Main Power Source Research Articles

The petition of a Qazaq official, Turdybek Syrtanov: an introduction to the Qazaq life strategies in the tsarist colonial era

On example of the biography of Turdybek (Turlybek) Syrtanov (1860–1906), an interpreter and translator under the Semirechye regional administration, the article deals with the formation of a new Qazaq social group of officials in the service of the Russian colonial apparatus. The establishment of the Russian colonial regime in Qazaq Zhetysu (Semirechye) and the administrative integration of Qazaq territories into the Russian Empire had transformed Qazaq political and social institutions so that Qazaq elites had to rethink their political functions. The representatives of the former Qazaq nobility could now occupy only lower elected positions in the new administrative units, managing volosts and auls. At the level of regions and districts there were no Qazaqs. In such circumstances, the position of volostnoy upravitel’ (volost ruler) allowing certain lineages to enrich themselves, became the main source of power, among the Qazaqs. To gain and retain this power for themselves and their offspring, the volost rulers used financial resources, trade, and personal connections with the colonial administration. The biography of Turdybek Syrtanov demonstrates a different way of adaptation to the new colonial context. In the Matay-Qaptagay (Arasan) Volost of the Kapal District of the Semirechye Region, the leading role belonged to the qydyrali lineage of the matay-qaptagay clan of the nayman tribe of the Middle Zhuz. The representatives of this lineage dominated in the area and monopolized the elective position of volostnoy upravitel’. The qulshan lineage of the same matay-qaptagay clan retained only the functions of biys in their own administrative aul. The head of the Qulshans. Syrttan Bokin (1837?–1916) sent his two eldest sons, Turdybek and Barlybek (1866–1914), to a Russian school in Kapal and then to a gymnasium in Verny. The article examines the motives encouraging the Qazaqs to send their children to Russian schools and making them enter the public service. The main document analyzed in the article is the petition of Turdybek Syrtanov dated May 18, 1902, which is preserved in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The document shows the Qazaqs' perception of their own world and its representation for the Russian administration. At the end of the article, the document commented by the author is reproduced in full.

Research Progress and Development Trend of Prognostics and Health Management Key Technologies for Equipment Diesel Engine

The diesel engine, as the main power source of equipment, faces practical problems in the maintenance process, such as difficulty in fault location and a lack of preventive maintenance techniques. Currently, breakdown maintenance and cyclical preventive maintenance are the main means of maintenance support after a diesel engine failure, but these methods require professional maintenance personnel to carry out manual fault diagnosis, which is time-consuming. Prognostics and health management (PHM), as a new technology in the field of equipment maintenance support, has significant advantages in improving equipment reliability and safety, enhancing equipment maintenance support capability, and reducing maintenance support costs. In view of this, when introducing PHM into diesel engine maintenance support, the research progress and development trend of the key technologies of PHM for diesel engines are carried out with the objective of achieving precise maintenance and scientific management of diesel engines, and the key technologies demand traction. Firstly, the development history of PHM technology is reviewed, and its basic concept and main functions are introduced. Secondly, the system architecture of PHM for diesel engines is constructed, and its key technologies are summarized. Then, the research progress in the field of PHM for diesel engines is reviewed from four aspects: data acquisition, data processing, fault diagnosis, and health status assessment. Finally, the challenges faced by diesel engine PHM in engineering applications are analyzed, effective solutions to address these challenges are explored, and the future development trend is foreseen.

