Main Standpoints Research Articles

The Paradox of Axiological Coldness: An Original Husserlian Solution

This paper explores the nature of our experiences of values – our valueceptions. In the recent literature, two main standpoints have emerged. On the one hand, the ‘Meinongian’ side claims that axiological properties are experienced exclusively in emotions. On the other hand, the ‘Hildebrandian’ side contends that since valueceptions can be ‘cold’, they are not accomplished in emotions but rather reside in ‘value-feelings’ – emotions, in this framework, being conceived of as reactions to the values thus revealed. The aim of the paper is to argue that the Husserlian phenomenology of affectivity, especially as it is developed during his Göttingen period, can help to overcome these two accounts. I start by pointing out that, contrary to what most scholars have assumed so far, Husserl’s theory of valueception is not tantamount to Meinong’s, as it is very sensitive to ‘Hildebrandian’ arguments (Part 2). The core of the paper is then devoted to a systematic reconstruction of Husserl’s solution to this controversy. Drawing on the analogy between thing-perceptions and value-perceptions (Part 3), I show, first, that ‘cold’ valueceptions are to be identified with empty apprehensions (Auffassungen) of value, in which an emotion is not actually experienced but is anticipated in such-and-such kinaesthetic circumstances (Part 4); second, that the realization of this anticipation amounts to the fulfillment of the valueception (Part 5). As a result, Husserl acknowledges the relevance of ‘value-feelings’, yet his account appears more satisfactory than traditional ‘Hildebrandian’ theories in that it demystifies these ‘value-feelings’ by reducing them to potential emotions.

The Influence of J.A. Comenius’ Ideology on the Development of Slovak Pedagogy

Pedagogical opinions of J. A. Comenius and his unique reflections on the improvement of the society represent one of the main standpoints for the development of humanist pedagogy around the world. His concept of education as well as his ideas on how to resolve many of the world’s complex problems were at the time highly progressive and have influenced the society’s way of thinking in Slovakia as well. The credit for the popularisation of his ideas goes to many notable personalities in Slovakia in the 19th and 20th centuries. His ideas are still tangible in the process of contemporary teaching of pedagogues, from primary schools all the way to universities.

Evaluating Articles in Serbian Newspapers (Застава, Србски Народ, and Српске новине) About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Framework of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878)

The Eastern question was an international diplomatic issue that arose in the 19th century, and the Great Eastern Crisis was one of the most dynamic periods in the development of the Eastern question. The rebellion that broke out in Herzegovina in 1875 developed over a short time and started a new crisis that became an international problem with the intervention of the Great Powers within the framework of the European balance of power. The April Uprising of 1876, the 1876 Montenegrin-Ottoman War, the 1876 Serbian-Ottoman War, the Constantinople Conference of 1876, and Pan-Slavism made their weight felt in the period that followed, one which also left the Ottoman Empire in a difficult situation and resulted in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. The Eastern question was an unavoidable topic for the Serbian intellectual elite. The most prominent members of which proposed solutions that were most suitable for the Serbian people at the time. When the revolt broke out, the important Serbian newspapers informed about the recent events in Herzegovina and sympathized with the rebellions that demanded war against the Ottoman Empire. Elite Serbian politicians and the public saw war as the only solution for the Balkan people to the Great Eastern Crisis. This study will analyze articles from three Serbian newspapers about the Herzegovina Uprising: Застава [Flag], Србски народ [Serbian People], and Српске новине [Serbian News]. The leading Serbian political thinkers of the 19th century, both those living in the Principality of Serbia and those living in Austria-Hungary, were responsible for creating public opinion among the Serbian people. These newspapers were important because they were widely read among the Serbs living on both sides of the Drina, Danube, and Sava and provide valuable information about the main standpoints of Serbian national inspiration.

