Mainstream Population Research Articles

Pathways between childhood mistreatment/victimization, posttraumatic stress, and lifetime substance use disorders among Latinx nationwide.

Childhood mistreatment (CM)/victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and lifetime substance-use disorders (LT-SUD) are major behavioral health concerns. Their associations were established in mainstream populations but remain under-investigated in Latinx Americans. This study aimed to model the mediating effect of PTSD in the link between CM and LT-SUD among Latinx Americans. Using a nationally representative sample (N = 2,554) from the National Latinx and Asian American Study, three path models were performed for the whole-group, U.S.-born, and foreign-born Latinx (aged 18 or over), controlling for known predictors for Latinx' mental health. Latinx reported high rates of childhood physical (32%) and sexual (11.8%) abuse. Latinx subgroups significantly varied in educational attainment, LT-SUD, income, English proficiency, and self-reported discrimination. A fully constrained multiple group path analysis demonstrated direct effects of childhood physical mistreatment (CPM) and childhood sexual mistreatment to lifetime PTSD; PTSD significantly mediated the relationship between CPM with LT-SUD. No significant differences in path coefficients were observed among the Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican subgroups. Findings suggest that CPM may contribute to using substance to avoid physical and emotional pain, which lends support for the self-medication hypothesis. Latinx who were traumatized by both physical and sexual abuse are more likely to use substances as a negative coping strategy. The study underscores the need for assessing the role of substance use as a coping mechanism for Latinx individuals who have experienced childhood traumatic victimization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Health of Tribal Population in India: A Glimpse of the Current Scenario

Abstract Article 366(25) of the Indian constitution refers to indigenous people as “scheduled tribes,” which constitute 8.6% of the country’s population. For decades, the health of the tribal people had remained neglected and incorporated in rural health care because of incorrect assumptions of their similar health needs to that of the rural population. An expert committee coordinating with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs provided a detailed report on the current scenario and recommendations related to tribal health in India. They considered the health-care needs of the tribal population, highlighted their specific health problems, and gave a roadmap of best approaches. The tribal population has a unique and higher burden of health problems than the mainstream population, influenced by their health-seeking behavior, lack of awareness and education, sociocultural and magico-religious beliefs, customs, and practices. The current health-care system incorporates their health needs with approaches such as differing population norms in tribal areas, nonmonetary incentives to staff, mobile medical units, identification of high-priority districts, and the emergence of the “Swasthya” portal. However, tribal health is transitioning as with the rest of the population. Moreover, the present health-care services are unable to address this. Legal recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights to self-determination, their land, natural resources, and their knowledge is a need of the hour.

“I Am Not Diversity Training”: Exploring the Experiences of Diverse Parks and Recreation Professionals Through Socio-Ecological Systems Theory

As a public leisure service, parks and recreation is philosophically oriented and legally obligated to be accessible. However, a misalignment between who works for agencies and the communities they serve can perpetuate existing power dynamics where decision-makers reflect the mainstream population. In some cases, this dynamic may slow the rate at which agencies become more inclusive and equitable. This study used a socio-ecological framework to qualitatively investigate the experiences of diverse parks and recreation professionals (N = 20) with the aim of identifying supports and challenges they have experienced. The findings were largely consistent with workforce diversity literature but also offered unique considerations. For instance, as a public service, diverse employees manage biases from coworkers but also from the community members they serve. Additionally, the recreation workforce is often recruited from former participants, emphasizing the importance of promoting leadership that can advance policies and practices focused on equity and inclusion.

Importance of Super-Specialty Courses in Ayurveda for Addressing Contemporary Healthcare Challenges

The focus of Ayurvedic education policy has traditionally centered on mainstreaming basic knowledge and promoting community practices. Efforts to reintroduce specialty courses and revitalize familial practices through Gurukula training have been undertaken, showcasing the clinical applications and practices of Ayurveda. However, the presence of super specialty clinics specializing in areas such as eye treatment, arthritis, urology, pediatric care, and maternity care remains sparse and largely unrecognized by the mainstream population. These clinics, though limited in number, face challenges in disseminating their principles of practice to the wider medical community due to a lack of standardized practices, skills, documentation, and scientific publications. With the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases, malignancies, environmental and occupational hazards, and the growing geriatric population, there is an urgent need to modernize and advance the principles of Ayurveda. Therefore, the introduction of super-specialty courses in Ayurveda is imperative to provide comprehensive knowledge and expertise in specific areas of Ayurvedic medicine. These courses will cater to the increasing demand for highly skilled professionals capable of addressing complex health issues using Ayurvedic principles. Therefore, prioritizing super-specialty education is imperative. It necessitates a deliberate, thorough, and rational approach, taking into account the advancements in technology, when designing the curriculum and course structure.