New Energy Vehicle Power Lithium Battery Model Establishment Method and SOC Estimation Research

As the main source of power for pure electric vehicles, new energy vehicle power lithium batteries are also a key technology that restricts the development of pure electric vehicles, and can directly affect the driving performance of vehicles. A reliable and efficient management system (Battery Management System, BMS) can allow the lithium-ion battery to output its best performance stably, while ensuring that the battery has a long enough service life. State of charge (SOC) estimation plays an important role in Li-ion battery management systems. The establishment of the battery working model is an important part of the state of charge estimation. Therefore, higher requirements are put forward for the establishment of the battery model. At the same time, the error of the subsequent data processing and estimation results is smaller, and the Kalman filter is often used for processing. This paper starts from the current situation of model research and improvement, focuses on the equivalent circuit model, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and summarizes the comparative research on the analysis and processing effect of Kalman filter. And further experiment verification of SOC estimation through battery test experiments and algorithms, use Thevenin model, use least squares method for parameter identification, and finally use Kalman filter for SOC estimation, according to the analysis of the results, the fitting accuracy is 1.69%, provided by battery research a strong theoretical foundation.

Efficient and Reliable Power-Conditioning Stage for Fuel Cell-Based High-Power Applications

Mainstream power-conditioning devices such as boost converters are frequently utilized for developing a compatible interface between a fuel cell, electrical storage, and high power loads. The conventional power stage comprising a unique boost converter suffers from low efficiency and poor reliability due to excessive power losses, particularly in high-power applications. Additionally, the presence of high ripple contents can reduce the lifespan of the fuel cell itself. With this background, this paper proposes and experimentally validates a physical components-assisted equivalent power-sharing strategy between parallel-coupled boost converters (PCCs) that is subjected to a wide spectrum of low-voltage–high-power conditions. The operation of PCCs is bottlenecked by several practical limitations, such as the presence of inner circulating currents (ICCs) and stability issues associated with the equivalent sharing of power. To overcome these limitations, a module of reverse blocking diodes is suggested to avoid ICCs between the PCCs. Further, an equalization filter is properly placed to improve the equivalent power-sharing capability. The proposed strategy is theoretically assessed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment with a 6 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the main power source. A scaled-down laboratory setup consisting of an 810 W PEMFC stack, an electronic load, three boost converters, and a filter circuit is then designed and critically evaluated. A consistent agreement is observed between the experimental findings and the simulation results under realistic operating conditions.

Development of renewable energy-based power system for the irrigation support: case studies

Abstract The development of renewable energy-based applications is nowadays a forced demand of society, for chasing the target set by the governments and the concerned organizations, to reduce or limit the carbon penetration in the environment. Sincere efforts are being made by academics and researchers to create applications based on renewable energy that are reliable and efficient. Green revolutions increase agricultural fields and alter grain production rates, but they also increase energy consumption since agricultural machinery is used more efficiently, mostly for irrigation needs. The purpose of this work is to introduce a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that can take the place of the diesel pump often used for time-bound crop irrigation. This HRES system consists of a photovoltaic generator as the main power source supported by a battery energy storage system. For this hybrid system, the development of a Proportional & Integral (PI)-based integrated hybrid controller is proposed to regulate the charge/discharge cycle of the battery energy with maintaining the load demand simultaneously. Controlling of this hybrid system is carried out in the LabVIEW environment.

Comfort violation minimization oriented energy management strategy for a renewable-assisted stand-alone multi-energy electric vehicle service station

In this study, a comfort violation minimization oriented energy management strategy is proposed for a stand-alone electric vehicle (EV) service station serving multiple EV types in a multi-energy manner. The main purpose of this strategy is to minimize the discomfort of EV owners due to insufficient energy supply while considering the fairness among users and optimizing the utilization of renewable energy sources. The criteria for selecting this strategy include: (1) mitigating customer dissatisfaction arising from inadequate energy supply, (2) ensuring fairness in energy distribution among different EV types, and (3) maximizing the use of renewable power sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) units. The developed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model comprises a PV unit as the main power source, with an energy storage system (ESS) and an electrolyzer-supported main hydrogen storage unit fulfilling the energy and hydrogen demands of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), respectively. A comfort violation fairness constraint is also introduced to guarantee a fair service for all EV owners, thereby enhancing the social acceptability of the provided EV service.Simulation results, obtained under various case studies considering component size changes and comfort fairness constraint relaxation, demonstrate the importance of striking a balance between investing in larger components and allowing for a certain level of customer dissatisfaction. The analysis revealed that relaxation of the fairness constraint led to a reduction in overall comfort violation by up to 15 % for both BEVs and FCEVs combined; however, this relaxation resulted in significant differences in comfort violation among different EV owner types, with variations ranging from a minimum of 0 % to a maximum of >90 %. These findings emphasize the significance of considering fairness in energy distribution to prevent potential dissatisfaction among end-users. Future studies will explore the development of a grid-connected system and compare the stand-alone structure in a techno-economic context, considering the possible impact of different EV types on grid operation during normal and resiliency-oriented conditions.