Büyük Doğu Krizi Çerçevesinde (1875-1878) Sırp Gazetelerindeki (Застава, Србски Народ, Српске Новине) Hersek İsyanı İle İlgili Yazıların Değerlendirilmesi

Doğu Sorunu, 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan uluslararası bir diplomatik sorundur. Büyük Doğu Krizi ise Doğu Sorunu’nun gelişimindeki en dinamik dönemlerden biridir. 1875 yılında Hersek’te çıkan isyan kısa sürede gelişerek Şark Meselesi’nde yeni bir krize başlangıç teşkil etmiştir. Avrupa güçler dengesi çerçevesinde Büyük Güçlerin müdahalesiyle kriz uluslararası bir sorun hâline gelmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’ni zor durumda bırakan bu isyanı takip eden süreçte yaşanan 1876 Bulgar İsyanı, 1876 Osmanlı-Sırp-Karadağ Savaşı, 1876 İstanbul Konferansı ile Panslavizm tüm ağırlığını hissettirmiş ve 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’na sebep olmuştur. Doğu Sorunu, Sırpların entelektüel seçkinleri için kaçınılmaz bir konuydu. Sırp entelektüel seçkinlerinin önde gelen üyeleri, o zamanlar Sırp halkı için en uygun olan çözümleri önermişler, isyan çıktığında Sırpların önemli gazeteleri o zamanların siyasi durumunu açık bir şekilde ortaya koymuşlardır. Hersek’te son zamanlarda meydana gelen olayları haber veren, Hersek ve Bosna’daki isyanlara ve Sırp halkına sempati duyan halk, Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı savaş talep etmiştir. Seçkin Sırp politikacılar ve halk, Balkan halkı için Büyük Doğu Krizi konusunda savaşı tek çözüm olarak görmüşlerdir. Çalışmamızda üç gazetenin Застава, Србски НароД ve Српске новине, Hersek İsyanı ile ilgili yazıları, analiz edilecektir. 19. yüzyılın hem Sırp Prensliği’nde hem de Avusturya-Macaristan’da yaşayan Sırp önde gelen siyasi düşünürleri, dergi ve gazetelerde yazılar yazıp yayımlayarak Sırp halkı arasında kamuoyu oluşturmakla sorumluydular. Bu gazeteler o zamanlar Drina, Tuna ve Sava’nın iki yakasında yaşayan Sırplar arasında yaygın olarak okundukları ve bize o zamanın Sırp ulusal ilhamının ana duruş noktaları hakkında değerli bilgiler verdikleri için önemlidirler.

CFD Analysis on Different Filling Volume Capacity and Fluid Density for Flexitank Application

When it comes to the structural design of flexitanks used for freight transportation, liquid sloshing is a crucial subject of concern. However, with consideration of the flexitank shape, there is no specific capacity value that can be used as a guide for filling the liquid inside it. This phenomenon may cause a high-pressure impact on the flexitank, resulting in a leakage on the LLDPE package. One of the solutions to reduce the frequency of leaks occurred is to fill up the acceptable volume based on hydrodynamics performance. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate, using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, the hydrodynamic performance of various flexitank filling volume capacities based on different liquid densities. This is evaluated by comparing the hydrodynamics study for filling capacities that are 1%, 2%, and 3% higher than the rated capacity for flexitanks that has been suggested by the Container Owner Association (COA). Due to the flexitanks thin walls, it is important to consider the impacts of fluid-structure interaction (FSI). To do this, a partitioned FSI approach is used by coupling the CFD and FEA solvers for this multi-physics issue. The main standpoint of FSI is that fluid forces are applied to structures, causing deformation. Hydrodynamic parameters such as structural deformation on flexitank, von-mises stress and von-mises strain were used to identify the suitable filling capacity for three different: water, latex, and crude palm oil, as these liquids are commonly used for flexitank. The results indicate that varying the liquid filling capacity affected the hydrodynamic performance of the flexitank. Following that, increasing the flexitank filled with water by 3% and increasing the flexitank filled with latex and CPO by 1% can lead to structural damage as it gives highest maximum value of total deformation for these capacities. Since the situation of the flexitank are in the braking condition, the highest elastic equivalent strain is occurred at the front-top of the flexitank structure.