Efficient separation of large particles and giant cancer cells using an isosceles trapezoidal spiral microchannel.

Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) contribute to the genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary dynamics of tumors. Their size, however, complicates their isolation from mainstream tumor cell populations. Standard techniques like fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) rely on fluorescent labeling, introducing potential challenges in subsequent PGCC analyses. In response, we developed the Isosceles Trapezoidal Spiral Microchannel (ITSμC), a microfluidic device optimizing the Dean drag force (FD) and exploiting uniform vortices for enhanced separation. Numerical simulations highlighted ITSμC's advantage in producing robust FD compared to rectangular and standard trapezoidal channels. Empirical results confirmed its ability to segregate larger polystyrene (PS) particles (avg. diameter: 50 μm) toward the inner wall, while directing smaller ones (avg. diameter: 23 μm) outward. Utilizing ITSμC, we efficiently isolated PGCCs from doxorubicin-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (DOXR-TNBC) and patient-derived cancer (PDC) cells, achieving outstanding purity, yield, and viability rates (all greater than 90%). This precision was accomplished without fluorescent markers, and the versatility of ITSμC suggests its potential in differentiating a wide range of heterogeneous cell populations.

Troping Identity in Arkady Martine’s Space Opera: From Historical Realism to Quantum Anthropomorphization

Rosi Braidotti’s theory of “nomadic subject” (2011) has shifted the focus from traveller in the literal sense of the word to subject as a process; becoming subject entails a denial of universals in the construction of identity which is redefined as situated embodiment in the world, open to the heteronormativity of changing social codes and accepted modes of living or of conceiving otherness. Nevertheless, travel has always been associated with an explicit ethos, whether as a pious pilgrimage, educational world tour or the grand narrative of civilizing mission. Located on various maps, real or imaginary, civilizations are brought into contact by the huge number of migrants, the problems they raise including the relationship between third worlds and metropolitan cities/ countries, the migrants’ othering by mainstream populations, the migrants’ desire to be naturalised and the estrangement from their true selves as a result. By building simulation models, speculative fiction probes deeply into underground concerns which well up to the surface in postcolonial literature, being expected to produce cognitive enlightenment. Relieved from the material deprivations of the colonial past, the postcolonial subject is now caught in the process of identitarian reconstruction.

Enhancing the entrepreneurial capabilities of female immigrant entrepreneurs through Entrepreneurship Education and Training (EET) – The Irish Context

Under-represented groups, such as female immigrant entrepreneurs, experience entrepreneurship differently to the mainstream population. In view of this, it is necessary that entrepreneurship policies and supports are tailored, in order to effectively address their unique and specific needs, thereby becoming more inclusive. This would guarantee some degree of level playing field in entrepreneurship. Thus, if female immigrant entrepreneurs are to successfully maximise the opportunities within their host nations and manage the challenges they potentially face, especially as it relates to entrepreneurship, it is imperative that they receive the kind of support, which recognises and considers their uniqueness and entrepreneurial potentials in its design, development and delivery, and which increases the likelihood of their entrepreneurial success. Essentially, Entrepreneurship education and training (EET) has value in creating opportunities for their socioeconomic inclusion and for fostering and facilitating entrepreneurial capability development.
 This empirical study presents findings on the extent to which the current provision of entrepreneurship education and training in Ireland meets the entrepreneurial capability needs of female immigrant entrepreneurs. Study 1 is a systematic analysis of documentation on the current provision of EET in Ireland from 2011 – 2021, while Study 2 is based on findings from semi-structured interviews with 21 female immigrant entrepreneurs resident in Ireland. The research questions were centred on their experience of entrepreneurship in Ireland, what entrepreneurial capabilities they require to start and grow their businesses, as well as their perception of the extent to which the current EET provision meets their need.

