Main Technical Characteristics Research Articles

Analysis of thermotechnical characteristics of the thermoelectric film heating system

Modern world trends in increasing the energy efficiency of heat supply systems, in particular, are aimed at decentralizing the supply of heat to consumers, and also involve the use of low-temperature heating systems. The Institute of Technical Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine together with the specialists of the Department of Thermal and Alternative Energy of the National Technical University of Ukraine “Ihor Sikorskyi Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” carried out scientific research and analysis of the main thermal characteristics of the electrothermal film heating system (model ZHDM-WM-220-180 /225/270) and accessories for it manufactured by ZHONGHUI (HEILONGJIANG) UNDERGROUND HEATING CORPORATION (People's Republic of China). The results of the study of the main thermal technical characteristics of the thermoelectrical film heating system are given. The analysis of the design of the heat-dissipating mat showed relatively high reliability of its components and acceptable operational characteristics for various objects of the housing and communal economy.

A goniometric measurement system for reflection, diffusion, and transmission characterization in the VUV range

The characterization in the Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) range of reflection, diffusion and transmission of mechanical components plays a crucial role in understanding and optimizing the performance of particle detectors exploiting the scintillation light coming from liquefied noble gases. To this purpose a goniometric measurement system has been realized. In this presentation, the main technical characteristics and performances of the system are shown together with results coming from preliminary tests on different materials. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.

Вимоги до вибору значень параметрів радарів із синтезованою апертурою на базі малих космічних апаратів дистанційного зондування Землі

Present-day small satellites for Earth remote sensing have found wide practical application in solving different problems in the socio-economic and defense areas. The use of small satellites is justified as a basis for the formation both of large constellations and constellations of several spacecraft or single spacecraft with the aim to reduce the cost of Earth remote sensing information. The miniaturization of electron components and the latest technological advances have made radar systems compatible with small satellites. The goal of this paper is to present, based on small satellites, expressions for calculating the key parameters of radar systems and their analysis and to calculate possible values of the parameters considered. Possibilities in principle of using synthetic aperture radars (SARs) are considered. The paper presents an overview of Internet sources that give broad information on the recent trends, technologies, and use SAR-equipped satellites. Particular attention is paid to the development of mini- and microspacecraft with X-band SARs operating, in particular, in the stripmap and spotlight modes. The key parameters that have an effect on the SAR possibility of producing high-quality images are presented. By the example of the ICEYE constellation of small satellites, important technical characteristics and parameters of modern radar systems equipped with an active phased array antenna are presented. A model of SAR imaging in the stripmap mode is considered. In the approximation of a rectangular antenna aperture, expressions are given to estimate the slant and the horizontal range resolution and the azimuthal resolution. The available range of the small-satellite SAR pulse repetition frequency is estimated. Relationships between the maximum swath width and the minimum SAR pulse repetition frequency are presented. Expressions are given to estimate the antenna dimensions, the SAR sensitivity, and the signal-to-noise ratio. The presented expressions allow one to analyze the effect of the main technical characteristics and parameters of minisatellite SARs on the design and power characteristics of small satellites and the orbit parameters. The obtained results make it possible to develop recommendations on the design of imaging equipment for home low-orbit satellites and their constellations.

Development of a model of the information and analytical system for making decisions on detecting failures of information transmission channels

The object of the research is the channels of information transmission during the control of the information-analytical decision-making system. The development of high technologies and computing capabilities ensures the evolutionary development of smart technologies and socio-cyber-physical systems on the one hand. On the other hand, it forms the integration of targeted (mixed) attacks with the possibility of integration with social engineering methods. In addition, mobile technologies significantly increase the possibilities of data transmission speed. However, this only provides the authentication service, which does not provide a full range of security services. Under such conditions, an urgent task at the decision-making stage is the use of auxiliary systems that ensure the adequacy of decisions and the promptness of their adoption. The proposed mathematical model of the information and analytical system allows to calculate the main technical characteristics of information transmission channels and identify their possible failures. The use of an information and analytical system simplifies the decision-making process, allows to increase the reliability of such decisions due to an increase in the level of automation. Increasing the level of automation in the decision-making process removes subjective factors and the decision depends on the availability of information. Therefore, the reliability of the information transmission channels of the information and analytical system significantly affects the quality of the decisions made. The developed model allows to ensure the required level of reliability of information transmission channels. The obtained results are explained by determining the dependence between the parameters of the information and analytical system and their influence on the quality of information transmission through channels. The results of the study can be used in practice when considering systems with a limited number of states during operation

Development of a microfurnace dedicated to in situ scanning electron microscope observation up to 1300 °C. I. Concept, fabrication, and validation.