Exposition of Reality in Igbo Ontological Framework

The most prominent essence of this work is centred on the need for a more documented idea on the concept of reality in Igbo Ontology and by all means, helps to bring about profound knowledge and, therefore, contribute to scholarship. Admittedly, by philosophically analysing the past and the present practical contact with and observations of facts or events which leave serious impressions on the Igbo man in his universe, which is the main standpoint within which reality is analyzed in this project, one hopefully geared toward achieving to some extent the conclusions for the emergent African philosophy that goes over and above the Igbo tribal milieu. To this end, any student who wishes to carry out more studies on the concept of the reality in Igbo Ontology will invariably find this research work very expedient. It will serve as a valuable starting point or reference point. If this goal of provoking and inspiring further thoughts and studies on this subject matter is achieved, then the research endeavours would not be in vain. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study. We made use of data gotten from available literatures, unpublished essays, doctoral theses, journal articles and magazines. This thesis adopted the evaluative, analytic, historical and critical research approaches as means to achieve the objectives of the study.

The model of psychotherapeutic assistance to mental health specialists to develop resilience

Introduction. Today’s crisis and stress conditions increase the number of cases of PTSD diagnosis and associated symptoms. Since mental health specialists are key workers in providing assistance in this context, they are now experiencing more intense mental work load than ever before. The personal characteristics of specialists and the occupational risks associated with empathic contact with patients who have experienced a traumatic event pose a certain danger to specialists and require special research attention. In this context, the need to prepare appropriate protocols, psychotechnologies and models of psychotherapeutic work to restore and develop resilience is highlighted. Aim. The purpose of the article is to describe the main standpoints of the created psychotechnology of the development of resilience of mental health specialists and operationalization of its practical part, namely a model of psychotherapeutic assistance to mental health specialists for the development of resilience. Results. The created psychotechnology for the development of resilience of mental health specialists contains developed theoretical, diagnostic and psychotherapeutic stages. The psychotherapeutic stage of psychotechnology of resilience of mental health specialists is created taking into account specific intervention strategies, principles of process organization and means (methods and techniques) that ensure the process of resilience development and is presented as a model of psychotherapeutic assistance to mental health specialists to develop resilience. The operationalization of the model allowed one to form the following scheme of strategic direction of psychotherapeutic assistance: resource vector <=> in-depth vector => behavioral vector. Each vector is provided with appropriate methods and techniques that help solve the problem of resilience development, as well as improve post-traumatic growth. Conclusions. The model of psychotherapeutic work for the development of resilience of mental health specialists, based on an integrative approach using multimodal interventions, is proposed. The initial approbation of the model allowed to determine the scheme of strategic direction of psychotherapeutic interventions, «portrait of a resilient specialist», as well as important aspects for its further improvement.

Challenges and Strategies towards Practically Feasible Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

Remarkable improvement of the ionic conductivity of inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs) exceeding 10 mS cm-1 at room temperature has opened up the opportunities to realize the commercialization of solid-state batteries (SSBs). The transition to the intrinsically inflammable SEs also promises that SSBs would successfully utilize lithium metal anode thus achieving the high-energy-density lithium metal batteries without the risk of a safety hazard. However, the practical operation of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) still faces the challenges of the poor cycle stability and the low energy efficiency, which are coupled with the interface stability and even with the dendrite growth of lithium metal. This article overviews current understandings regarding the underlying origins of the issues in employing the lithium metal anode in SSLMBs from the five main standpoints: i) the chemical/electrochemical interfacial stability, ii) the microscopic evolution of interfacial morphology, iii) the intrinsic diffusivity of lithium atom/vacancy at the interface, iv) imperfections (defect/pores), and v) non-negligible electronic conductivity of SEs. The discussions are followed on the state-of-the-art efforts and strategies to overcome these respective challenges. Finally, the authors provide their perspectives for the future research directions toward achieving the commercial level of high-energy SSLMBs.