Social support and community embeddedness protect against post-disaster depression among immigrants: a Vietnamese American case study.

Immigrants often face increased vulnerabilities to disaster-related poor health and recovery, compared to mainstream populations. Little is known about Hurricane Harvey's impacts among the storm affected area's large Vietnamese American population. Our study documented diverse psychological experiences and recovery challenges 1 year post-storm among a sample of 120 Vietnamese Americans residing in the Houston, Texas area. Using linear regression modeling, we examined the association between social support and depressive symptom development among these storm-affected Vietnamese Americans. Social support encapsulating both social embeddedness and perceived support was measured by the Louisville Social Support Scale and depressive symptom development was measured by 18 items that assessed emotional distress. These items included loss of appetite, loss of concentration, exposure to persistent pain, and the exhibition of hopelessness, tiredness, sadness, frustration, discouragement, desperation, exhaustion, disgraced, anger, and craziness. We found adverse post-disaster health outcomes, as well as potential avenues to mitigate them, that should be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of inclusive disaster programs. A high level of social support lowered depressive symptomology among Vietnamese Americans post-Hurricane Harvey, even when accounting for Hurricane Harvey-related home damages and injuries/illness. The negative association between social support and depressive symptom development remained after accounting for both post-storm self-rated mental and physical health. Our results suggested that public health practitioners and emergency management entities should prioritize social support resources to foster mental well-being after hurricanes among Vietnamese Americans as future hurricanes are expected to be stronger and more prevalent along the United States Gulf Coast.

Indigenous Burial Spaces in Media: Views of Mi'gmaq Cemeteries as Sites of Horror and the Sacred

The term “ancient Indian burial ground” holds bifurcated meaning for Indigenous and mainstream populations. What one group may respect as sacred ground where their ancestors rest, another sees the mystical –and frequently evil– site of forces beyond their knowledge influenced by an ethnic Other. This paper explores this dual labeling of North American Indigenous burial sites through media by looking at representations of Mi’gmaq burial gravesites. In director Jeff Barnaby’s 2013 Rhymes for Young Ghouls, main character Aila (Devery Jacobs) confronts two burial sites that turn the mainstream stereotype on its head: that of her mother which situates Indigenous burials in a contemporary context and that of a mass grave of children at her residential school which places malintent on settler colonial practices. The film highlights Indigenous ways of coping with these practices including violence, substance abuse, and art. Dissimilarly, Pet Sematary’s (1989) plot involves no Mi’gmaq representation but follows non-Indigenous Louis (Dale Midkiff) as he interacts with a stereotypical Indian burial ground imbued with evil, unknown magic that leads to the inevitable downfall of his entire family. Both films interestingly include zombies, and they portray Indigenous burial spaces similarly as shot from above and filled with fog. However, their conclusive statements placing the blame behind the horror are vastly different.

A creative ecological approach to supporting young people with mental health challenges in schools

Holistic and ecological approaches to mental health support have been identified by many as best-practice approaches for creating and sustaining well-being. Those who experience mental health challenges including, for example, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), often struggle to find adequate, sustainable and ongoing care from clinical settings, and recent research shows that additional strategies such as peer support programs, arts approaches, and holistic school-based collaboration work effectively. More generally, the mainstream population continues to suffer from outdated, overly medicalised and frequently inaccurate notions of the experience of poor mental health and the effective support of those who suffer, and peer- and school-integrated approaches go some way toward better education about mental ill-health. This article uses a creative ecologies model (Harris, 2016) to help schools implement student- and family-led support programs for students experiencing mental health challenges in school settings.