The development of a new heating system dedicated to in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) experimentation at high temperatures is reported. This system, called FurnaSEM, is a compact microfurnace, enabling heat treatments up to 1300 °C. The choice of materials for the microfurnace is explained. The design of the microfurnace is optimized by iterations of numerical simulations, and the thermal characteristics of the microfurnace are calculated numerically. The numerical results obtained are compared with the thermal characteristics of a manufactured microfurnace, measured on a specially developed dedicated test bench. This test bench includes a working chamber simulating a SEM chamber equipped with a thermal camera. The results obtained during various qualification tests enabled us to determine the main technical characteristics of the FurnaSEM microfurnace: temperature profiles on the sample support surface, energy consumption at high temperatures, and the range of achievable thermal cycles.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE PRODUCTION OF BIOCHAR AND SOLID FUEL BASED ON BIOCAL

Useful disposal of industrial waste and biomass remains is increasingly relevant for Ukrainian enterprises. The purpose of this article is to find additional opportunities for the production of products with greater added value by processing waste and biomass residues to biochar. World prices for biochar are quite high, much higher than for the use of biocoals as fuel, and are around 800 EUR/t, maximum up to 1,800 EUR/t. The main technical characteristics and price offers of equipment for the production of biochar from nine manufacturers from China, Germany, Finland, Norway and the Netherlands were analyzed. The results of feasibility study of the biochar production from sunflower husks on a technological line with an input productivity of 5 t/h for one of the Ukrainian vegetable oils production plants are presented. As the main equipment, a drum-type pyrolyzer heated by synthesis gas, formed during the thermochemical decomposition of biomass, was considered. Byproducts of production are also bioacetic acid and tar oil. The financial indicators in the case of biochar export are attractive enough for implementation. The estimated simple payback period when using granulated husk was about 4 years at a price of biochar of 650 EUR/t and less than one year at a price of 800 EUR/t. When using non-granulated husk, the simple payback period was about 3 years, even at the price of biochar of 450 EUR/t. Possible risks for implementation are the uncertainty regarding market demand and sales opportunities for biochar, quality requirements and the ability of the considered equipment to provide them, insufficient information regarding biochar yield from various biomass, as well as the lack of experience. Enterprises interested in the implementation of such a project are recommended to conduct trial processing of a batch of their raw materials on similar equipment in advance, to determine the share of biochar yield and its quality characteristics, to search for potential buyers to discuss quality requirements and possible prices.

Investigation of the Performance of Various Low-Cost Radon Monitors under Variable Environmental Conditions.

A comparison of low-cost radon monitors was conducted at the Laboratory of Natural Radiation (LNR). The monitors we evaluated were EcoQube, RadonEye, RadonEye Plus2, Spirit, ViewPlus, ViewRadon and WavePlus. An AlphaGUARD monitor calibrated at the Laboratory of Environmental Radioactivity of the University of Cantabria (LaRUC), accredited for testing and calibration according to ISO/IEC 17025, provided the reference value of radon concentration. The temporal stability of the monitors was studied, obtaining a percentage of missing records ranged from 1% to 19% of the data. The main technical characteristics studied were temporal stability, measurement ranges, accuracy, correlation and response time. The main results show that the measurement ranges align with those specified by their manufacturers, with percentage differences with respect to the reference monitor of between 5% and 16%. The diversity found for response time is remarkable, with values ranging from 1 to 15 h, with Pearson correlation factors between 0.63 and 0.90.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR OPERATION IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL NETWORKS

