Main Transformer Research Articles

Ефективний логістичний менеджмент в умовах глобальних ризиків та трансформацій для України

The article analyzes the prerequisites and essence of the main radical transformations that have taken place in the global logistics, including due to the war in Ukraine. The list of leading countries in the world logistics is given and the key directions and priorities of their development are investigated. The experience of countries that have experienced destruction and recovery is studied. The geopolitical interests of countries within the framework of international infrastructure projects are analyzed, including possible interests of Ukraine. The key trends in world logistics are described within the framework of a global approach to determining the most effective ways to implement relevant projects. The author proposes to compile a list of such aspects of effective logistics management that can provide Ukraine with advantages in the medium term post-war recovery, instead of simply minimizing the negative consequences.

Preparation of Pinoresinol and Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol from Eucommiae Cortex Extract by Fermentation with Traditional Mucor.

Eucommiae Cortex (EC) is frequently used alone or in combination with other active ingredients to treat a range of illnesses. An efficient technical instrument for changing cheap or plentiful organic chemicals into rare or costly counterparts is biotransformation. It combines EC with biotransformation techniques with the aim of producing some novel active ingredients, using different strains of bacteria that were introduced to biotransform EC in an aseptic environment. The high-quality strains were screened for identification after the fermentation broth was found using HPLC, and the primary unidentified chemicals were separated and purified in order to be structurally identified. Strain 1 was identified as Aspergillus niger and strain 2 as Actinomucor elegans; the main transformation product A was identified as pinoresinol (Pin) and B as dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DA). The biotransformation of EC utilizing Aspergillus niger and Actinomucor elegans is reported for the first time in this study's conclusion, resulting in the production of Pin and DA.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC EDITION “RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY”

Background. Russian scientific journals joined the international market of scientific publications quite late, which actualises the development of a strategy for entering this market and complicates the realisation of the strategy as such in the environment of tough competition on the part of experienced and stable players thereof. Purpose. The purpose is to elaborate a strategy for the development of the “Russian Journal of Education and Psychology” for its introduction to the international market. Materials and methods. The research sources are represented by statutory acts, statistical materials and results of the author’s empirical research. The research is based on the systemic approach; the strategy of the journal is based on the ideas of the positioning school; the main method of business planning is economic analysis. Results. The growth of competition in the domestic market, along with the gradual approximation of the Russian scientific journals evaluation system to the global practice and the universal quality criteria, proved to be the conditions inspiring the change in the strategy of the scientific edition “Russian Journal of Education and Psychology”. The detailed analysis of the internal and external environment of the journal made it possible to form a self-contained range of strategic alternatives among which the entry to the international market was the most appropriate way to meet the objectives of the publishing house and the interests of the proprietor (who is also the project customer). Securing the journal’s work in accordance with the requirements of the international scientometric databases, for its inclusion in the Scopus and (or) Web of Science, became a new strategic goal of the journal. The new goal changed the concept and mission of the journal with regard to the customer’s wish to preserve the edition’s traditional values. Changes in marketing and peer reviewing were identified as the main transformation areas for which new functional strategies were developed. The overall project plan envisages the solution of other targets as well, but it is the tasks connected with the journal distribution and the change in the work of the editorial board and in the business aspects of reviewing that became extremely significant in terms of their timing and involved financial costs. The project team comprising current employees is supposed to cope with possible risks with respect to project completion time, while the financial resources of the publishing house will allow it to overcome the financial risks of the project without any assistance. Even in case of failure to achieve the strategic goal, due to its high risk, the journal’s key performance indicators will be improved through the increased share of high-quality articles; by optimising and tightening the review process, active promotion of the journal in the national and foreign markets; by attracting a numerous audience (authors, readers) and expanding the number and diversity of stakeholders.