Między zachodnim kolonializmem a wschodnim imperializmem. Dyskurs postkolonialny a trajektoria rozwojowa społeczeństw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w świetle nie-Marksowskiego materializmu historycznego

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a problem of applicability of postcolonial studies/postcolonial perspective to history of Polish society and wider — East Central Europe, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the first part, the main standpoints in Polish discussion are identified and the certain attempt of an application of categories of postcolonial studies are critically analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, in part two, the typology of social dominations (political, economic and cultural and variants of external subordinations) based on non-Marxian historical materialism is constructed in order in the chapter fourth to interpret the developmental trajectory of East-Central European societies. In the light of the presented interpretation, the ‘resolving ability’ of postcolonial perspective is too weak to be applied without essential modification to the history of societies living in this region of Europe, where the mosaic of different configurations of class domination shaped and evolved.

Reinforcing the Development of Foreign Oral Competence of the Students of Higher Education

The oral competence of the person is the indicator which shows the socio-psychological, cultural and educational background of the individual in the case of not only his foreign language but also his mother tongue. As how a person defines his attitudes towards the exterior life has already become an independent study and today more people began to be interested in the nature of speech trying to upgrade oratory skills. This explains why perfecting the speaking comprehension in both native and foreign language is so demanded than any other language skills. Being one of the four major language skills, speaking comprehension is interrelated with every of them (listening, reading, writing) and has special tasks and aims of scope which are more significant and sensible than any other. The reason is that, without the ability to express our mind, the other skills as writing a letter, reading a text or listening to a tape, might lose their essence or just turn into useless one. It should be noted that, there are some obstacles related to psychological, methodical and target language experiences which bother students from interacting in the foreign language. Thus the following work is aimed at analyzing the process of developing the speaking skill of English as a second language of the students of Higher Education; detecting the existing problem areas; providing real solutions considering the learners` needs. As a content matter we chose the students of non-linguistic departments of Higher Education. Choosing non-linguistic sphere is explained with the frequency of language learning barriers which face the very students of this area more than usual. Thus the work analyzes the process; identifies the existing problem areas and the learners` weak-points; includes experimental researches with solutions and gives expedient results clarifying the main standpoints.

Developing Transnational Methodologies in Feminist Studies: the relationship between postcolonial feminisms and new materialist feminism = Desarrollo de metodologías transnacionales en los estudios feministas: la relación entre los feminismos postcoloniales y el feminismo neo-materialista

