Main Tank Research Articles

Flash Point Improvement of Mineral Oil Utilizing Nanoparticles to Reduce Fire Risk in Power Transformers: A Review

Transformers are crucial equipment in electrical distribution systems but have a significant potential for failure. Insulation materials, including transformer oil (TO), play a primary role in transformer failures. A fire involving the TO can lead to a large explosion, causing the main tank to rupture and resulting in extensive damage to the entire transformer and the surrounding area. Mineral oil (MO) is the most widely used type due to its availability and relatively low cost compared to other types of oil. However, MO has a critical disadvantage, which is its very low flash point. The low flash point makes MO highly flammable. When the oil fires in an enclosed space, such as a transformer tank, the pressure inside the tank increases, leading to a large explosion. Therefore, research on increasing the flash point of MO is highly necessary. The application of nanotechnology is a promising approach to increasing the flash point of base fluids. Research on the effect of nanoparticles (NPs) on flash points is very limited in the literature; thus, there is significant potential for further research in this field. The majority of studies indicate an increase in flash points with the addition of NPs to MO. There is only one study that shows a decrease in flash point, which is −1.33% compared to MO. From all the reviewed studies, it can be concluded that NPs are a potential solution to increase the flash point of MO. Despite their benefits, NPs require a thorough examination of health and environmental impacts, along with proper waste management, to ensure their advantages.

Use of a Decision Tree to Define Transformer Oil Contamination from On-Load Tap-Changer Gases to Ensure Power Quality in the Grid

Power transformers are one of the most important and critical assets in the electricity distribution and transmission network. Power quality (PQ) can be disturbed when a power transformer is brought into or out of service, so it is very important to be sure of the reason for this action. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) in oil can be used to diagnose the condition of transformer insulation. There may be situations where the DGA results indicate the presence of a serious fault which would lead to the transformer being taken out of service, when in fact the high gas concentrations are due to the leakage into the main oil tank of gases generated in the on-load tap-changer (OLTC) during normal operation. In previous work, using machine learning techniques and a distribution system operator's DGA database, a decision tree (DT) was developed to identify oil contamination from OLTC gases. In this work, the developed DT is applied to a new DGA database to identify contaminated transformers and test its accuracy. A total of 1161 DGA results from 95 transformers with OLTC were used, giving an initial DT accuracy of 83.13% when all samples were analysed and 85.26% when the last DGA result from each transformer was used.

A Case Study on Caustic Corrosion in Refinery Piping

Caustic soda is received from supplier with concentration about 48% and stored at main storage tank and transferred intermittently to the refinery process unit's neutralization tanks at same concentration. Dilution is taking place at these tanks. In order to prevent caustic soda from freezing and /or crystallization (winterization) in intermittent transferring piping, it was kept warm by means of steam tracing and insulation together.Failure of carbon steel piping by caustic stress corrosion cracking (embrittlement) and caustic gouging has been a recurring problem, several repairs attempts were made without success using patch plates and/or temporary clamps. Some parts were totally replaced with schedule 80 piping but suffer failures within 12 months.Close observation of the corroded locations reveals severe grooving along the length of pipe at 3 & 9 o'clock positions where steam tracing line is touching the pipes due to braking of fixation clamps.Several measures were recommended, these include avoidance of hot spots by steam tracing; avoidance of temperature increase during idle condition and redesigning the distribution piping in order to transfer caustic solution with concentration not more than (33%).

