Main Tank Research Articles

Экспериментальная оценка температурного режима модельного резервуара с защитной стенкой типа "стакан в стакане" в условиях пожара

Introduction. The publication contains a description and results of a series of fire tests of a model of a "glass in a glass" oil product tank, obtained inter alia using the method of contact temperature measurement. The paper presents the formulation of the problem of experimental research, the conditions and methods for their implementation, a description of the instrumental base and the results obtained. The aims and goals. An experimental study is carried out to assess the effect of heat loads of a fire on the body of the protective wall in the event of a fire in the main tank as well as for further use of the obtained empirical dependences of the temperature of the body of the protective wall on the heating time for carrying out the verification procedure of the mathematical model for its adequacy to the investigated physical process. Methodology. Experimental research method, contact method of temperature measurement, observation, analysis, generalization. The results of the study. The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the basis of which empirical dependences were obtained for calculating the change in the temperature values of the protective wall model depending on the time of its heating. Fire tests made it possible to establish the general thermal state of the "main reservoir with oil product – protective wall" system. The contribution of the influence of different speeds of wind flows on the heating of the protective wall of the reservoir is determined. Conclusion. The data obtained in the experiments will be used for the numerical assessment of the stress-strain state of the steel shell of the tank protective wall in case of fire in the main tank, which is necessary for the design of fire-fighting systems for water sprinkling and foam fire extinguishing on the protective wall of the tank of the "glass in glass" type. Key words: protective wall, model, oil product, fire tests, fire, tank, stand, thermocouple, experiment.

Fault Prediction for Power Transformer Using Optical Spectrum of Transformer Oil and Data Mining Analysis

Periodic preventive maintenance of power transformer should be conducted for its health monitoring and early fault detection. Transformer oil is a vital element where its contents and properties need to be monitored during the service life of a power transformer. This paper presents an optical spectroscopy measurement from 200 nm to 3300 nm to characterize the transformer oil, which were sampled from the main tanks and ‘on-load tap changer’ of power transformers. The correlation of the optical characteristics in the range of 2120 nm to 2220 nm to the Dissolved Gas Analysis results and Duval Triangle interpretation demonstrates that the low energy electrical discharges, high energy electrical discharges as well as the thermal faults rated at temperatures above 700°C in power transformers can be accurately predicted. For faster and accurate analysis of fault prediction, a data mining analytics tool was constructed using Rapid Miner server to analyze and verify the predictions for a total of 108 oil samples. For the optimization, continuous iterations were performed to determine the best absorbance-wavelength combination that can improve the accuracy of the prediction. The performance of the optical spectroscopy technique integrated with data analytic tool was analyzed and it was found that the technique contributes to a high accuracy of 98.1% in fault prediction. It is a cost-effective and quicker complementing approach to carry out pre-screening of the transformer oil in order to know the condition of the power transformers based on the transformer oil’s optical characteristics.

Biological Assessment, Heamatological Study, and Environmental Detection of Eugenol

Eugenol is found in essential oils of many plants. It belongs to a class of naturally occurring phenolic monoterpenoids, chemically it is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. A study was conducted on the compound of Eugenol, which included different studies. The first study was the determination of eugenol in body fluid, which includes serum, saliva and urine has been found the highest concentration was in urine then serum and saliva. The second study was the hematological study. Complete blood count was accomplished on the volunteers alredy administrated with eugenol contained mouthwash the analysis was accomplished before and after the mouth wash use. The result observed a slightly negative results and was not that significant, which confirms the strict blood system to resist the toxicity of the compound or the fact that the time period of giving was short.The third study included a histological study on the effect of this compound on the tissues of the animal body by conducting experiments on albino male albino male mice. The side effects were found after 10 days of rat infusion, with yellow spots on the skin and hepatomegaly. The fourth study was the environmental analyses and the effect of this compound on the environment. The eugenol was stable and persistent in water and had found of 11 mg/L concentration in the main tank of wastewater for the dental hospital swage.

A Comparison of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Collector for Residential Water Heating and Space Heating System

Almost all single-family detached houses in Canada consume enormous electrical energy for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) purposes. There are many possibilities to design an energy-efficient house. A solar water heating system can be used for domestic water and space heating. Water temperature can be kept constant always by connecting a heat pump or oil burner to the main tank because solar energy is intermittent. The sizing of solar photovoltaic and collector, tank, heat pump are essential to design an effective system based on the system energy consumption. The existing house is just a conventional house where space and water heating are provided by the grid electricity only. In this research, two possible ways of thermal energy storage systems have been designed for a residential single-family house with solar collector and solar photovoltaic. It is proved that the proposed PV based energy storage system is highly suitable considering lower cost, high output power, flexibility, and easy installation.