Weaving Promising Practices to Transform Indigenous Population Health and Wellness Reporting by Indigenizing Indicators in First Nations Health

In Canada and across the globe, indicators play a fundamental role in measuring, tracking, and reporting on the overall health of the population. Mainstream population health indicators used to measure the health and well-being of First Nations peoples are constrained by the Western biomedical paradigm which focuses solely on illness and disease. These indicators are limited and fail to capture aspects of cultural, spiritual, and interconnected aspects of Indigenous health such as spirit, ceremony, and the connection to land. To advance First Nations self-determination in the healthcare system, it is essential for Indigenous narratives and knowledges to thrive in population health data and reporting. Five promising practices are shared to guide the development of First Nations health and wellness indicators and reporting: (1) be culturally relevant and centred on First Nations worldviews on health and wellness (2) must honour Indigenous knowledges and methods; (3) must involve respectful relationships & meaningful engagement with Indigenous peoples’; (4) “Nothing about us, without us”- Indigenous leadership and self-determination at all stages of indicator development; and (5) taking a strength-based approach & contextualizing indicators within historical, socio-political contexts. The co-development of indicators between the [First Nations Health Organization] and the [Office of the Executive Health Officer] in the Province of [Name of Canadian Province] are discussed as promising practices in action. Celebrating the strength and resilience of First Nations health which is required to pave a new way forward in Indigenous grounded population health.

Development of an Evidence-based Violence Rehabilitation Program for Offenders With Intellectual Disability.

A review of the current literature on evidence-based violence prevention programs developed for individuals with an intellectual disability (ID) reveals a paucity of direct evidence for this population. In addition, the existing offence-specific programs are primarily grounded in adapted cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programs designed for the mainstream offender population, which may not be suitable for offenders with co-morbid mental health and personality disorders. The current paper discusses the development of a violence rehabilitation program for offenders with an ID. The focus of the article is on the exploration of the empirically supported risk factors associated with violent offending and the incorporation of these dynamic risk factors into the program modules. A case study example was utilized to examine the process of VRP-ID and how the modules targeted the offenders' treatment needs. Responsivity issues are addressed by identifying cognitive difficulties experienced by this cohort and the implications for treatment. The Risk/Need/Responsivity (RNR) model and the good lives Model (GLM) are widely used offender rehabilitation models that can be considered the guiding principles in developing this program. Furthermore, it utilizes contemporary therapeutic frameworks such as motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and GLM reconceptualization and skills. The program is grounded in trauma-informed principles, which acknowledge this client group's high prevalence of victimization.

Valuing ecosystem services applying indigenous perspectives from a global biodiversity hotspot, the Western Ghats, India

Estimating the value of ecosystem services (ES) helps inform policies, development programs, and promote sustainable use and management of forest resources. The Western Ghats—a global biodiversity hotspot in southern India—contribute significantly to the well-being of Indigenous and local communities (IPLCs) by providing a range of ES. In this paper, we aim to assess the value of ES from the Western Ghats, applying IPLCs perspectives, to inform policy decision-making for understanding their role in people’s well-being. We estimate the value of ES applying various monetary (e.g., direct cost using production function) and non-monetary (e.g., revealed preferences using replacement or travel cost) valuation methods. The main ES include provisioning services—Non-Timber Forest Products and water; regulating services—soil erosion prevention and carbon sequestration; and cultural services. The estimated economic value of ES, at US$ 612 million (2021 values), suggests that conserving Ghat’s ecosystems is vital for supporting tribal peoples’ well-being, delivering ES to the mainstream population, and for protecting biodiversity. To date, lack of such understanding has often led to development programs that largely omit natural resources and tribal well-being connections. This study can inform future policies by offering a better and in-depth understanding of the role of ES in supporting Indigenous well-being, and underlines Ghat’s economic importance for non-marketable values which are often ignored for policy decision-making. Understanding these values will help the policy-makers to integrate the role of ES in policy planning, and design suitable development and conservation programs that protect a diverse range of ecosystems in the Western Ghats and elsewhere as well as support the sustainable living of many IPLCs/Adivasi communities across the globe.