An optimal scheduling of renewable energy in flexible interconnected distribution networks considering extreme scenarios

AbstractAs renewable power penetration gradually increases in hierarchical distribution networks, certain regions have started to lack the ability to consume. How to improve the consumption capacity of a hierarchical distribution network through optimal dispatching has become a hot topic in the current research on distribution system operation. Firstly, the article makes an accurate and rapid assessment of the consumption capacity of the station area through the limit scenario analysis method; secondly, based on the assessment results, the main network renewable power sources are prioritized for consumption, while the main network and the station area; thirdly, the main network renewable power sources are prioritized for consumption, considering the assessment results while the main network and the station area reach the optimal power flow simultaneously through a multi‐layer dispatching model. Then, through the flexible interconnection system, load balancing and energy optimization are performed for unconsumed distributed generation (DG) and incomplete energy storage system (ESS) in the station area to further improve the efficiency of renewable energy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by simulation tests.

The Application of Hybrid Energy system (Hydrogen Fuel cell, wind, and solar) in shipping

This research assesses the technical feasibility of a hybrid propulsion system for bulk carriers, combining green hydrogen with wind and solar energy. The aim is to achieve zero-emissions shipping and reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Previous studies in this field have typically focused on a single model for a specific vessel, whereas our research assesses a range of vessels based on their size, resulting in a total of 4986 vessels assessed. In addition, we applied the proposed model to all vessels at different speeds to check its applicability. Our calculations show that the proposed hybrid model can be applied to specific routes, under specific conditions, and on some vessel sizes, with the power generated by hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) being the main power source. However, the number of vessels that can sail without conventional fossil fuels can be increased by combining this power source with other renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. The final result of the calculation showed that distance, speed, and ship size are the most influential parameters on the applicability of the proposed hybrid model in this research. Based on the calculation, wind power, solar power, and HFC are able to cover 8 to 27%, less than 1%, and 50 to 100% of the total required power for propulsion correspondingly depending on the mentioned influential parameters in the previous sentence.

Convolutional neural network approach for reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from pulverized coal-fired boiler in a power plant for sustainable environment

Coal-fired power plants are the main electric power source across many countries and cause major air pollution problems such as acid rain, smog, ozone depletion, and global warming. According to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is by far the first study that proposed 1-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1d-CNN) in combination with teaching learning self-study optimization (TLSO) algorithm for NOx emissions reduction by optimizing process input variables in a pulverized coal-fired power plant. The proposed model reduced the NOx emissions by 50.9%. In addition, the reduction experiment resulted in the early convergence superiority of the TSLO (130 s, 30th iteration) compared to genetic algorithm and Bayesian optimization. Based on the result, it is evident that combination of computationally inexpensive 1d-CNN and relatively fast converging TLSO could help process engineers reduce NOx emissions, which could ultimately contribute towards the goal of a sustainable environment.

Response to “Low cost, uncertain value: Why cheap PV may still not become UK’s main power source”

We endorse the ideas presented by the authors Klöckl etal. on the need of a mixed bag of energy supplies, with this likely being a combination of solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear in the future. Nevertheless, based on our analysis, we believe that the increased deployment capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems will decrease their cost more than wind, making solar PV important in meeting the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) requirements for greater sustainability.