UHV AC/DC power grid geomagnetically induced currents harmonic characteristics analysis

The power grid’s geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms, are associated with a broad and abrupt harmonic impact, with the potential for grid paralysis and extensive power outages in severe scenarios. Therefore, the harmonic characteristics of geomagnetically induced currents in China’s ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC/DC power grid are analyzed in this paper. Firstly, a harmonic equivalent model of transformer GIC is established, and the injection of harmonics into the UHV AC/DC power grid during GIC events is quantified.Secondly, a harmonic state-space model is established by combining the 12-pulse converter switching function theory with the exponential Fourier series. The harmonic transmission and dynamic coupling characteristics of GIC in the UHV AC/DC power grid are analyzed using the harmonic equivalent model of the main transformer GIC and the harmonic equivalent model of the converter transformer GIC. Finally, a harmonic simulation model of the UHV AC/DC power grid under GIC is constructed using PSCAD, and the distribution of harmonics in the UHV AC/DC power grid under GIC is calculated. The calculations indicate that with 30 A injected GIC in the sending end transformers, the 2nd harmonic current on the sending end network side alone is 61.45 A, and the 3rd harmonic voltage on the valve side is 8.57 kV. The characteristics of harmonic transmission in the power grid result in a 2nd harmonic current of 34.87 A on the receiving end network side. Simultaneously, the total harmonic distortion of the AC power grid at the sending end is 2.35 %, surpassing the permissible limit established by the national standard. Consequently, this issue should be prioritized by the relevant power authorities.

Identification of ∼200 transformation products of polyhalogenated compounds to characterize their transformation pathways in sludges

Sewage sludge adsorbs a large amount of harmful organic pollutants, particularly the persistent and hydrophobic polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs). PHCs have been subjected to biological and chemical oxidation treatments during wastewater treatment processes; however, the species and concentrations of their transformation products (TPs) in sludge remain unknown, and the transformation pathways are unclear. In this study, 234 TPs of PHCs, including 77 TPs of chlorinated paraffins (CPs-TPs), 102 TPs of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs-TPs), 45 TPs of dechlorane plus (DPs-TPs), and 10 TPs of brominated flame retardants (BFRs-TPs), were identified in sludge through Ph4PCl-enhanced ionization coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–Orbitrap–mass spectrometry. Based on the chemical structures of the identified TPs, we identified three major transformation pathways: dehalogenation-hydroxylation, carbon chain decomposition, and desulfurization. Approximately 97 TPs were newly discovered through the pathways. Carbon chain decomposition products of OCPs and DPs were detected for the first time at relatively high abundances. More hydroxylation products of DPs and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and multi-dehalogenation products of heptachlor, toxaphene, DPs and HBCDs were detected at relative intensities higher than those of the known TPs. The oxidation treatment of sludge achieved up to 13 %–94 % of PHCs to be removed, with dehalogenation-hydroxylation as the main transformation pathway. Advanced treatment technologies are needed for degradation of both PHCs and their TPs.

Relationships between morphological facies and the evolutionary processes of petroplinthites in the Southern Espinhaço Range (SE-Brazil)

Morphological facies of petroplinthites describe how soil components such as the soil matrix, nodules, pores, and coatings relate to each other in space. French scientists have extensively used such descriptions to interpret evolutionary processes and stages of petroplinthites (laterites, ferruginous duricrusts, ironstones) in Central and Western Africa. However, there has been little progress using the interpretation of petroplinthite facies in other parts of the world. This study explores the protocol in Brazilian petroplinthites with the aim of defining processes and identifying evolutionary stages based on analysis of the morphological differences in the petroplinthites from a pedogenetic perspective. The studies were concentrated in the Southern Espinhaço Range, southeast Brazil, and covered Petric or Pisoplinthic Plinthosol (Petroferric Oxisols) profiles with a wide morphological variety of petroplinthites. Based on a literature review, the aim was to standardize concepts and define the different morphological facies, before applying them to the petroplinthites of the study area. Geochemical and mineralogical analyses were added to the description of the facies to interpret the main pedogenetic processes and evolutionary sequences among the profiles. As such, macro and micro morphological descriptions were carried out in association with geochemical maps using SEM-EDS, and specific mineralogical characterization was performed using an electronic microprobe to characterize the main morphological facies. XRD, XRF, and magnetic susceptibility analyses were used to interpret the main formation, transformation, and degradation processes of the petroplinthites. The integration of these analyses enabled the association of the morphological facies with the petroplinthite evolutionary processes. Thus, while lamellar facies are shown to be directly associated with saprolitization processes, nodular and massive facies generally represent intense lateritization. Protopisolithic facies are commonly associated with transformation processes, with goethite precipitation and re-cementation of the matrix, while pisolithic facies are formed through degradation processes with intense mineral dissolution. Recovering the protocol for associating macro and micro morphological facies with geochemistry and mineralogy enabled improved interpretation of the genesis of petroplinthites, with clearer and more objective identification of the evolutionary stages, as well as their relationship with the landscape and the hydrological systems and environmental conditions.