Readiness of Industrial Fisheries Wastewater Treatment at the Nusantara Fishing Port in Sibolga

The Nusantara Sibolga fishing port has a fish processing industry, which generates waste, including liquid waste, from its activities. The handling of wastewater from the industry involves treating the wastewater to meet quality standards before it is discharged into the open environment. In this study, the wastewater is channeled to the sea through an integrated wastewater treatment plant, as it originates from three different fishery industries. This is stipulated in the Minister of Environment Regulation Number 05 of 2014. The purpose of this study is to identify the facilities of the wastewater treatment installation and the final quality of its process. Data were obtained through direct surveys and interviews with stakeholders, and then samples for water quality were tested in a laboratory. The wastewater treatment installation equipment has the highest value from the readiness analysis results of the Sibolga fishing port wastewater treatment installation. The analysis showed that the highest score, 13 out of a total of 16, came from the collection tank of PT.ASL. The highest scores for treatment units were the sedimentation pond and the main collection tank, both scoring 11. This evaluation is also related to the quality results of the wastewater at the outlet. The evaluation of the readiness analysis results involves improving each device of the wastewater treatment installation for optimal results.

Effect of the addition of essential oils-based bio-additive on biodiesel B30 performance during durability and field tests

Abstract The Indonesia Government has implemented the mandatory B30 program or mixing 30% biodiesel with 70% diesel oil since January 2020, and it has become one of the priority programs to reduce emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Researchers have reported that the use of biodiesel has an impact on engine filter clogging and fuel performance. This problem can be overcome by bio-additives addition. Several researchers also reported that essential oils can function as fuel bio-additives. This study aimed to identify B30 performance with and without the addition of bio-additives during engine durability and field tests. In this study, the bio-additives used were formulations of a mixture of essential oils (turpentine, rhodinol, and clove terpenes). B30 with a mixture of essential oil-based bio-additive formulas was applied directly to the diesel engine, and then analysis was carried out in the form of engine RPM, fuel consumption, filter pressure difference, and smoke emission before and after the durability test. The durability test results for up to 100 hours showed that the values for RPM and power of the engine, fuel consumption, filter pressure differences, and smoke emissions tended to be the same or identical to the values at the beginning phase of the measurement. Field test results showed that the addition of bio-additives can reduce particulate levels in the main tank by up to 60% after 4 days of use, and the same result was obtained in the measurement of water content. The fuel filter with the addition of bio-additives was cleaner than without the addition of bio-additives. The use of bio-additives improves the B30 and still comply with the technical specifications required by the Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Indonesia.

IoT-based fertigation system for agriculture

Fertigation system has been widely used by farmers to automate some processes of crops productions. A conventional system requires workers to prepare a fertilizer mixture, before transferring it into a main storage tank to be mixed with water. Then, electrical conductivity (EC) of the mixture will be measured. The existing fertigation system still relies heavily on workers and is manually operated and prone to human error. Therefore, internet of things (IoT) based fertigation system has been developed to deliver the fertilizer mixture with consistent EC value automatically to the plants. The main system controller is designed using ESP32 development module. The operation of the system can be monitored using an IoT dashboard and farmers can also control the system remotely. Alert will be given to the farmers if the condition of the system or plant does not meet the predefined settings. The values of EC together with temperature and humidity sensors are recorded for further analysis. A testbed is set up to provide fertigation to 120 polybags eggplants. Using the proposed fertigation system, the eggplants have been harvested earlier, therefore reducing the fertilizer usage. The cost of this IoT based fertigation system is lower compared to existing commercial products.

СИНТЕЗ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА КОМПРЕССОРНОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ЭЛЕКТРОВОЗА

The study objective is to improve the reliability and energy efficiency of the electric locomotive compressor drive. To achieve this, the required power of the electric motor was calculated the performance of the compressor unit, the volume of the main tanks and the selected electric motor were checked to start and adjust the capacity at low supply voltage. The task to which the paper is devoted is to design an electric drive for a compressor motor. A vector model of an asynchronous motor was made. The process of direct start-up and starting an asynchronous electric motor with the use of a scalar control system and IR compensation were modeled. Research methods: systematic approach; provisions of the theory of automatic control and electrical engineering; numerical PC simulation using Matlab software package. The novelty of the work is in the use of a frequency-controlled electric drive to start the asynchronous electric motor of the compressor unit instead of the normally installed starting capacitors. This design solution will significantly reduce the amplitude of the starting currents, which in turn will reduce the wear of the winding insulation. The study results are presented, based on the results of the constructed models, as graphs of the dependencies of speed and current during direct start of the electric motor and with the control system. Conclusions: the scalar control system, thanks to the introduction of an intensity setter, as well as IR compensation diagram, allow extending the transition time and controlling the value of the inrush current in acceptable values. Such an approach to make an electric drive compressor motor is able to significantly increase its reliability and service life, as well as to increase the overall energy efficiency of the system.

DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSIFIERS OF DEVIATIONS FROM THE REQUIREMENTS OF REGULATORY DOCUMENTS OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY AND COMPENSATORY MEASURES

The paper analyzes the problem of ensuring safety at various stages of the life cycle of main pipelines and steel vertical tanks in cases of deviations from the requirements of current design standards. To effectively solve this problem, independent and easily modifiable classifiers of deviations from the requirements of regulatory documents, as well as measures aimed at compensating for these deviations, have been developed. The faceted method was chosen as the classification method, which allows us to divide a large object of study into smaller characteristics independent of each other, which facilitates the decision-making process and allows us to take into account many aspects.The resulting classifiers are a tool for systematization of information obtained during the analysis and development of special technical conditions necessary to ensure the safety of main pipelines and steel vertical tanks. Due to their ability to be easily modified, they can be adapted to specific objects and conditions, which makes them a versatile and flexible tool for developing and making engineering decisions.An important aspect of the work is the practical testing of the developed classifiers by applying them to a real object of the oil and gas industry. This stage of testing demonstrated the high efficiency and practical applicability of the proposed classifiers, which indicates their potential aimed at improving the safety of oil and gas transportation and storage facilities, as well as products of their processing.In addition, the systematization of information on deviations from the requirements of regulatory documents and ways to compensate for them allows not only to increase the level of safety during the construction, reconstruction and operation of pipelines and reservoirs, but also to reduce the consequences of possible emergencies.The results obtained represent an important step in the development of an approach to ensuring the safety of main pipelines and steel vertical tanks, and also have both practical and scientific value, and can be recommended for use by specialists in the field of design, technosphere safety and the development of special technical conditions.

Engine performance and emissions from a fumigated hydrogen/ammonia compression ignition engine with a hydrogen peroxide pilot

The study investigates, numerically, the potential use of introducing aqueous H2O2 as an ignition promoter in a statistically homogeneous NH3/H2 fuelled, medium speed (1250 rpm), 4-stroke, 1.3 litre cylinder displacement, mildly boosted CI engine with a compression ratio of 17.6:1. The H2 is considered to be produced on-board from ammonia cracking. An extensive campaign is undertaken using the commercial stochastic reactor model, SRM Engine Suite, which allowed the modelling of temporal, temperature and spatial stratification in the cylinder. The engine performance, combustion phasing, maximum pressure rise rate and emissions (NOx, N2O and unreacted NH3) are investigated in view of: (i) the share of molecular hydrogen in the initial NH3/H2 mixture from 10 to 40 percent; (ii) the mass of aqueous H2O2 introduced from 0.1 to 16 mg; (iii) the start of injection (−10 to ＋6 CAD aTDC) and duration of injection (1, 4 and 8 CAD); (iv) the amount of exhaust gas recirculation (up to 30 percent by mass); (v) the share of energy from the H2O2 in the aqueous solution mixture at less than 0.5 percent of that in the main fuel; (vi) engine load corresponding to a variation in the equivalence ratio from 0.32 to 1.2 by changing the mass of the NH3/H2 mixture in the combustion chamber. A wide range of loads (evaluated against the engine’s rated power when operated with diesel and at its rated boost levels) can be achieved (44%–93%) with the energy share of H2O2 being as little as equivalent to 2.7% vol% that of the main fuel, ammonia, which is introduced into the cylinder. This implies that the required storage volume of the H2O2 is low, at a few percent that of the main ammonia tank. NOx emissions peak between ϕ=0.6−0.65 and rapidly decrease as the equivalence ratio increases or decreases reaching values marginally above the Tier III standard at high loads (>90%) while ammonia slip and N2O emissions are generally extremely low (10−12 mg for NH3 and < 0.01 mg/kWh for N2O).