Comparison of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Collector for Residential Water Heating and Space Heating System

Almost all single-family detached houses in Canada consume enormous electrical energy for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) purposes. There are many possibilities to design an energy-efficient house. A solar water heating system can be used for domestic water and space heating. Water temperature can be kept constant always by connecting a heat pump or oil burner to the main tank because solar energy is intermittent. The sizing of solar photovoltaic and collector, tank, heat pump are essential to design an effective system based on the system energy consumption. The existing house is just a conventional house where space and water heating are provided by the grid electricity only. In this research, two possible ways of thermal energy storage systems have been designed for a residential single-family house with solar collector and solar photovoltaic. It is proved that the proposed PV based energy storage system is highly suitable considering lower cost, high output power, flexibility, and easy installation.

ОСОБЕННОCТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ МАЙКОПСКОЙ СЕРИИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА

ОСОБЕННОCТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ МАЙКОПСКОЙ СЕРИИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА

Improvement of Final Settling Tanks Performance by Using Chemical Additions

Biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants WWTPs consists of two main tanks, aeration tank and final settling tank. Aeration process using in return activated sludge system is very costly and it is required to operate WWTPs with low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in aeration process without risking poor effluent quality. To apply this study, a plant model for the addition of chemicals must be made with the necessary calibration of this model. Laboratory experiments were started between November 2017 and June 2018. This paper will discuss the impact of DO concentration on sludge properties by using a pilot plant model WWTP and find the optimum doses of Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 concentration with using low DO concentration to achieve good sedimentation. In this study the DO set-point was changed every 3 weeks between 0.5 mg/l and 4.5 mg/l for a few months. Experiments were carried out to The optimal ratio and dosage of H2O2 /Fe+2 was 5 as 30/6 mg/l. BOD, COD, TSS and VSS removal efficiency by using H2O2 /Fe+2 were 91%, 89% 90% & 89%, respectively with DO = 1.5 mg/l at an increased rates were 21.3%, 25.4%, 20% & 12.7%, respectively. Results of paper proves that the addition of optimum H2O2 will save 2 mg/l of DO concentration and providing a high cost of using electricity and mechanical equipment compared to the non-use of H2O2.

ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА ТЕПЛОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ТЕПЛОИЗОЛЯЦИОННЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ МАГИСТРАЛЬНЫХ ТРУБОПРОВОДОВ

Актуальность. В магистральных трубопроводах для транспортировки, а также в резервуарах для хранения нефти и газа применяются теплозащитные покрытия из различных материалов. Теплозащита данных объектов неизбежно интенсивно подвергается воздействию различных климатических факторов, а в некоторых случаях механическим воздействиям, что приводит к деградации ее свойств. Разработка интеллектуальной информационно-измерительной системы с реконфигурируемой структурой для оперативного контроля состояния теплоизоляционных материалов, позволяющей расширить функциональные возможности существующих аналогичных систем и обеспечить требуемую точность измерений, является важной и актуальной. Цель: повысить точность определения коэффициента теплопроводности различных теплозащитных покрытий магистральных трубопроводов и резервуаров при их производстве и эксплуатации для предотвращения ухудшения свойств теплоизоляции под воздействием внешних влияющих факторов. Объекты: теплозащитные покрытия магистральных трубопроводов и резервуаров, используемых при транспортировке и хранении нефти и газа. Методы. Методологическую основу при решении поставленных задач проектирования интеллектуальной информационно-измерительной системы теплофизических свойств материалов составляют: теория измерительных систем, методы искусственного интеллекта, байесовский подход. Результаты. Разработана концептуальная модель проектирования интеллектуальной информационно-измерительной системы теплофизических свойств теплоизоляционных покрытий магистральных трубопроводов для транспортировки нефти и газа и резервуаров при хранении. В рамках концептуальной модели разработана методика определения измерительной ситуации в процессе теплофизических измерений на основе предварительной идентификации свойств исследуемого материала с использованием байесовского подхода к обработке выходных сигналов первичных измерительных преобразователей и структурных компонентов измерительного канала системы. Разработана модель процесса реконфигурирования и соответствующая структура интеллектуальной информационно-измерительной системы теплофизических свойств теплоизоляционных покрытий с целью повышения точности определения коэффициента теплопроводности теплоизоляционных материалов. Относительная погрешность измерения коэффициента теплопроводности с применением предложенной системы составляет не более 5 %.