Abstract. The article substantiates the expediency of developing an energy storage system for modern industrial electrical networks, which involves the use of electrochemical storage systems. The advantages of such a storage system are the possibility of their production by manufacturers located in Ukraine, which will also provide competition to global manufacturers of storage products, provide levers for the development of the domestic economy, and reduce the cost of introducing such energy storage systems into electrical networks. The article presents the results of the development of an electrochemical energy storage device for power supply to consumers of industrial electrical networks, which are used for enterprises and are carried out using central step-down substations and several workshop transformer substations. The analysis of the requirements for power supply to consumers of an industrial enterprise allowed to formulate the main technical characteristics of the energy storage system to ensure reliable operation of the enterprise in case of disruption of the centralised power supply. The type and main components of the storage system are substantiated, the main parameters of the energy storage system are calculated, and its dimensions are determined. An analysis of the functioning of the studied electrical network of an industrial enterprise in typical steady-state operation modes using the developed electrochemical energy storage system is carried out. It is proved that the application of the developed electric energy storage system will increase the reliability of power supply to consumers, ensuring the supply of electric energy for the technological process of the enterprise during the work shift, which is a very important measure in the conditions of power supply disruption under martial law and emergency situations. It is also promising to use the proposed electric energy storage system in combination with distributed generation sources, which are quite common for the industrial electrical networks under investigation.

Стабилизация характеристик регенераторов

The article relates to the field of research of the physics of the transition of the amplifier from the aggregate state of amplification to the aggregate state of generation. The aim of the study is to find the possibility of controlling the process of transition from one state of aggregation to another, to implement a stable retention of the device at a given point. The latter will make it possible to implement the construction of stable regenerators. A theoretical conclusion is obtained about the possibility of stable signal regeneration, for which the stabilization coefficient of negative feedback on a constant, zero component should be greater than the regeneration coefficient or gain in gain due to positive feedback at the maximum gain frequency, and for a resonant amplifier – at a resonant frequency. The information confirming the theoretical conclusions and conditions on the example of some technical solutions and implementations of practical devices is given. The multiple technical advantages of stable regenerators over traditional amplifying devices are demonstrated, including resistance to excitation of parasitic generation in a wide dynamic range and temperature range. This is explained by the fact that a stable regenerator cannot be excited twice, a stable excitation is a normal state of aggregation of the regeneration of the input signal. There is also a significant increase in sensitivity and, accordingly, a decrease in intrinsic noise by 9-10 orders of magnitude, an improvement in the width of the linear dynamic range by 8-9 orders of magnitude. An improvement in the amplified frequency bandwidth is demonstrated, not only in the area of minimization, but also in the region of significant expansion, more than an order of magnitude, relative to the maximum achievable for specific samples of the amplifying element, the transistor. The fact that the dependence of the regeneration coefficient and the quality factor of the LC circuit is a special case, only for LC regenerators, is shown and explained. The presented broadband regenerators use strip valves or broadband transformers without an LC circuit and have a regeneration coefficient, which does not contradict the theory and is useful in practice. Multiple improvements are predicted in the construction of systems and devices for low-power signals, as well as an improvement by several orders of magnitude of the main technical characteristics of communication and location systems, measuring systems and devices.

Principle of signal-to-noise ratio direct measurement

The sensitivity of radio receivers and other systems used in all fields of practical applications of electronics is carried out at certain signal-to-noise ratio value. Examples of systems, for which this ratio is one of the important qualitative indicators, are given. The aim of the investigation is to solve the actual problem of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in a wide range of frequencies, simplify instruments and improve their technical and metrological parameters. A principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement has been proposed, its theoretical foundation has been given. Precise relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the parameters of noise amplitude, phase and frequency modulation has been established, thus modulation meters can measure signal-to-noise ratio. There are three options for implementing the developed measurement principle. All of them use one existing industrial modulation meter and provide direct signal-to-noise ratio. For two options there are no restrictions on the origin and type of noise, it may be arbitrary. A pilot test of the measurement principle was conducted, and three implementation options were actually tested. Their discrepancies with the original data of the signal and noise generator lie within error limits of the instrumentation of the former. Mathematical modeling of the principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in Mathcad software package was also carried out. Recommendations on the use of the principle are given. The fundamental advantages of the developed principle consist of simple implementation by a single industrial instrument and solving the problem of metrological ensuring of signal-to-noise measuring instruments using the existing state verification plans. The main technical and metrological characteristics obtained by using the principle are determined by parameters of existing modulation meters and are proven to be high, the frequency range is till 26,5 GHz and the measurement error is as low as 8 %.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE DRILLING MACHINE WITH STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