Web Application “Taxi Service Search System” as Processes Digitalisation Element оn the Taxi Market

Information technology and its use have become an important factor in the development of various sectors of the economy, science, education, and transport. The taxi market is one of the industries that has experienced a significant impact of digitalisation. The introduction of digital (information) technologies, the emergence of web applications for ordering transport, changes in consumer preferences, and increased competition have led to significant changes in this sector. The purpose of the article is to analyse and study the problems of developing software for a relevant web application (as an element of digitalisation of processes in the taxi market) and its use to optimise the business processes of a taxi service and increase the level of satisfaction (comfort) of customers who make an online taxi order and receive the corresponding transport service. The research methods of the study are the main methodological approaches and technological tools for developing web applications. These methods include, in particular: systemic and comparative analyses to identify the features of creating scalable and high-performance web applications; the method of expert assessments, which involves analysing literature and information resources, conducting interviews and surveys of experts, as well as the processes of developing and testing scalable and high-performance web applications. The novelty of the study is the analysis of modern technologies for developing platforms for supporting business processes in the taxi market, the results of which can be used to develop an in-house software product for supporting taxi services, which can become a full-fledged assistant to the user in obtaining the appropriate transport service for passenger or freight transportation. The conclusion of the study is to determine the impact of digitalisation on the taxi market. The paper analyses the state of the taxi market in Ukraine, reviews the main modes of operation of taxi services, and highlights the main transformations that the taxi market has undergone as a result of digitalisation and the use of relevant information technologies. The paper identifies the main success factors and problems of the taxi market in the context of digitalisation and proposes solutions to increase the competitiveness of taxi services, including, in particular: improving existing or developing new digital platforms for the provision of services by taxi services; adapting existing web services to changes in consumer preferences; adapting business processes of taxi services to changes in consumer preferences. The author’s web application “Taxi Service Search System” is described as an element of digitalisation of the taxi market. Further ways to improve the web application “Taxi Service Search System” are identified.

Leaching sources and mechanisms of different nitrogen species from bioretention systems

At present, nitrogen (N) leaching from bioretention systems (BRSs) has become a key issue, imposing constraints on their application, a consequence of N dynamics of both inflow and legacy N at different time scales. In this study, the distinct sources (IL: immediate leaching, FL: fast leaching, SL: slow leaching) and the principal transformation processes of different N species (i.e., NH4+, NO3− and DON) leaching originating from inflow and legacy of BRSs were firstly unveiled by various 15N species labeling (i.e., 15N-NH4+, 15N-NO3− and 15N-DON). Results indicate that: NH4+ leaching was primarily caused by FL from influent organic N and SL from influent NH4+, with mineralization being the main transformation process influencing NH4+ leaching; NO3− leaching primarily originated from SL, with the major proportion attributed to the influent organic N in SL, autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification were the main influencing factors; DON leaching primarily originated from SL, with similar proportions coming from influent organic N, NH4+, and NO3−, inorganic N assimilation was the principal transformation process affecting DON leaching. This study provides an effective framework for apportioning the leaching sources of different N species, providing valuable insights for the implementation of both inflow and legacy N leaching control measures.

