the analyzed period have not been identified, but periods of the growth and decrease in the number of ions have been revealed. Until 1998, the periods of increased mineralization, as a rule, were accompanied by an increase in concentrations of SO42 and Cl, most likely coming from the catchment area due to industrial and household pollution. During 2009-2019, the mineralization was growing mainly due to an increase in the absolute and relative concentrations of HCO3. At the same time, the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the main water mass of the lake also was increasing (and, consequently, pH was decreasing). Thus, the changes in the bicarbonate ion concentration in the water of Lake Ladoga may be largely determined by an increase in its inflow from the catchment area, whose possible reason is the enhancement of the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks due to the increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in the water.

Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risks in the Pusur River, Klaten Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.

This research examines the condition of the water characteristics of the Pusur River to provide data regarding water quality status and risks to human health. In determining the water quality use the NSF-WQI, or National Sanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index based on the main water quality parameters, including temperature, fecal coliform, turbidity, pH, DO, COD, and nitrate. The WQI at the Sudimoro Village location is 37.50, Cokro is 43.54, Wangen is 39.51, Delanggu is 35.45, Juwiring is 38.05, and Taji Village is 34.92. From these six locations, the WQI values are all included in the bad criteria (scores of 26-50). The low WQI values at the six locations were influenced by the low values of the DO, nitrate, temperature, and fecal coliform sub-indices. This low value is related to anthropogenic activities in the region. Furthermore, the data were subjected to applications of the Chronic Daily Index (CDI) Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) to reveal possible non-carcinogenic health risks from nitrate and cadmium contaminants. The hazard quotient through exposure to ingestion from each sampling point includes low risk, namely the value range of 0.1 < HI < 1 for adults and children. Water from rivers must be adequately treated before being used for domestic purposes.

Estimating the water quality index based on interpretable machine learning models.

The water quality index (WQI) is an important tool for evaluating the water quality status of lakes. In this study, we used the WQI to evaluate the spatial water quality characteristics of Dianchi Lake. However, the WQI calculation is time-consuming, and machine learning models exhibit significant advantages in terms of timeliness and nonlinear data fitting. We used a machine learning model with optimized parameters to predict the WQI, and the light gradient boosting machine achieved good predictive performance. The machine learning model trained based on the entire Dianchi Lake water quality data achieved coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error, and mean absolute error values of 0.989, 0.228, and 0.298, respectively. In addition, we used the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method to interpret and analyse the machine learning model and identified the main water quality parameter that affects the WQI of Dianchi Lake as NH4+-N. Within the entire range of Dianchi Lake, the SHAP values of NH4+-N varied from -9 to 3. Thus, in future water environmental governance, it is necessary to focus on NH4+-N changes. These results can provide a reference for the treatment of lake water environments.

Resolved ALMA observations of water in the inner astronomical units of the HL Tau disk

The water molecule is a key ingredient in the formation of planetary systems, with the water snowline being a favourable location for the growth of massive planetary cores. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array data of the ringed protoplanetary disk orbiting the young star HL Tauri that show centrally peaked, bright emission arising from three distinct transitions of the main water isotopologue (H216O\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{16}{\\mathrm{O}}$$\\end{document}). The spatially and spectrally resolved water content probes gas in a thermal range down to the water sublimation temperature. Our analysis implies a stringent lower limit of 3.7 Earth oceans of water vapour available within the inner 17 astronomical units of the system. We show that our observations are limited to probing the water content in the atmosphere of the disk, due to the high dust column density and absorption, and indicate that the main water isotopologue is the best tracer to spatially resolve water vapour in protoplanetary disks.

The Relationship between the Wash, Morbidity, and Childhood Undernutrition among the Wogo, an Island Community in Western Niger

In Niger, diseases linked to poor WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) practices are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five.&#x0D; This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between WASH and morbidity and the nutritional status of children aged 0 to 59 months in the rural island commune of Wogo de Sinder, located in the Tillabéry region in the West. of Niger.&#x0D; This cross-sectional descriptive study involved a representative and random sample of mothers of children aged 0 to 59 months. A questionnaire was completed through a structured interview. The data were collected with ODK software and then analysed with SPSS and Epi Info version 7.2.&#x0D; A total of 250 mothers were enrolled. The study shows that most mothers surveyed used surface water (90%) for drinking water, while 10% used groundwater. Around 49.2% of mothers said that their home is on the banks of the river, compared to 36.8% who lived less than 30 minutes away. Their main water storage containers are jars and buckets, with 42.4% and 36.6%, respectively. Among the respondents, 40.4% did not practice any water treatment, 53.2% filtered the water with a cloth, and 6.4% treated the water with bleach. Only 21.6% of mothers washed their hands with soap after using the toilet or feeding the infant. About 72% of households did not have a latrine. Wasting, underweight and stunted growth affected 31.2%, 41.6%, and 43.2% of children whose mothers did not wash their hands with soap. Morbidity affected 35.2% of children whose mothers used surface water for drinking water.&#x0D; WASH knowledge and practices remain inadequate in the rural commune of Sinder and negatively affect the nutritional and health status of children under 5.