The purpose of the article is to consider the method of structural organization of hydropneumatic units and its practical application. The synthesis of control devices of hydraulic and pneumatic units is an actual question, since at this stage the main technical characteristics affecting quality and functioning are formed. A significant element is the chosen structural organization, since the rationality of its structure affects not only speed, ease of operation and rationality of the scheme itself but also standardization and ease of device creation. Thanks to the definition of the structural organization of hydropneumatic units, namely its elements and the interaction between them in a discrete-analog system, an example of the construction of a hydropneumatic system of a drilling machine was considered. In the article, the main components of the structural organization are considered, a scheme is built, based on which, when designing a hydropneumatic unit, it is realistic to reduce the number of memory elements and logical elements. The sets and subsets of this structure are considered, the input and output signals of the hydropneumatic unit are determined. The memory block and its control unit are considered. Coincidence blocks and inclusion division blocks are considered. The scheme of the drilling machine is presented and its description is made with the indication of the element base. The beginning of the operation of this scheme is described and the operation graph for technological transitions within it is constructed. A table of inclusions for the scheme is built, which contains information about the current positions of executive devices and their operating mode, its current state, as well as about the interaction of input and output devices. The definition of the concept of the graph is provided. CPRs were constructed for transition states, taking into account the signals that move the system to the next state and the signals acting inside the transition. The respective systems of linear equations were minimized. The place of logical controllers in this structural organization is considered.

Mechanical circulatory support devices for patients with small anthropometric indicators

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, designed specifically for patients with small anthropometric parameters, are now emerging. A detailed systematic literature review of existing systems for long-term circulatory support in this patient cohort was conducted. Circulatory support devices and their main technical and biological characteristics were studied in detail. Despite significant scientific and technological progress, there is still no technology for creating an assist pump to support patients with small body surface area (BSA), given the wide range of patient sizes, increased cardiovascular demand due to growth, as well as anatomical and physiological heterogeneity of congenital heart disease.

Technical parameters analyses of different types of impact-vibration soil compacting machines

Introduction. Impact-vibration machines, which perform soil compaction with periodic removal of the working body from the ground, are the most common for mechanization of soil compaction in road construction: self-propelled non-reversible and reversible vibratory plates, vibratory rammers, mounted excavator vibratory plates, trench vibratory rollers and soil vibratory rollers. It is necessary to analyze the main technical characteristics of impactvibration machines of different types in order to assess the possibility of developing a mathematical model of soil compaction, combining several types of impact-vibration machines at once.Materials and methods. The technical characteristics of different types of impact-vibration machines for the analysis: 342 models of non-reversible self-propelled vibratory plates; 312 models of reversible self-propelled vibratory plates; 311 models of vibratory ground rollers; 63 models of mounted vibratory plates for excavators; 24 models of vibratory rammers and 21 models of trench vibratory rollers are used. The machine mass (for vibratory plates of different types) or the mass per compaction module (for vibratory rollers of different types) was taken as a main parameter.Results. The graphical dependencies have been obtained. They illustrate that for the given types of shock-vibration machines the excitation force, relative excitation force and oscillation frequency are located on mutually contiguous and continuing parts of curves. This is a common pattern: as the mass of the machine increases, the excitation force increases, but the relative excitation force and frequency of oscillation decrease. Vibratory rammers are out of this general pattern, because at comparable weight they have significantly lower frequency of oscillation (9...12 Hz) and high amplitude (50...75 mm). Also, the mounted excavator vibratory plates stand out from the general pattern, having a smaller range of vibration frequencies for machines of similar weight, moreover, they perform soil compaction positionally, and not in the process of movement at a certain speed, as other impact-vibration machines.Discussion and conclusions. The common pattern of changes in the main technical characteristics of selfpropelled non-reversible and reversible vibratory plates, trench rollers and soil vibratory rollers at close nominal amplitude of their vibrations gives grounds for the development of a unified theoretical description of the interaction of the working bodies of these types of machines with the compacted soil and a common method of calculating the influence of technical characteristics and operating modes of these machines on the results of soil compaction.