Abstract. The following article is an attempt to establish a constructive dialogue be­tween two of the leading feminist philosophical theories of our time, new materialist feminism and postcolonial feminisms. Despite the fact that new materialist feminism has claimed to share the same concerns of postcolonial feminisms, this paradigm in some cases has been un­appreciated among the postcolonial field, even though the two theories actually do have some common viewpoints, as I want to demonstrate. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to highlight the main standpoints of new materialist feminism, in relation with the theoretical positions of postcolonial feminism. In order to do so, I have engaged critically with Rosi Braidotti’s thought, putting it in dialogue with the critiques advanced by postcolonial feminist thinkers. After the analysis and the definition of new materialist feminism in the first section, and postcolonial feminism in the second, I then proceeded by envisaging a common ground for the two theories. The importance of this intercommunication is based on the idea that there can be no effective politics for new materialism if this theory doesn’t develop its ability to be transdisciplinar and intersectional. It also has to become capable of accounting for the dynamics of power at all levels and with different prospective, as a way to create new politics of identity and resistance. To answer to the challenges and paradoxes of our contemporary era the creation of a space for transnational actions is more effective than ever, as I want to attest.Palabras clave: Postcolonial Feminism, Neo-materialism, Feminist Philosophical think­ing, New Methodological Perspectives in Gender Studies. Resumen. El siguiente artículo es un intento de establecer un diálogo constructivo entre dos de las principales teorías filosóficas feministas de nuestro tiempo, el nuevo feminismo materialista y el feminismo poscolonial. A pesar del hecho de que el nuevo feminismo mate­rialista ha afirmado compartir las mismas preocupaciones de los feminismos poscoloniales, este paradigma en algunos casos no se aprecia en el campo poscolonial, aunque las dos teorías realmente tienen algunos puntos de vista comunes, como quiero demostrar. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es destacar los principales puntos de vista del nuevo feminismo ma­terialista, en relación con las posiciones teóricas del feminismo poscolonial. Para hacerlo, me he comprometido críticamente con el pensamiento de Rosi Braidotti, poniéndolo en diálogo con las críticas formuladas por las pensadoras feministas poscoloniales. Después del análisis y la definición del nuevo feminismo materialista en la primera sección, y del feminismo posco­lonial en la segunda, procedí a prever un terreno común para las dos teorías. La importancia de esta intercomunicación se basa en la idea de que no puede haber políticas efectivas para el nuevo materialismo si esta teoría no desarrolla su capacidad de ser transdisciplinar e inter­seccional. También debe ser capaz de explicar la dinámica del poder en todos los niveles y con diferentes perspectivas, como una forma de crear nuevas políticas de identidad y resistencia. Para responder a los desafíos y las paradojas de nuestra era contemporánea, la creación de un espacio para acciones transnacionales es más efectiva que nunca, como quiero afirmar.Palabras clave: Feminismo poscolonial, neomaterialismo, pensamiento filosófico femi­nista, nuevas perspectivas metodológicas en los estudios de género.

Understanding conflicting views of endocrine disruptor experts: a pilot study using argumentation analysis

To what extent do substances have the potential to cause adverse health effects through an endocrine mode of action? This question elicited intense debates between endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) experts. The pervasive nature of the underlying differences of opinion justifies a systematic analysis of the argumentation put forward by the experts involved. Two scientific publications pertaining to EDS science were analyzed using pragma-dialectical argumentation theory (PDAT). PDAT’s methodology allowed us to perform a maximally impartial and systematic analysis. Using PDAT, the structure of the argumentation put forward in both publications was reconstructed, main standpoints, and arguments were identified, underlying unexpressed premises were made explicit and major differences in starting points were uncovered. The five differences in starting points identified were subdivided into two categories: interpretative ambiguity about underlying scientific evidence and normative ambiguity about differences in broader norms and values. Accordingly, two differences in starting points were explored further using existing risk and expert role typologies. We emphasize that particularly the settlement of normative ambiguity, through the involvement of broader ethical, social or political values, inherently requires multi-stakeholder approaches. Extrapolation of our findings to the broader discussion on EDS science and further exploration of the roles of EDS experts in policy processes should follow from further research.

Community Perception on Participatory Local Center and its Design Principles: Chizar

Local participation is a solution for getting decreased the social relationship that is presented by the recent urbanism paradigms and sustainable development. The main standpoint of this paper was to analyze the citizen's perceptual concepts as a missing link between the physical principles of local center and public participation. The selected perceptual concepts were sociopetal, security and memorabilia. This paper chose one of the regions of "Tehran" as its case study. The methodology of this paper is factor analysis via questionnaire. The paper concluded the perceptual concepts with their similar physical principles that more effectively relate to the participation.