Structural analysis applied to the tectonostratigraphic reconstruction of the Abadia dos Dourados Metavolcano-sedimentary Sequence, southern Brasília Orogen: Implications for the West Gondwana assemblage

Structural analysis is a valuable tool for organizing the stratigraphy of metamorphic terranes. It allows the reconstruction of pre-to sin-orogenic geological scenarios by unraveling the main transformations, such as distortion, rotation and translation, associated with the collisional process in orogenic belts. The Brasília Orogen, for example, encompasses a complex spectrum of lithological associations and structural patterns that are not well understood because this orogenic belt still has a limited coverage of detailed structural analysis work. The implications of this are problematic for the reconstruction of pre- and sin-collisional processes related to the evolution of western Gondwana. Therefore, this contribution focuses on the Abadia dos Dourados Metavolcano-sedimentary Sequence located between the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás, Brazil. The study includes a field-based structural investigation, including geologic mapping and structural analysis at various scales of observation. It was recognized that the Abadia dos Dourados Metavolcano-sedimentary Sequence comprises a bimodal volcanic association with metarhyolite, metabasalt, banded iron formation and tourmalinite, as well as metapelites and metapsamites from base to top. The data provide additional evidence for a rift-related or back-arc basin-related model for the origin of the Meso-to Neoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary sequences in the Brasília orogen. The structural framework indicates a northeast-southwest crustal shortening event associated with the collision of the Paranapanema and São Francisco-Congo crustal blocks. The event initially produced a large (about 10 km) northeast-verging recumbent fold nappe in the area, which caused a stratigraphic inversion of the metavolcanic-sedimentary sequence. The structure underwent progressive deformation, resulting in superposition patterns between folds, foliations, and intersection lineations. In addition, the structural framework suggests that the West Gondwana collage may be related to a progressive rather than a multiphase structural evolution in the southern Brasília Orogen.

Assessment of the financial and economic situation at Ukrainian enterprises during the war

The financial stability of the enterprise is the main criterion that indicates its financial condition and ensures successful functioning. With the beginning of the war, many Ukrainian enterprises became insolvent due to their own financial problems, illiquidity and circumstances that made it impossible to continue business. The paper analyzes the results of a survey of domestic business entities with regard to their expectations regarding the current financial situation. It is studied the share of enterprises operating at full and almost full capacity compared to the pre-war period. There are clarified the main challenges that domestic enterprises are exposed to during the war, in terms of industries. During the war, problems with electricity, water and heat supply interruptions and rising prices for raw materials shared the first place in the rating of business obstacles. Difficulties with the transportation of raw materials and goods in Ukraine were recognized as the third most significant problem. Labor safety ranks fourth in the rating. Disruption of supply chains ranks fifth. There are summarized the main transformations that took place in the country's economy during the war and affected the financial stability of domestic enterprises. They are the following: enterprises revised their approaches to labor organization and the dimensions of production or service provision; in two-thirds of enterprises there was a reduction in personnel; half of the enterprises reviewed their customer base and/or suppliers; businesses began investing in business continuity (generators, communications) and security (relocation costs or employee safety). All of this complicates the financial condition of the business, because at the same time as income decreases, the items of forced expenses increase. From these positions, indicators of the assessment of the financial and economic situation and expectations in the future at Ukrainian enterprises are studied. As a result, there are systematized the directions of adaptation of domestic enterprises to support financial security in wartime, namely: attraction of direct and indirect financial investments, resumption of export of own products and participation in state and international financial aid programs.

INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE AS A CONDITION FOR PARTICIPATION IN EUROPEAN POLICIES

Introduction. The article highlights the essence of the main innovative transformations taking place in the legal system of Ukraine in the context of intensification of the European integration processes from the standpoint of general theoretical analysis. The author focuses on the interrelation between changes in the national legal system of Ukraine and the State's involvement in European policies. Summary of the main results of the study. It is found that deepening of Ukraine's participation in European policies depends on several basic organizational and legal factors: formation of a unique regulatory framework for the implementation of EU legal standards into the system of national legislation of Ukraine, institutional reforms in the system of public authorities, improvement of the contractual framework for the development and deepening of political relations between Ukraine and the united Europe. The author reveals the main clusters of EU law provisions which are currently most implemented in the legal system of Ukraine (customs, food security, veterinary and phytosanitary policy, consumer protection and healthcare, statistics, foreign relations, transport policy, freedom of entrepreneurship and provision of services, financial services, freedom of movement of goods). It is proved that formal and legal support for the "transfer" of many areas of public administration and life in Ukraine to EU standards contributes to the formation of new social practices of their implementation similar to the European ones (functioning of public services, law enforcement and public safety, education and science, health care, etc.) Conclusion. The author substantiates the conclusion that innovative changes in the national legal system of Ukraine determine the degree and depth of our country's participation in European policies. The gradual deepening of involvement of employees of the system of public authorities and local self-government, as well as citizens involved in other spheres of society in the main areas of the EU's functioning, creates a real basis for accelerating Ukraine's accession to the EU. Accordingly, a promising task of legal science is to substantiate the most effective ways of further implementation of legal standards for the regulation of public relations, which are recognised as model ones at the EU level.

The features of endometrial receptivity in women underwent in vitro fertilization procedure

The objective: to determine the endometrial receptivity markers in women who underwent the procedure of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Materials and methods. The study included 191 patients who applied to the reproductive department of Caspian International Hospital from 2020 to 2022 for an examination for infertility.The main group included 50 patients with infertility who underwent endometrial biopsy during the implantation window (7th–9th days after ovulation in the cycle preceding the IVF stage); the control group – 20 women who underwent treatment for male infertility with a positive program result.The patients underwent IVF according to the standard method. The following expression levels were determined: leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The percentage expression of area indices was estimated.Results. In the women of the main group absence of embryo transfer was in 5 (10%) cases, no pregnancy – 27 (54%) cases, presence of pregnancy – 23 (46%) cases, cycle disruption – 3 (6%) cases.According to the results of a histological examination in women of the control group, complete secretory transformation of the endometrium was determined in 85% of cases. In the main group complete secretory transformation of the endometrium was detected in 48%, defective secretory transformation – in 42%, morphological signs of endometrial changes corresponding to the average secretory phase of the cycle – in 10% of women.A significant decrease (p<0.001) in the expression of LIF in the histological structures (stroma) of the endometrium was revealed in the main study group compared to the control one. The most pronounced differences were observed in the expression level of TGF-β1 in the stroma (approximately 10-fold; p<0.001).Conclusions. Thus, infertile women who underwent IVF have multidirectional changes in endometrial receptivity markers: decrease in LIF expression in the stroma and epithelium, increase in VEGF expression in the stroma, and a significant increase in TGF-β1 expression in the stroma and epithelium. These changes indicate an abnormal functional state of the endometrium and affect the results of IVF in patients (absence of oocyte transfer and failure to conceive).

Arsenic redistribution associated with Fe(II)-induced jarosite transformation in the presence of polygalacturonic acid

Jarosite exists widely in acid-sulfate soil and acid mine drainage polluted areas and acts as an important host mineral for As(V). As a metastable Fe(III)-oxyhydoxysulfate mineral, its dissolution and transformation have a significant impact on the biogeochemical cycle of As. Under reducing conditions, the trajectory and degree of abiotic Fe(II)-induced jarosite transformation may be greatly influenced by coexisting dissolved organic matter (DOM), and in turn influencing the fate of As. Here, we explored the impact of polygalacturonic acid (PGA) (0–200 mg·L−1) on As(V)-coprecipitated jarosite transformation in the presence of Fe(II) (1 mM) at pH 5.5, and investigated the repartitioning of As between aqueous and solid phase. The results demonstrated that in the system without both PGA and Fe(II), jarosite gradually dissolved, and lepidocrocite was the main transformation product by 30 d; in Fe(II)-only system, lepidocrocite appeared by 1 d and also was the mainly final product; in PGA-only systems, PGA retarded jarosite dissolution and transformation, jarosite might be directly converted into goethite; in Fe(II)-PGA systems, the presence of PGA retarded Fe(II)-induced jarosite dissolution and transformation but did not alter the pathway of mineral transformation, the final product mainly still was lepidocrocite. The retarding effect on jarosite dissolution enhanced with the increase of PGA content. The impact of PGA on Fe(II)-induced jarosite transformation mainly was related to the complexation of carboxyl groups of PGA with Fe(II). The dissolution and transformation of jarosite drove pre-incorporated As transferred into the phosphate-extractable phase, the presence of PGA retarded jarosite dissolution and maintained pre-incorporated As stable in jarosite. The released As promoted by PGA was retarded again and almost no As was released into the solution by the end of reactions in all systems. In systems with Fe(II), no As(III) was detected and As(V) was still the dominant redox species.