Economy of marginality and familiarity: Making sense of South Asian migrant breakout business in Hong Kong

This article examines an emerging phenomenon within the South Asian economy in Hong Kong: Disadvantaged entrepreneurs, mainly from Pakistan, Nepal and India, have adopted breakout strategies to target other disadvantaged migrants, particularly Indonesian and Filipino foreign domestic workers. This challenges the widely shared assumption that breakout strategies of migrant entrepreneurs address primarily the mainstream population. By applying Erving Goffman’s notion of frame, we focus on how these entrepreneurs understand and interpret their (change of) market orientation in the context of a specific entrepreneurial environment, where power asymmetries exist in the economic and political constellation between the ethnic majority and various groups of migrants. Regarding methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and analyses were done based on 15 business units with 19 migrant entrepreneurs targeting other marginalised migrant groups with whom they share stigmatisation by the ethnic majority. The findings reveal that four frames around “marginality” and “familiarity” play a crucial role in shaping South Asian migrant entrepreneurs’ market orientation and strategies: a) shared experiences of discrimination, b) unwanted locality as resources, c) common culture, and d) race-based affinity and sympathy. These results contribute to the debates by adding a rather neglected form of market orientation to the diversification of migrant entrepreneurial strategies in existing literature, supplementing the economic and social explanations by applying a cultural sociological perspective of social inequality, and critically reviewing the assumption that breakout automatically generates economic success and social mobility.

Challenges of Implementing World Health Organisation Measures on Covid-19 for People with Disabilities in Tanzania

Tanzania like other countries was also affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the coronavirus outbreak, Tanzania decided to adopt health control measures from World Health Organisation. Even though the measures were taken, it was more challenging to disabled people. This study intended to examine the challenges that affected disabled people in implementing WHO health measures during the COVID-19 outbreak. The study used a desk review study whereby full-length articles published in academic journals between 2019 to date were reviewed. Data were generated from WHO reports, health reports from Tanzania, online coronavirus news via Google scholar using keywords such as "disabled people," "COVID-19", and "government responses." 48 articles were generated and analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that people with disabilities faced challenges in implementing WHO measures even though Tanzania has several laws and regulations to protect people with disabilities. The Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children in Tanzania needs to use an acceptable form of communication that is user-friendly to disabled people when announcing coronavirus news. Maintaining social distancing is challenging for disabled people. Most of them depend significantly on others, but investing in building health centers specifically for them would help them to socially distance themselves from the mainstream population. Although wearing of face mask is crucial, but transparent face mask is the way to go as this would help those with hearing issues to interpret the lips movement. Health workers need to be trained on how to communicate with disabled people properly. Special lines need to be introduced in every public hospital to assist them in handling emergencies for disabled persons.

Use Promote Inclusive Entrepreneurship Among Farmers?

The development of Internet technology has a huge impact on social equity and efficiency, fully mobilize the potential of innovation and entrepreneurship of social vulnerable groups, which is of great significance to achieve common prosperity. Using CGSS2017 data and the characteristic data of prefecture-level cities, this paper evaluates the inclusiveness of Internet development for farmer entrepreneurship. Research findings: First, Internet application not only promotes individual entrepreneurship but also significantly promotes entrepreneurship of rural residents. It can be seen that the development of the Internet is conducive to the equalization of entrepreneurial opportunities between urban and rural areas in China. Second, compared with the impact of Internet use and application on entrepreneurship of rural vulnerable groups, the frequency of Internet use has greater promoting effect on rural vulnerable groups; However, the scope of Internet use has a more significant promotion effect on entrepreneurship of the rural mainstream population. Therefore, it is proposed to accelerate the construction of network coverage in rural areas; Strengthen the training of farmers' Internet use skills; We have made policy recommendations on improving regulations for the Internet and fostering a sound cyberspace.

Making Sense of Home Among Ethnic Minority Older Adults: Experiences of Aging in Place Among the Turkish Community in London

The importance of home in constructing notions of identity, self, and belonging is well recognized in the aging in place literature. However, much of the research has focused on mainstream population groups, rather than on the experiences of ethnic minority communities, whose lifecourse trajectories may reveal one of transience in relation to place, aging and home. Based on 48 semi-structured individual interviews and five community mapping workshops with 65 older Turkish adults living in north London, this paper aims to provide insight into how the home is negotiated and understood by older Turkish migrants. Thematic analysis of the data revealed three interrelated themes important to the narratives of older Turkish people: “Home as a reflection of identity and self”, “Home as a social and cultural place” and “Transnationality, mobility and home”.

Use of health care services among people with Covid-19 symptoms in the first pandemic peak in France.