Rola SDR w perspektywie zmian zasad funkcjonowania międzynarodowego systemu walutowego

Rozwój dyskusji wskazującej na potrzebę podniesienia efektywności międzynarodowego systemu walutowego sprawia, że pojawia się wiele propozycji jego reformy. Z przedstawianych w literaturze koncepcji modyfikacji międzynarodowego systemu walutowego wyłaniają się dwa główne stanowiska: 1) przejście w kierunku systemu wielodewizowego oraz 2) stworzenie globalnego systemu walutowego przez oparcie go na Specjalnych Prawach Ciągnienia (SDR) lub wykreowanie ponadnarodowego pieniądza papierowego. Te okoliczności są przesłanką do podjęcia badań, których celem jest analiza wykorzystania SDR w funkcjach waluty międzynarodowej oraz ocena możliwości reformy międzynarodowego systemu walutowego, polegającej na zwiększeniu roli SDR. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że przejęcie przez SDR funkcji waluty międzynarodowej jest możliwe, jednak wymaga istotnych zmian w polityce krajów oraz stworzenia warunków do szerszego zastosowania SDR, zarówno w sferze transakcji oficjalnych, jak i prywatnych. Zastosowane metody badawcze obejmują studium literatury przedmiotu oraz analizę danych statystycznych, głównie IMF i UNCTAD.

Review of Endovenous Thermal Ablation of the Great Saphenous Vein: Endovenous Laser Therapy Versus Radiofrequency Ablation.

Endovenous thermal ablation is a popular treatment for varicose veins of the greater saphenous vein. Two common techniques of thermal ablation are endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The authors compare EVLT and RFA in vein therapy. A review was conducted using PubMed. Studies comparing the treatment modalities were gathered and compared on the basis of 5 main standpoints, including: efficacy, side effects, serious complications, recurrence, and quality of life. It was found that EVLT and RFA are both highly efficacious (>80%). Endovenous laser therapy seems to be slightly more efficacious than RFA in numerous studies but its significance is uncertain. Side effect profiles varied regarding postoperative pain and bruising because both were seen to be significantly less using RFA. Serious complications were found to be rare in both with no significant difference in incidence. Recanalization rate was observed to be higher using RFA with uncertainty in significance among various studies. Quality of life improved after both procedures with no significant difference among the 2. Efficacy and recurrence rate seem to favor EVLT, whereas postoperative pain and bruising favor RFA. Further studies are needed to validate the significance of the differences found.

Logical techniques of argumentation in scholarly-critical discourse by David Lodge

The article outlines basic methods and general features of argumentation in scholarly-critical discourse of David Lodge. Schematically, the argument can be represented as a pyramid, the top of which forms the main standpoint, based on minor standpoints. Minor standpoints serve as main arguments in support of the main standpoint (thesis), based in turn on their arguments. Division of standpoints into main and minor forms their hierarchy. The investigation has revealed that the author uses multiple and complex argumentation. Multiple argumentation is used for a better justification. It seems that the speaker is aware of all the possible objections put forward on a view. Verbal indicators of multiple argumentation can be expressed by conjunctions (because, and, or), words and phrases (by the way, moreover, incidentally, etc.). Within complex argumentation, subordinative and coordinative types of argumentation have been traced.

Vocational learning in a Swedish post-secondary apprenticeship

BackgroundIn Sweden, some occupations require post-secondary apprenticeship, e.g. those who are to become construction workers, while some do not, e.g. those who are to become business and administration workers. Research on post-secondary apprenticeship can be regarded as sparse. To address vocational learning in post-secondary apprenticeship, this explorative study focuses on apprentices in the construction industry. The aim of this study is to identify how vocational learning is constituted within workplace activities.MethodsThis study aimed to follow up a study of a former class of construction students who participated in project-based vocational education (Empir Res Vocat Educ Train 6:2, 2014). The study included 11 semi-structured interviews, which lasted between 35 and 55 min, and a survey that related to 64 stated learning goals.ResultThe findings show that the development of vocational learning is closely linked to performing tasks that challenge the apprentices to think and solve problems. This approach to the performance of tasks enhances productive learning where the payroll system appears to trigger the scope of action. Further, this study shows that, despite differences in the activities that are carried out at different workplaces, the learning outcomes are dependent on personal goals as well as indirect and direct guidance.ConclusionAlthough stated learning goals are highly valued, the apprentices, have problems relating to them. Instead, interaction and guidance from more experienced co-workers lead to the development of a learning outcome. As described herein, a vocational learning outcome of post-secondary apprenticeships is complex, and can be understood as being related to individual goals and workplace activities that interact and constitute vocational learning. Thus, this explorative study has identified four main standpoints that afford vocational learning in post-secondary apprenticeship: (a) the importance of guidance in the workplace, (b) the possibility of performing complex tasks, (c) the encouragement to develop new methods, and (d) the possibility of being a part of the building process.