Polarization analysis on the LET cold neutron spectrometer using a 3He spin-filter: first results

We report on the design and construction of a neutron polarization analyzer based on a 3He spin filter for the LET spectrometer at the ISIS facility. Its commissioning completes the uniaxial polarized mode of the instrument. Besides the 3He spin filter cell, the analyzer consists of a set of electromagnetic coils to provide a uniform magnetic field, and a collimator to eliminate background from the sample environment and analyzer infrastructure. The 3He cell is separated from the LET main tank vacuum by means of a gas tank, which permits rapid cell changeovers and guarantees safe operation. In addition to the analyzer hardware, software has been written to reduce and correct polarized data. The successful operation of the polarized mode was realized for the separation of coherent and incoherent dynamics in an organic solar cell polymer blend.

ITER Tokamak Cooling Water System Design Status

The tokamak cooling water system (TCWS) is the primary cooling system of the ITER tokamak machine, providing cooling water to the vacuum vessel and in-vacuum vessel components. In addition, it provides water and gas baking to its clients as well as drying them prior to maintenance activities. It is a Safety Important System that is subject to the French Order on Nuclear Pressure Equipment. The TCWS design has been modified significantly since the preliminary design. Such changes required the approval of the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN). The first main modification was to relocate the main equipment of the cooling loop for in-vessel components from level L4 to level L3 of the Tokamak Building in order to improve the overall building shielding capacities, and the second dealt with the ability of the TCWS to significantly reduce the mass and energy released in case of a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). This second improvement was required to allow a strong improvement of the vacuum vessel pressure suppression system (VVPSS), i.e., the system that prevents overpressure in the vacuum vessel in case of a LOCA. The green light for the two aforementioned modifications of the TCWS (together with the new VVPSS configuration) has been recently obtained from the ASN. Most recently, the three major subsystems of the TCWS needed for first plasma operations (to start the end of 2025) have passed the final design review process. The final design has been approved and procurement/manufacturing has started. In addition, the final design of all piping not functionally required for first plasma operation but nevertheless needed due to installation constraints has been reviewed and approved as well. A few kilometers of nuclear-grade piping have been delivered to the ITER Organization (IO) together with the main drain tanks of the system. All the other components are expected to be received on site starting May 2021. This paper gives a detailed description and status of the main TCWS subsystems needed for first plasma either because they are functionally required or because of installation constraints. The major modifications highlighted above as well as all the improvements accomplished in the final design are also detailed, together with a status on procurement and construction activities.

Soft computing applications in the field of industrial and environmental enterprises

Soft computing applications in the field of industrial and environmental enterprises

Assessment of Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water from Source to Household Tap Connection in Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation has been very low and hence majority of the communicable diseases are associated with unsafe and inadequate water supply. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of water from sources to household connection in Nekemte town. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to March 2016. Water samples were collected in triplicates from selected 30 sampling points from source, disinfection point, main distribution system tank, and household taps. All samples were analysed for bacteriological, chemical, and physical quality parameters using standard procedures. The results showed that temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved substances, and electrical conductivity of the water samples were varied between 16.9 and 22°C, 6.8–7.0, nil-12 NTU, 50–70 mg/l, and 40–46 µS/cm, respectively. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations of the water samples also ranged between 0.65 and 1 mg/l and 2.2–6.5 mg/l, respectively. Free residual chlorine concentration in the majority of the water samples was less than 0.5 mg/l. All samples were positive for total coliform with counts ranging from 12 to 120 CFU/100 ml, whereas faecal coliforms were detected in only 37% of tap water samples. In general, the majority of the tested parameters were within the permissible range of both the WHO and Ethiopian drinking water standards. However, Fe, Mn, faecal coliforms, total coliforms, and temperature did not conform to both WHO and Ethiopian drinking water standards. Based on the results, we can conclude that water quality deterioration was both at the sources and in the supply networks. Hence, proper drainage, sewage disposal systems, and sufficient disinfection of water with chlorine are of prime importance to deliver safe drinking water to the residents of Nekemte town.

Disposable Off-Chip Micro-Dispenser for Accurate Droplet Transportation

Liquid dispensing in small scale is typically done by using either automatic syringe pumps or manual operation with syringes or pipettes. The micro-dispensers, which can precisely transport a variety of droplet fluids in the $\mu \text{L}$ range, have received increasingly more attention in the area of lab-on-a-chip. In this paper, we present the design of a portable, efficient, accurate yet cost-effective micro-dispenser, which is ideal for improving simple laboratory applications. Our proposed design is comprised of the main frame and a disposable main tank for accommodating a bulk volume of sample fluid. The whole unit functions as an off-chip reservoir to transport the sample fluid to elsewhere through a passive valve. The height of the disposable main tank and the diameter of the passive valve are carefully designed upon the physical properties of the sample fluid. Moreover, our micro-dispenser is equipped with a flexible layer of elastic diaphragm. An electromagnetic actuator is utilized to produce push-pull force, while a Peltier thermoelectric device supported by a fuzzy logic controller is dedicated to controlling the temperature within the tank. The experimental measurements of our prototyped device exhibit that our proposed design features multiple advantages over the conventional methods, including repeatable dispensing, high accuracy, disposability, and controllable temperature.