Low cost, uncertain value: Why cheap PV may still not become UK’s main power source

We contrast a recent assessment by Mandys etal. that dropping PV LCOE in the UK will lead to photovoltaics becoming the most competitive renewable energy technology by 2030, by arguing that (1) strong seasonal variation, (2) too little demand correlation, and (3) highly concentrated production periods still lead to overall more competitiveness and less system cost of wind power production.

Способ сокращения времени подачи резервного питания в системах электроснабжения с двигательной нагрузкой

Nowadays fast-acting automatic transfer equipment is commonly applied in power supply systems with a motor load since it ensures uninterrupted power supply of critical consumers. However, their application requires the use of high-speed breakers. The implementation of a “high-speed” transfer to a backup power source when using vacuum switches may not be possible due to the long turn-on and turn-off times. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is relevant. The aim of the paper is to study the possibility to reduce the backup power supply time by improving the algorithm to control the vacuum switches of the main and backup power sources in the modes “high-speed” switching by the fast-acting automatic device in case of short circuits in the external power supply network. To achieve this purpose, computer modeling methods are used. They are based on mathematical models of electrical network elements written using systems of differential equations. The authors have defined the regularities of the transient processes in synchronous and induction motors when switching to a backup power source by the fast-acting automatic device in case of short circuits in the external power supply network. It makes possible to set the limit value of the mismatch angle between the residual voltage vectors on the section of the main power source and the voltage of the backup power source, at which the level of the self-starting current does not exceed the values of the starting currents. Also, it makes possible to develop an algorithm to control breakers. The proposed algorithm is based on changing the operation order of the switches of the main and backup power sources. The obtained results show that implementation of the proposed algorithm to control breakers of the main and backup power sources in fast-acting automatic devices in case of short circuits in the external power supply network of the main power source makes it possible to reduce the backup power supply time and decrease the level of self-starting currents that do not exceed the level of starting currents of electric motors without use of high-speed switches.

Development of a Detailed 3D Finite Element Model for a Lithium-Ion Battery Subject to Abuse Loading

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used as the main power source for Electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. The mechanical behavior of LIBs subject to crush loading is crucial in assessing and improving the impact safety of battery systems and EVs. In this work, a detailed 3D finite element model for a commercial vehicle battery was built, in order to better understand battery failure behavior under various loading conditions. The model included the major components of a prismatic battery jellyroll, i.e., cathodes, anodes, and separators. The models for these components were validated against the corresponding material coupon tests (e.g., tension and compression). Then the components were integrated into the cell level model for simulation of jellyroll loading and damage behavior under three types of compressive indenter loading: (1) Flat-end punch, (2) Hemispherical punch and (3) Round-edge wedge. The comparisons showed reasonable agreement between modeling and experiments. With the validated numerical model, parametric studies were further performed to analyze the effect of separator anisotropy, to highlight its important role in the overall structural response of LIBs.</div></div>

Synergetic Scheduling Energy and Reserve of Wind Farms for Power Systems with High-Share Wind Power

With wind and other variable renewable energy (VRE) generation gradually becoming the main power source, it is difficult to ensure the flexible and secure operation of the system by completely relying on conventional sources to balance the uncertainty and volatility of VRE. The increase of VRE penetration leads to the shortage of operation reserves, and wind power is allowed to participate in reserve services. However, the output of wind power is uncertain, and how to ensure the reliability and sustainability of wind power reserves is still an open question. A robust energy and reserve dispatch method considering the flexibility of wind power is proposed to solve this problem. To effectively measure the output and reserve margin of wind power under uncertain scenarios, (1) the grid connection coefficient of wind turbine generators (WTGs) is defined, and the uncertainty set considering active wind power curtailment is established; and (2) based on two kinds of WTG control methods, the reserve model of wind farms is established. The model links the reserve capacity between the base scenario and uncertain scenarios through the reserve coefficient, which ensures that the wind power reserve determined in the base scenario is still deliverable in any uncertain scenario. The robust scheduling model determines the optimal dispatching and reserve plan of conventional units and wind farms by balancing the system operation economy and the schedulable reserve of wind power. The column-and-constraint generation algorithm is used to solve the model. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by the illustrative results of the IEEE normal system.