Prostituição: Que Modelo Jurídico-Político para Portugal?

RESUMO A prostituição em Portugal conheceu diversos modelos jurídico-políticos, como a regulamentação, o proibicionismo e o abolicionismo, prevalecendo este último na atualidade. No discurso social e científico encontramos sobretudo duas posições: os defensores da prostituição como trabalho e os que a consideram uma violação dos direitos humanos. Este artigo apresenta a evolução histórico-legal dos modelos de intervenção na prostituição em Portugal, de forma a contextualizarmos e compreendermos a influência dos discursos. Em seguida, expõe as opiniões dos profissionais das instituições, que dirigem respostas a esta população, sobre a atual moldura jurídico-política, com a finalidade de analisar as diferentes perspectivas sobre o trabalho sexual. Baseando-se em pesquisa de natureza qualitativa que contemplou 23 entrevistas, conclui-se que embora não exista uma ideia clara sobre qual modelo adotar, a preocupação com o respeito pelos direitos humanos e o combate ao estigma estão patentes, independentemente do paradigma em questão.

Classification of conspiracy: forms, types, meaning for criminal legal assessment of a crime

The article deals with the classification of conspiracy according to its and types as well as it criminal legal meaning. The author considers the main standpoints on the issues of conspiracy classification developed in the science of criminal law. The paper elicits criteria used within the doctrine and in the judicial practice for classifying conspiracy according to its forms. It also formulates the definitions of forms of conspiracy . The author researches the norms of the concept of conspiracy according to the Russian legislation and suggests his own classification according to and types of all possible participation in a crime. There are five of conspiracy as stated by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: 1) conspiracy with roles allocation; 2) group of persons; 3) group of persons by prior collusion; 4) organized group; 5) criminal society (criminal organization). Ten types of conspiracy enshrined in the Special part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are also outlined. There are five types of organized group: 1) terrorist organization (art. 2055 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 2) illigal armed group (art. 208 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 3) gang (art. 209 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 4) non-profit organization offending a person and citizens rights (art. 239 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 5) extremist organization (art. 2822 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The five types of criminal society are: 1) terrorist society (art. 2054 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 2) structured organized group (part 1 art. 210 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 3) association of organized groups (part 1 art. 210 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 4) gathering of organizers, heads (leaders) or any other representatives of organized groups (part 1 art. 210 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); 5) extremist association (art. 2821 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The author considers the norms of criminal law, related to classification of conspiracy, and judicial practice of their application. The article also researches the interpretations of courts of higher instance related to imposition of punishment in conspiracy cases. The conducted analysis covers the meaning of the author's classification for the criminal and legal assessment of a crime, including classification of crimes committed by conspiracy, and for imposition of punishment for crimes committed by conspiracy. The author suggests some changes into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation which aim at clarifying the classification of group crimes. Some suggestions on improvement of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation commentaries related to interpretation of norms for imposition of punishment for group crimes are made in order to provide just individualization of accomplices punishment.

Minimally Invasive Approach of a Retrocaval Ureter.

The retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital entity, classically managed with open pyeloplasty techniques. The experience obtained with the laparoscopic approach of other more frequent causes of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction has opened the method for the minimally invasive approach of the retrocaval ureter. In our paper, we describe a clinical case of a right retrocaval ureter managed successfully with laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty. The main standpoints of the procedure are described. Our results were similar to others published by other urologic centers, which demonstrates the safety and feasibility of the procedure for this condition.