Design of a submarine main ballast tank flood and vent openings mechanisms

Besides the piping systems used for blowing the main ballast tanks of a submarine by feeding compressed air, a great importance must be given to the flood and vent openings and the mechanisms that operate the covers. From an engineering standpoint, the flood openings must be as small as possible to minimize the noise generated by the water flow.Their number and cumulated area must be determied as to avoid over pressure when feeding compressed air into the ballast tanks that may lead to structural damage. The requirements for designing of such systems are covered by the Class and Administration rules and regulations.

A 20.65-to-40.55 GHz Dual-Core Quad-Mode VCO With Mode-Independent Transformer-Switching Technique in 65-nm CMOS

This paper proposes a dual-core quad-mode millimeter-wave (mm-wave) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using a compact multi-mode LC network with a modeindependent switched transformer technique. On top of the dualmode main LC tank, the mode-independent switched transformer technique introduces two additional oscillation modes, further extending the frequency tuning range with a small chip area overhead, while the mode-independent feature reduces the cost of switch off-capacitance compared with the conventional switched transformers. Implemented in 65nm CMOS process, the proposed VCO achieves a measured octave frequency tuning range from 20.65 to 40.55 GHz. The measured best phase noise is -131.04 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset from 20.65 GHz. The measured best figure-of-merit (FoM) is 187.25 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset from 26.66 GHz, corresponding to a figure-of-merit of tuning range and area (FoMTA) of 216.72 dBc/Hz thanks to the proposed compact multi-mode LC network and the mode-independent switched transformer technique. The VCO consumes 9.75-to-18.85 mW from a 0.65 V supply voltage. The core area is 0.048 mm2.

Smart IoT Based Water Distribution System

A major issue on the planet is water waste management. There are many different kinds of water monitoring systems, but they all require manual operation. The proposed system is arduino was used in this system's design, which enables controlled water release from the pipe automatically through mobile application. Real time status and the controlling of motor and the distributing valve by anywhere in the world connected through internet. In urban areas, most people live in flats, apartments where they need to get water from the corporation and then they bought to supply for each flat and apartments. Supplying water in normal ways consist of a greater number of technical problems and is difficult to access on a regular basis. In this project, we have built a working prototype to solve these problems. Our model contains one Main water tank. Each node (Solenoid Valve) can function automatically based on the microcontroller operation or for other problems and we will get real time information on smart phone via Wi-Fi. In this project we will be using ESP8266 as microcontroller.

DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF MAIN TANKS T-64, T-72, T-80 OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The article presents the results regarding the set of indicators and criteria that have undergone further development; improved methodology and well-founded promising directions for the development of the main types of tanks in service with the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In addition, a priority series of the level of technical excellence of domestic and foreign tank models has been built.&#x0D; The proposed measures will make it possible to increase the combat capabilities of tank military units and units, reduce the number of modifications of the main tanks in the troops, which will simplify their operation, ensure the loading of the state defense order by enterprises of the domestic defense industry, build up the experience of international cooperation in the production of anti-tank weapons, which is extremely necessary for the further integration of Ukraine in the Euro-Atlantic security space, to rationally use the available limited resources in the interests of increasing the capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the conditions of war with an enemy that numerically outnumbers our country by most indicators.&#x0D; As a direction of further research, there may be additional consideration in the set of selected indicators of additional technical characteristics that affect the fire capabilities of tanks, as well as cost indicators.