Optimal operation of flexible interconnected distribution grids based on improved virtual synchronous control techniques

With distributed energy sources connected to the distribution grid on a large scale for distributed photovoltaic power randomness, this paper proposes a flexible interconnection system optimization operation strategy. First, the virtual synchronous control technology is improved to improve the DC bus voltage stability; second, it analyzes the system operation mode to judge the output logic of PV and storage units, takes DC bus power balance as the underlying logic, and puts forward the power coordination optimization strategy and fault power supply restoration strategy with full consideration of factors such as the load balance degree of the distribution station area, the economic operation of the main transformer, and the amount of power lost in the faulty station area. It also establishes a multi-objective optimization model to obtain the power commands of each port and achieves the power flexibility mutualization of the flexible interconnected system through the accurate regulation of the soft normally open point (SNOP). Finally, a simulation model of the flexible interconnection system is built using MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategy.

Environmental transformation and hazards of decachlorobiphenyl on suspended particles under sunlight irradiation

Decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209) can be widely detected in suspended particles and sediments due to its large hydrophobicity, and some of its transformation products may potentially threaten organisms through the food chain. Here we investigate the photochemical transformation of PCB-209 on suspended particles from the Yellow River. It was found that the suspended particles had an obvious shielding effect to largely inhibit the photodegradation of PCB-209. Meanwhile, the presence of inorganic ions (e.g. Mg2+ and NO3-) and organic matters (e.g. humic acid, HA) in the Yellow River water inhibited the reaction. The main transformation products of PCB-209 were lower-chlorinated and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs), and small amounts of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were also observed. The mechanisms of PCP formation by double •OH attacking carbon bridge and PCDFs formation by elimination reaction of ionic state OH-PCBs were proposed using theoretical calculations, which provided some new insights into the inter-transformations between persistent organic pollutants. In combination with VEGA and EPI Suite software, some intermediates such as PCDFs were more toxic to organisms than PCB-209. This study deepens the understanding of the transformation behavior of PCB-209 on suspended particles under sunlight.

Numerical simulation and optimisation design for ventilation and heat dissipation in high-temperature and high-load indoor substations

Under high-temperature and high-load operational conditions, inadequate ventilation and suboptimal cooling arrangements within indoor substations result in high oil temperatures, posing a threat to the secure and steady operation of transformers. In this paper, the ventilation and heat dissipation effect of a 110 kV indoor substation is studied by the computational fluid dynamics method. Initially, the three-dimensional simulation model of the main transformer chamber is constructed to mirror the actual substation structure. Subsequently, the impact of the upper outlet on ventilation and heat dissipation is explored. The results show that the proximity of the upper outlet to the fan on the side wall prompts the fan to draw air from the upper outlet, diminishing the air volume entering the lower intake outlet by 38.8 %. It proves detrimental to the transformer's heat dissipation efficiency. Lastly, with the upper outlet closed, the study delves into the impact of various configurations of intake and exhaust ports on optimizing ventilation and heat dissipation. A total of six cases of two scenarios for the air inlet location and three exhaust vent positions are explored. According to the simulation results, the optimal case of substation ventilation and heat dissipation is obtained by considering four evaluation parameters.