In France, the first pandemic peak fell disproportionately on the most disadvantaged, as they were overrepresented in contaminations and in developing severe forms of the virus. At that time, and especially during lockdown, the French healthcare system was severely disrupted and limited. The issue of social differences in the use of healthcare by people experiencing symptoms of Covid-19 arose. Based on a random sample of 135,000 persons, we selected respondents who reported Covid-19-like symptoms (cough, fever, dyspnea, anosmia and/or ageusia) during the first lockdown (n = 12,422). The aim of this study was to determine if the use of health care services was likely to contribute to widen Covid-19 social inequalities. Use of health care services was classified in three categories: (1) no consultation, (2) out-of-hospital consultation(s) and (3) in-hospital consultation(s). We estimated odds ratio of utilization of health care using multinomial regressions, adjusted on social factors (age, gender, class, ethno-racial status, social class, standard of living and education), contextual variables, health variables, and symptoms characteristics. Altogether, 37.8% of the individuals consulted a doctor for their symptoms; 32.1% outside hospital and 5.7% in hospital. Use of health care services was strongly associated with social position2: the most disadvantaged social groups and racially minoritized immigrants were more likely to use health care, particularly for in-hospital consultation(s). The highest utilization of health care were found among older adults (OR 9.51, 95%CI 5.02-18.0 compared to the youngest age group), the racially minoritized first-generation immigrants (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.09-2.36 compared to the mainstream population), the poorest (OR 1.31, 95%CI 1.00-1.72) and the least educated (OR 2.20, 95%CI 1.44-3.38). To conclude, we found that the use of health care services counteracted the potential impact of social inequalities in exposure and infection to the Covid-19.

Age and environmental factors predict psychological symptoms in adolescent refugees during the initial post-resettlement phase

BackgroundAdolescent refugees are at high risk of developing mental disorders but are often not recognised early. This pilot study aimed to identify early putative risk factors associated with psychological symptoms in newly resettled refugee youth at potential risk of subsequently developing mental disorders.MethodsNewly resettled adolescent refugees were recruited through English language schools in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were assessed with the MINI-Kid, Achenbach Youth Self-Report and Reaction of Adolescents to Traumatic Stress scale. Parents completed a mental health screening separately. Linear regression models were used to identify predictive factors associated with symptom ratings.ResultsSeventy-eight, ostensibly well, refugee adolescents (mean age = 15.0 ± 1.6 years) resettled in Australia for 6.1 ± 4.2 months were assessed. Levels of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms were considerably lower than in mainstream population data. Prior displacement was a key determinant of symptomatology. Transitory displacement, irrespective of duration, was associated with elevated scores for depression (t (47) = -4.05, p < 0.0001), avoidance/numbing (U = 466, p < .05) and total trauma (U = 506, p < .05) symptoms. Older age was a unique predictor of depression (F (1,74) = 8.98, p < .01), internalising (F(1,74) = 6.28, p < .05) and total (F(1,74) = 4.10, p < .05) symptoms, whilst parental depression symptoms (t = 2.01, p < 0.05), displacement (t = 3.35, p < 0.01) and, expectedly, trauma exposure (t = 3.94, p < 0.001) were unique predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms.ConclusionsDisplaced status, older age, and parental symptoms predicted psychological symptoms in adolescent refugees in an initial relatively asymptomatic post-resettlement phase. The early recognition of at-risk refugee youth may provide an opportunity for preventative mental health interventions.

Human Health Rights: Discussing Health Inequality for Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples and the Appropriateness of Current Epidemic Policies

Many studies from around the world demonstrate that COVID-19 has had significantly higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and mortality among indigenous and other vulnerable groups than among mainstream population groups. This situation has exposed and reinforced pre-existing health inequalities. This article investigates the rates of infection and mortality among different cultural groups during the COVID-19 pandemic, and then deconstructs the key elements related to systemic or structural racism. The impacts on the human rights and health of indigenous peoples and issues of policy formulation and resource equity during the epidemic are also mentioned. Based on the identified root causes of health inequality, suggestions for reducing health inequality for Taiwanese indigenous peoples are proposed. Further, during epidemics, policymakers must design and implement culturally appropriate epidemic prevention policies, systems, and strategies for indigenous and other disadvantaged populations.