High-Order Modeling, Zeroing Dynamics Control, and Perturbations Rejection for Non-Linear Double-Holding Water Tank

The double-holding water tank system is a common non-linear control system that plays a crucial role in process control in the chemical industry. It consists of two cylindrical glass containers: the preset tank and the main tank. The main challenge in controlling this system is adjusting the main control valve to ensure that the actual liquid level of the main tank tracks the desired liquid level. This paper explores the zeroing dynamics (ZD) method and its application in tracking control. A non-linear model is developed for the double-holding water tank system, and the ZD method is used to design an effective controller (called the ZD controller) for tracking control. Additionally, the robustness of the double-holding water tank system in the presence of time-varying perturbations is investigated. In order to substantiate the effectiveness and robustness of the ZD controller, simulation experiments on four different tracking trajectories corresponding to four different practical situations, as well as an extra simulation experiment considering time-varying perturbations, are conducted. Furthermore, a comparative simulation experiment based on the backstepping method is conducted. The presented results successfully illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the ZD method for the tracking control of double-holding water tank systems.

Planning, Design and Estimation of Waste Water Treatment Plant Sector 1 of Virat Khand

Abstract: This study's primary goal is to carry out the design of a sewage treatment facility for Lucknow's Virat Khand Sector 1. due to constant domestic and municipal sewage will be produced at a faster rate as the population grows. All species become sick from the foul stench that sewage produces. To prevent this however, appropriate treatment is required prior to disposal on land in order to utilise the treated water and avoid dumping sewage directly into natural resources, which ultimately lowers the demand for fresh water as a whole. Its goal is to generate solid waste and fluid waste that are safe for the environment and can be recycled or disposed of. In a single day, how much sewage was produced overall, based on the anticipated population of Virat Khand Sector 1 over the following 20 years? As a result, the sewage generation in the Virat Khand area is the main topic of this study, and a sewage treatment plant is constructed in accordance with it. It is suggested that the different parts of the sewage treatment plant be designed taking into account the various standards and allowable limits of treated sewage water. Screening, a grit chamber, a main sedimentation tank, a biological reactor, a secondary clarifier, an activated sludge tank, and drying beds are some of the parts of a sewage treatment plant.

An Improved Emergency Blow Theoretical Model for Naval Submarine Blowing System and Experimental Verification

_ An improved emergency blow model is proposed, which is based on the traditional emergency blow model and takes into account the influence of compressed air overflows from flood holes in the later stage of blowing. In order to verify the prediction accuracy of the improved emergency blow model for tank blowing, the full-scale model experiment of tank blowing was conducted to investigate the effects of air source volume, air source initial pressure, and flood holes diameters on blowing. The process of air release from bottle and main ballast tank drainage can be accurately simulated by the improved emergency blow model, and the prediction error of tank air peak pressure is shown to be &amp;lt;10%. Additionally, it is found that the air source volume has no effect on the tank’s air peak pressure or tank drainage rate. By analyzing the dynamic characteristics of tank air pressure, it is found that the dynamic change trend of air pressure differs between flood holes with small and large diameters. In the small diameter conditions, the air pressure reaches the maximum when the compressed air just enters the tank; however, under large diameter conditions, the peak pressure comes before the accumulated air pressure is released. The experiment and simulation demonstrate that increasing the area of the flood holes has a decreasing effect on the amount of air accumulated in the tank, and that the decreasing effect becomes more pronounced as the air source initial pressure increases. Introduction To carry out military operations, submarines are deployed both underwater and close to the open surface. About 170 submarines have sunk since they were originally created as a result of an accident, such as a fire, explosion, malfunction, grounding, or collision (Park &amp; Kim 2017). Submarines run the risk of losing safety control in these critical situations. The best method of self-rescue is emergency floating to the surface to prevent bottoming or going deeper than allowed (Liu et al. 2009). A key factor in emergency rising to the water’s surface is the compressed air blowing mechanism. In such an operation, supplying air to the main ballast tank and blowing out ballast water should be used to achieve positive buoyancy or recover a positive pitching moment, which can be used to restore the safe depth of the submarine. Emergency blow is the term used to describe the process of directly supplying air to the main ballast tank without using a high-pressure valve column. The emergency blow is explored in this work because its influence is significantly greater than that of usual blowing, or traditional blowing.