Evaluation of Distribution Transformer Placement Optimal Based on Load Balance

The distribution system is divided into primary and secondary distribution networks. The primary distribution network is the network from the main substation transformer (GI) to the distribution substation, while the secondary is the channel network from the distribution substation transformer to the consumer or load. The primary distribution network is better known as the medium voltage network (JTM 20kV) while the secondary distribution is the low voltage network (JTR 220/380V). The distribution network is the part of the electric power system that is closest to customers or loads compared to the transmission network. Currently, network electricity conditions throughout Indonesia are experiencing a decline of 5% which is due to various factors such as the medium-scale diameter of the conductors used, so at the farthest SR the value of overvoltage is 10%, the allowable voltage drop and must anticipate an increase in electrical load of 22.7 %, the placement of the transformer is not optimal and the distance the electrical energy travels from the transformer to the load is not paid enough attention so that the capacity of a transformer is not optimal and the voltage drop is also greater. Given these conditions, re-evaluation and planning is needed that takes into account planning criteria such as allowable voltage drops and continuity of electricity services so that optimization of the network used can emerge.

LOCALIZATION PECULIARITIES IN VIDEOGAME PLACE NAMES AND ANTHROPONYMS TRANSLATION

Place names and anthroponyms translation in fantasy videogames is important in the process of the game space localization and cultural adaptation. 500 place names and 500 anthroponyms and their translation into Russian are analyzed on the material of three fantasy videogames. The main translation transformations of place names include calquing, transliteration and transcribing. The most frequently used means of localizing anthroponyms in videogames include transliteration, transcribing and calquing. Both national and cultural peculiarities of the original proper name can be preserved in translation and cultural adaptation can be used for the better videogame space perception. Translation misrepresentations in transcribing and transliterating place names are analyzed, the main groups of anthroponyms translated by calquing are specified.

Research on the Prediction Method of Equipment Status in Power Transformation and Distribution Based on Grey Model

With the continuous increase in the demand for electricity in our country, the reliability requirements of the power distribution network are gradually increasing, and the difficulty of predicting the state of key equipment in the power distribution network is also increasing. In response to this issue, this paper proposes a typical reliability prediction model for key equipment in the power distribution network based on an unbiased grey correlation model. Firstly, a grey model is established to model the reliability of typical key equipment in the power distribution network, and to conduct reliability analysis and life prediction. Secondly, an unbiased grey model is introduced to avoid the problem of the grey model leading to less than ideal life prediction accuracy when the growth rate of the original data sequence is high. Finally, taking the No. 1 main transformer of the 220 kV Lanshan substation under the jurisdiction of Ningxia Shizuishan Power Supply Company as an example, the oil chromatography data is cleaned using the KNN interpolation method and input into the prediction model to analyze and predict the failure rate during actual operation. The results show that this model has certain advantages in terms of life prediction accuracy and calculation time, and can play an auxiliary role in the process of predicting the state of key equipment in the power distribution network.

Degradation mechanisms of antibiotics in UV222/H2O2 and UV222/persulfate systems: Dual roles of inorganic anions

Advanced oxidation processes based on KrCl* excimer lamps (UV222-AOPs) have recently received widespread attention in water treatment due to their high radical yields. In this investigation, the degradation of two typical antibiotics, florfenicol (FLO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), by UV222 and its combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or persulfate (PDS) were studied, respectively. The dual effects of inorganic anions on the degradation performance of UV222/UV222-AOPs were determined. It was found that NO3– significantly enhanced the photolysis of CIP, and the degradation rate constants increased from 1.03 × 10-4 mJ−1 cm2 (without NO3–) to 2.56 × 10-4 mJ−1 cm2 (with 1 mM NO3–). However, NO3– markedly inhibited the photolysis of FLO, leading to a decrease in the degradation rate constants from 1.18 × 10-3 mJ−1 cm2 (without NO3–) to 5.27 × 10-4 mJ−1 cm2 (with 1 mM NO3–). HCO3– was found to have a certain promoting effect on the photolysis of FLO and CIP, and SO42- has a negligible effect on the photolysis of both antibiotics. The above three inorganic ions decelerated the degradation of CIP and FLO in UV222-AOP, where NO3– exerted the most inhibition. Through LC-MS analysis and ECOSAR model, the main transformation products were individually determined and evaluated for toxicity. In addition, the performance of UV222-AOPs and UV254-AOPs in reclaimed wastewater (RWW) treatment were compared, and the steady-state concentration of radicals was measured. This study provided novel insight into the application of UV222-AOPs in RWW treatment.