РОБОТ-ПОМОЩНИК ДЛЯ УДАЛЕНИЯ НАВОЗА В ФЕРМЕРСКИХ ХОЗЯЙСТВАХ

The robots’ use for manure cleaning on dairy cattle farms has several advantages. First of all, it allows to reduce physical stress on employees and work conditions improving. Robots can monotonous heavy tasks, such as manure collection, without the constant human involvement need performing. In addition, manure cleaning robots can be designed for optimal farm available space use making, as well as the environment negative impact minimizing. The cleaning robots’ technical equipment for dairy farms manure removal includes various sensors, cameras, navigation systems and other innovative solutions that allow them tasks with high accuracy and autonomy effectively to perform. However, it must be borne in mind that the robots introduction of on farms requires significant investments in development, acquisition and maintenance of such systems. Therefore, for this project successful implementation, it is necessary the economic feasibility and practical benefits’ assess of manure cleaning robots’ introduction to analyzing. Such robots will be similar to each other, that will their cost reduce, and their price directly affect the product’s profitability. Based on the analyzed information, the manure cleaning robots’ main technical characteristics with their advantages and disadvantages are revealed: the speed of robots is in the range between 6,2 and 10 m/min, productivity - is from 300 till 350 m2/h. The greatest interest for domestic production by manure cleaning robots using a scraper paired with a rotary-stator vacuum mechanism is represented. The data obtained as a study result can be used in manure cleaning robots new samples design, as well as by farmers when choosing a particular model on their farm purchasing.

Overview of Wind Parameter Radar Applications Around the World

Relying on the development of radio electronics and computer technology, a direction has emerged in radar meteorology related to the development of methods and means for remote measurement of the vertical wind profile in the atmosphere by determining the Doppler frequency shift of the reflected signal from meteorological irregularities. The article provides a brief overview of the use of wind parameter radars (profilers) that operate in the decimeter wavelength range (400–1700 MHz), since it is in this range that wind parameters are most fully determined under absolutely clear sky conditions. The distribution of profilers across countries and continents is considered, their main technical characteristics are given, and the current situation in the Russian Federation is described.

Supervised machine learning with regression for the IRT-T reactor cooling system

The purpose of this study is to create a machine learning model for the IRT-T reactor cooling system, which can estimate and predict the temperature difference in the secondary circuit. To do this, data was downloaded from the SCADA system, then an application was developed for converting and preprocessing this data. Then regression and classification models were constructed that evaluated the efficiency of the cooling system and its ability to predict changes in the temperature drop on heat exchangers. The main technical characteristics of the IRT-T reactor include a thermal power of 6 MW, the use of UO2 nuclear fuel in an aluminum matrix with an enrichment of 90.1%, a coolant in the form of desalinated water, tubular square-section fuel rods with external cooling, the fuel element shell material is SAV-1 alloy, and the use of five 5 IRT-1000 type heat exchangers with a total area of heat exchange of 1000 m2.

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 5G И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РАЗВИТИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОНИКИ

5G technology is a revolutionary step in the development of mobile networks, influencing various aspects of electronics. This article discusses the main technical characteristics and operating principles of 5G, their impact on the development of consumer and industrial electronics, as well as changes in infrastructure and communication links. Particular attention is paid to the new opportunities that 5G opens up in the Internet space, portable devices, industrial automation and much more. The technological challenges associated with the introduction of 5G and the prospects for further development of communication technologies are also discussed. The article is received for the attention of engineers and specialists in the field of telecommunications and electronics.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩЕЙ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ СХЕМЫ АККУМУЛЯЦИОННОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ДЛЯ НАГРЕВА ВОДЫ НА ФЕРМАХ КРС