Microeukaryote community and the nutritional composition of the biofloc during Nile tilapia culture in water-reusing biofloc systems

A 25-week experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in the microeukaryote community (MEC) and nutritional composition of the biofloc during Nile tilapia culture in water-reusing biofloc systems. The study evaluated two treatments: tilapia culture in biofloc (TB) and tilapia culture in biofloc with reuse water (RWTB). Each of the treatments was evaluated using a main culture tank (3 m3) and three experimental tanks (0.2 m3). The biofloc samples were revised with an inverted microscope and the groups of microorganisms and genera of the MEC were recorded. Total abundance of microorganisms (TAM), number of accumulated genera, ecological indices and water quality were evaluated. The MEC of both treatments consisted of microalgae, ciliates, flagellates, amoebas, rotifers, nematodes and annelids; the number of accumulated genera and TAM in RWTB (74 genera, 161.52 ± 80.60 org mL−1) was significantly greater than in TB (63 genera, 139.54 ± 81.39 org mL−1). The TAM in TB and RWTB varied in relation to the temperature, sedimentable solids, NH4-N and NH3-N. The dominance index observed in the RWTB group (0.59) was statistically greater than in the TB group (0.57) during the first 2 weeks of the study. The nutritional composition of the biofloc varied with time; at the end of the study, an increase in the percentage of protein (47%) and a reduction in the percentage of lipids (2%) was observed when compared with values recorded at the beginning of the study. The results suggest that both the richness and TAM of the MEC increase in water-reusing biofloc systems and that the biochemical constitution of the microorganisms which constitute the MEC affects the proximal composition of the biofloc.

Design of reservoir tanks modelling to mix several types of fertilizer for fertigation planting system: part a

Fertigation is a process that combines fertilization and irrigation by injecting soil amendments, fertilizers, and other water-soluble products into an irrigation system. . In order to achieve the higher productivity and maintaining environmental quality in agriculture, water and nutrients are the two most critical inputs. The importance of fertigation system is to control the salinity and pH value of fertilizer solution. In Malaysia, manual method was used in order to mix the fertilizer solution and manually take the reading of EC and pH of the solution. This research is to develop a fertigation system that can mix several types of fertilizer and to design a system that can mix the concentration and pH value of fertilizer using Arduino system and PID controller. Electrical conductivity and pH sensor is immersed in the main tank and starts to give feedback. When the controller detects an error, it will make correction to the system. In this research, several conditions of PID parameter were used to conduct the experiment.

Design of reservoir tanks modelling to mix several types of fertilizer for fertigation planting system: part b

Fertigation is a process that combines fertilization and irrigation by injecting soil amendments, fertilizers, and other water-soluble products into an irrigation system. . In order to achieve the higher productivity and maintaining environmental quality in agriculture, water and nutrients are the two most critical inputs. The importance of fertigation system is to control the salinity and pH value of fertilizer solution. In Malaysia, manual method is used in order to mix the fertilizer solution and manually takes the reading of EC and pH of the solution. This research is to develop a fertigation system that can mix several types of fertilizer and to design a system that can mix the concentration and pH value of fertilizer using Arduino system and PID controller. Electrical conductivity and pH sensor will be immersed in the main tank and start to give a feedback. When the controller detects an error, it will do a correction to the system. In this research, several conditions of PID parameter were used to conduct the experiment. Different parameters of PID would give different result and settling time. The best settling time was when the experiment was conducted using PID parameter of KP = 50, KI = 150, KD = 3 which took 130s to mix the fertilizer solution. When the experiment was conducted using KP = 50, KI = 10, KD = 3, the settling became longer which took 250s to recover the desired salinity and pH range of value. From the finding result, it proves that this system can control and give feedback to the change of salinity and pH value.