Development of a Water Supplement System for a Tuned Liquid Damper under Excitation

Integrating existing liquid storage and supply tanks in buildings with tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) are significant for reducing the effective cost of TLDs. However, existing water supplement devices for fire-suppression liquid tanks may overfill with water, which leads to TLD mistuning. To overcome this problem, a passive liquid control system named TLD with a stable replenishment sub-tank system (TLD-SRS) is proposed. The system, which consists of an additional sub-tank connected to the main tank and a floating ball, replenishes liquid in the TLD automatically. The system can avoid vibration interference and maintain the normal operation of the passive replenishment system under usual wind loads. According to the studies of tuned liquid column dampers (TLCD), the proposed TLD with a stable replenishment sub-tank system (TLD-SRS) uses simple devices to ensure that the liquid level in the TLD is steady at the target liquid level with a floating ball. The TLD-SRS is verified on a large-scale TLD shaking table experiment. The overshoot, which is the percentage of liquid that exceeds the target volume of TLD is calculated during sloshing with wind loads. Compared with TLD installed with a regular liquid replenishment device, the proposed TLD-SRS significantly reduces the overshoot of liquid and acceleration on the roof of the building.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOVIET MADE MAIN BATTLE TANKS (1991 – 2022)

The article reveals a complex of factors that influenced the content and direction of the modernization program for the main tanks T-64, T-72, and T-80 in Ukraine. A special role in this process was played by unimportant factors, among which the leading ones were the experience of the combat use of main tanks, the multiple-quality state of the tank fleet of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the favorability of the tank-building and tank-repair industry of Ukraine for the development and implementation of the tank modernization program, and the experience of foreign modernization of these types of tanks, which fully influenced the development of the main tanks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It was established that, despite significant economic difficulties and changes in the views of the top military-political leadership of Ukraine on the role of tanks in the modern armed struggle, Ukraine has retained the opportunity to provide its Armed Forces with the necessary number of tanks that meet today’s requirements.

Automatic gallon filling system controlled by programmable logic controller-PLC

This work consists of the automation and control of gallon filling for the liquid soap manufacturing process, consisting of 3 tanks fed by the main tank containing the raw material. The system is mainly composed of a conveyor belt where a detection sensor is incorporated, which activates a servo motor to position the gallon in the desired place for filling through an electro valve. Also, the level required in each gallon is measured with a capacitive sensor, all these actions are controlled by the PLC which allows the operator to manipulate and interact with the system to perform storage and dosing operations automatically or manually. As a result, the automated system will increase productivity, reduce operating costs, improve process safety, and optimize human resources.

Preliminary Study: Disinfection of Colonoscope Using a Reprocessing System Based on a Hydrodynamic Model with Ozonated Water

ABSTRACT Endoscopes are flexible medical instruments that require a high-level disinfection protocol. This study aimed to develop a fluid-dynamic system with ozonated water to obtain high-level disinfection. A colonoscope replica with an internal flexible polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube was made. The set was then contaminated, washed, and disinfected with ozonated water. The replica was placed in a tank with a fluid-dynamic circuit. The endoscope was submerged into the tank and ozonated water was pumped through the working channel. Quantitative microbiological tests were carried out between the washing stage and disinfection in the fluid-dynamic system with ozonated water. The results indicated that the ozone concentration curve in the water from the 27- liter main tank reached the value of 0.95 mg/L after 20 minutes. No bacterial growth was detected after the replica remained in the hydrodynamic system with ozonated water for 15 minutes. The results showed that the fluid-dynamic system using ozonated water is promising as it enables high-level disinfection of the colonoscope.