Analysis of electric energy consumption on cattle farms has shown that hot water supply is one of the energy-intensive technological processes on such farms. In order to save energy resources when heating water, a functional scheme of an accumulator installation has been developed that allows heating water for watering cows and providing technological needs. The standard water temperature for drinking is 12-15 degrees Celsius, for technological needs - 55-65 degrees Celsius. (Research purpose) The research purpose is substantiating and developing a functional scheme of an energy-saving installation for heating water using solar radiation for technological needs and thermal energy of ventilation air removed from the premises for watering cows on cattle farms. (Materials and methods) Applied patent search on the websites of Rospatent and Yandex.Patents. The analysis of analytical calculation dependencies was performed to determine the main technical characteristics of water heating installations for animal watering and technological purposes. (Results and discussion) A functional scheme of the hot water supply installation was proposed, including a water heater for technological needs using solar radiation energy and a water heater for animal watering using a thermoelectric heat pump and the heat of the ventilation air removed from the farm premises. (Conclusions) Developed a functional scheme of an accumulative water heating unit for watering cows and technological needs on cattle farms. It has been shown that the proposed scheme allows using the heat of the air removed from the premises and the renewable heat of solar radiation as alternative sources to traditional methods of heating water. The possibility of using low-potential thermal energy of the removed ventilation air for hot water supply of the animal watering system using a thermoelectric heat pump and heat pipes, as well as a solar collector for heating water for the technological needs of the farm, was investigated.

Design and usability evaluation of a web-based pitch control training app for transgender women.

Transgender people often experience dysphoria because the way their voice is perceived does not match their gender identity. Such dysphoria negatively affects mental health and quality of life, and is particularly an issue in trans women. Dysphoria can be reduced via gender-affirming voice and communication training provided by human experts, but the accessibility of such training is often limited. As a supplement or alternative to human-guided training, our team has thus developed an early prototype of voice training software for transfeminine users (i.e., trans women and nonbinary users who were assigned male at birth). The software is accessible via a web browser and provides three vocal pitch exercises together with real-time feedback about the user's pitch relative to a desired target pitch curve. This paper presents the main technical features and results of a single-session usability evaluation with 5 transfeminine participants. We further present future plans for expansion to other exercises and voice aspects (particularly resonance) as well as plans for clinical trials.

МЕТОДЫ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ КОЛИЧЕСТВА И СОСТАВА РЕМОНТНЫХ БРИГАД ПРИ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИИ ТЕХНИКИ

Energy resources (ES) that are part of the machine and tractor fleet, agricultural enterprise (Agricultural Enterprise), subject to intensive use, constantly need to maintain their working condition. The main problems of maintenance and repair of electrical systems and methods for solving them have been identified. A scheme for planning repairs at agricultural storage facilities has been determined. In conditions of limited time, medium and major repairs are proposed to be carried out by reassembly or by the aggregate-sectional method. It has been established that the main technical characteristics of the quality of repair bodies are the following indicators: the complexity of performing a certain type of repair on a given type of electrical system; repair cycle; repair intensity; working time fund. They are determined analytically and make it possible to evaluate the quality characteristics of repair bodies, determine the number and composition of repair teams at the enterprise, the list of repair work, etc. The norms for time expenditure (labor intensity) for performing each individual repair operation, which are also the norms for the production of repairmen, are determined in the process of repairing equipment by timing. When statistically processing the results of timing the time of repair work, the estimated norms of labor costs for individual types of work and the total costs of performing current, medium and major repairs for each type of electrical system are determined. Then the following is determined: lists of necessary equipment, instrumentation, equipment, tools and spare parts; technology of repair work; the required number of repair teams, workshops, workshops, sites, work areas and repair specialists; duration of the repair cycle; production standards for repair specialists; intensity of repairs; list of specialties, qualification level and productivity of each repairman. The implementation of theoretically based methods for determining the number and composition of repair teams when restoring power supply systems will expand the capabilities of the enterprise's repair bodies to restore equipment with faults of various types.