About the conception and design of anaerobic digesters in zootehnical farms

Anaerobic sludge fermentation is one of the main technological steps for treating the wastewater resulting from urban consumption in the food industry. Anaerobic fermentation ensures the sludge mineralization treatment and the fermentation gas (biogas) resulting from the process can be used for the production of thermal or electric energy. The fermentation process can take place in closed reinforced concrete tanks (digesters) having different structural forms: cylinder, tapering, ovoid depending on the type of fermentation: mesophilic or thermophilic and on the performance of sludge mixing and homogenization equipment. Fermentation tanks with a capacity of 1000-4000 m3 were designed in Romania so far, the most important being those of Bucharest wastewater treatment plant made of prestressed reinforced concrete having an ovoid shape. The present paper aims at presenting the issues related to designing the fermentation tanks of the water waste plants from urban consumption in the food industry and zoo-technical farms in a new concept in which the main fermentation tank is coupled with the fermenter for the fermentation gas storage. Consequently, hereinafter structural and functional requirements for this kind of structures are presented, together with design principles and methods that must be applied in order to fulfil the performance exigencies related to strength, stability, tightness and durability.

Prototype System of Processing and Bottled Drink Filling Based on PLC

A prototype system for processing system and filling of drinks packaging using the PLC Omron CPM2A as central to the process and use the HMI as the interface to ease operator to set and view the condition of the system in real-time. There are 3 types of choice of materials that can be processed, in the process of processing liquid material will be transmitted to the main tank to be processed by means of heated and stirred with a mixer. When finished processing the results of processing will be filled into bottles. The results of tests on the prototype in part the processing in accordance with the design. There are 3 choices of beverage products namely coffemilk, Milktea and coffetea. On the third option can be processing operations properly. On the process of charging operations properly. On Charging there is 2 options i.e 200 ml and 250 ml. but for correctness of filling volume experiencing error 7-8%.

Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems with and without biofloc

In the present study, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to monitor the transcriptional responses of seven key genes related to some innate immune pathways in shrimp postlarvae after being placed in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with or without biofloc (BF or no-BF). Each system consisted of the main tank with 400 L of seawater and six glass aquariums (50 L each). Besides, the nucleotide sequences of myosin light chain (LvMyo) from Litopenaeus vannamei related to the phagocytosis pathway were described. The sequence analysis indicated that LvMyo is a conserved protein among crustaceans and is present in other arthropods. The transcriptional response to the treatments showed several expression patterns. The prophenoloxidase gene was up-regulated in both systems (P < 0.05) and was higher in BF than in no-BF (P < 0.01). Phagocytosis-related genes depicted differential expressions. LvMyo, Ras-associated binding 6, and Ras-related nuclear protein expressions were higher in BF than in no-BF (P < 0.05). Regarding antioxidant genes, glutathione peroxidase was up-regulated only in BF (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase expression was lower in BF at 12 h (P < 0.05), but higher at 24 h (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that biofloc modulates the transcription of genes related to the immune response in shrimp as an early response or at the mid-term. Besides, the biological filter in a RAS without biofloc seems to be able to maintain a bacterial population that promotes a lower but similar response to that induced in the biofloc system.

Means of increasing efficiency of main tank models' (Т-64 BV, Т-64 BM) engine air feed system maintenance

As a result of the maintenance of armored artillery armament and equipment in the area of the antiterrorist operation, it was established that the maintenance tasks were solved being limited in forces and means. Personnel conducted the minimum amount of operations, technical maintenance 1 and 2 (TO-1 and TO-2) were not performed in full, level of personnel training is low. In addition, it is noted that the existing maintenance system requires significant improvement. Thus, the imperfect existing maintenance system, failure to meet a certain amount of maintenance work and poor knowledge of operation regulations for the armored armament material negatively affected, and in some cases, were the main cause of engine failure. Confirmation to this is the data taken from general analysis of the technical state of samples of armored vehicles and equipment during the practical task accomplishment in the area of antiterrorist operation. Therefore, the reasons for the failure of T-64BV (T-64BM) tanks in 34% of cases were malfunction of the air supply system. In order to prevent the causes of tank engine failure, increase their reliability, it is necessary to outline the prospects of the development of air cleaner stands and the direction of increasing the efficiency of technical maintenance of the air supply system of tank engines. For advanced air cleaner stands, it is advisable to use a modular structure, based on existing stands for use both in stationary and field conditions, using modern industrial materials. The modular structure of a perspective rinse air cleaner should have the following unified components, namely: an electric power supply, a heater, a pump and a bath with a lid. The main directions of increasing the efficiency of operation of engine power supply maintenance by air tanks include the concentration of the research organizations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the military-technical direction for conducting systematic research with the aim of improving technical maintenance of the air supply system of tank engines using modern air cleaner stands, scientific-technical support for the purpose of scientific substantiation of ways to improve the system of maintenance of engine air supply system.