Ensemble projections of climate and streamflow in a typical basin of semi-arid steppes in Mongolian Plateau of 2021–2100

The Kherlen River is the main water source for Hulun Lake, the largest lake in northern China. Due to reduced inflow from the Kherlen River, Hulun Lake experienced rapid shrinkage at the beginning of the 21st century, posing a serious threat to the ecological security of northern China. However, there is still a significant lack of projections regarding future climate change and its hydrological response in the Kherlen River basin. This study analyzed the projected climate and streamflow changes in the Kherlen River basin, a vital yet vulnerable international semi-arid steppes type basin. A combination of multi-model ensemble projection techniques, and the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was employed to examine the spatio‒temporal changes in precipitation, temperature, streamflow, and the associated uncertainties in the basin. The temperature (an increase of 1.84–6.42 °C) and the precipitation (an increase of 15.0–46.0 mm) of Kherlen River basin are projected to increase by 2100, leading to a rise in streamflow (1.08–4.78 m3 s−1). The upstream of the Kherlen River exhibits remarkable increasing trends in precipitation, which has a dominant influence on streamflow of Kherlen River. Noteworthy increases in streamflow are observed in April, August, September, and October compared to the reference period (1971–2000). These findings suggest a partial alleviation of water scarcity in the Kherlen River, but also an increased likelihood of hydrological extreme events. The projected temperature increase in the Kherlen River basin exhibits the smallest uncertainty, while more pronounced uncertainties are found in precipitation and streamflow. The spread among the results of CMIP6 models is greater than that of CMIP5 models, with lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values for temperature, precipitation, and streamflow.

Environmental implications of three Pleurotus strain growths for water remediation in the perspective of climate change in New Egyptian Delta

Recently, the integrated different interdisciplinary studies derived the environmental solutions of the climate change impacts (e.g., cultivation, wastewater treatment, and managing groundwater resources) (Mesalhy et al. 2020, and Gobashy et al. 2021). Thus, this paper focused on the application of bioremediation to maximize the use of wastewater for new reclamation areas in the Northwest Egyptian desert (New Egyptian Delta (NED). In the NED project, the drainage water samples collected from Nile Delta drains will provide the main unconventional water resources for irrigation through the new Hammam canal. Therefore, three Pleurotus strains were grown moderately on two natural media, the first containing Salvia L. (sage) extract (MDA) and the second containing Thymus vulgaris L. (origanum thymus Kuntze, Thymus collinus Salisb) (TDA) extract replacing potato infusions in standard PDA. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacquin; Kummer) strain records the highest growth among the three tested fungi on modified media. PO records 4.49 and 4.41 cm on (MDA) and (TDA), respectively. There is a marked decrease in the majority of heavy metal concentrations on sterile drainage water amended with PD broth and inoculated with three tested Pleurotus strains individually. At the end of the incubation period, Pleurotus ostereatus which expressed in abbreviation (PO) are more efficient in the removal of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni by 53.15, 95.87, 58.47, and 85.07%; respectively. Pleurorotus pulmonarius (Fr.) which symbolized (PP) is more potent in the removal of Cd, Si, Sn, Sr, and V by 70.37, 56.59, 41.19, 52.78, and 96.24%; respectively. Pleurotus floridanus (NZOR) which indicated as (PF) is actively over the former species in the removal of Ba, Fe, and Mo by 87.84, 46.67, and 97.34%; respectively. Cu, Mn, Pb, As, and Se could not be detected as the control sample recorded measurements below 0.009 mg L−1. An unexpected increase in Zn among the different treatments was detected from 05.04 to 07.01%.

Hydrogen partitioning between stishovite and hydrous phase δ: implications for water cycle and distribution in the lower mantle

Water is transported into the deep mantle by subducting slabs, playing important roles in mantle dynamics and evolution. An aluminous hydrous mineral, phase δ with a main component of AlOOH, has been considered an important water carrier in the lower mantle. Recent studies reported that SiO2 stishovite can accommodate weight percent levels of water, indicating another important water carrier in the lower mantle. However, which mineral can mainly carry water is not clear yet. Recent hydrous phase relation studies reported that stishovite is depleted in alumina when coexisting with hydrous phase δ, in which water content of stishovite was not investigated. In this study, we investigated hydrogen partitioning between stishovite and hydrous phase δ at 24–28 GPa and 1000–1200 °C by means of Kawai-type multi-anvil press in combination with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy at ambient conditions on recovered samples. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of recovered stishovites showed that water contents of stishovite coexisting with hydrous phase δ were limited to up to ~ 500 ppm. This indicates that coexisting hydrous phase δ causes not only depletion in alumina but also in hydrogen in stishovite and therefore mainly transports water in a cold subducting slab. Once hydrous phase δ becomes thermally unstable, alumina and water contents in silica minerals are increased by the chemical reaction between SiO2 and AlOOH, and aluminous silica minerals such as stishovite and CaCl2-type phase will be a main water carrier in the lower mantle. Presence of small-scale seismic scatterers observed around 1900 km depth, which was considered to be caused by a transition from almost pure SiO2 stishovite to CaCl2-type phase, might also be able to be explained by the phase transition of stishovite coexisting with hydrous phase δ.