Energy Management Control for Dual Power Source Powered Electric Vehicle

This paper presents a Proposed Energy Management Strategy (PEMS) for an electric vehicle powered by a fuel cell generator with a storage system based on a super capacitor. A PEMS is needed for hybrid sources in order to manage the energy flow from different sources to supply the power train. Thus, for simulating the studied system under two driving cycles, the MATLAB/Simulink has been used. The obtained results proved a good efficiency of the developed PEMS by minimizing as possible fuel consumption of the main power source.

Reliability and availability evaluation on hydraulic system of ship controllable pitch propeller based on evidence theory and dynamic Bayesian network

The hydraulic system is the main power source for the pitch adjustment of the ship's controllable pitch propeller. The stable operation of the system is the guarantee of ship navigation safety. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the reliability and availability of the hydraulic system of the controllable pitch propeller. In order to deal with epistemic uncertainty and dynamic characteristics in the reliability and availability assessment process of controllable pitch propeller hydraulic systems，the D-S evidence theory and dynamic Bayesian network were applied to establish a novel approach for assessing its reliability and availability. The proposed approach included: (1) analyzing the working principle of the system to establish a reliability block diagram; (2) according to the reliability block diagram, the system dynamic fault tree is established and transformed into DS-DBN model; (3) parameter learning and structure learning of DS-DBN model of controlled pitch propeller hydraulic system; and (4) system reliability and availability calculation, analysis of epistemic importance and weak links. The applicability of the approach was verified by comparison of Markov calculations.

Research on Improving Methods of Power Quality of Diesel Generators with Millisecond Pulse Load

Modern radar is a typical millisecond pulse load (MPL). Still, the independent power supply system of radar with a diesel generator (DG) as the main power source will have serious frequency fluctuation and voltage distortion problems. In practical applications, the main method to solve these problems is to increase the power supply capacity. This method will cause a serious waste of resources, and the mobility of the system will deteriorate. This paper takes the diesel generator with a millisecond pulse load system (DG_MPL) as the research object. It proposes a method to improve the power quality of DG_MPL by connecting the energy storage system (ESS) on the AC side. The system uses DG as the main power source and ESS as the auxiliary power source. The equivalent frequency regulation model is studied when the inverter control mode of ESS is selected PQ, Droop, and VSG, respectively. Finally, the system operating characteristics and power quality of several common improvement methods are compared and analyzed. The results prove that the proposed method can effectively improve the system frequency and voltage distortion problems.

The Assistance to Education Digital Transformation by ChatGPT: The Prospective Teachers’ Training Strategy for Cultivating Informatization Teaching Ability

The generative artificial intelligence technology represented by ChatGPT is developing rapidly and has caused multiple controversies in the field of education. As the main source of teachers' power in basic education in China, students’ information-based teaching ability has a directly effect on the quality of basic education in the future. Therefore, in the context of the digital transformation of education, this paper adopts the literature research method to analyze the significance and value of generative AI such as ChatGPT in promoting the digital transformation of school education, and focuses on trying to respond to the major practical problem of “information-based teaching ability cultivation strategy of normal university students” in the era of industrial intelligence from four aspects. It improves the information-based teaching ability of normal university students.

Development of Solar PV Systems for Mini-Grid Applications in Tanzania

Access to electricity offers great benefits to development through the provision of reliable and efficient energy sources in the country. Majority of the population living in the remote and rural areas of developing countries mostly sub-Saharan Africa are not supplied with electricity. Although the governments through their electricity companies put their effort to extends the grid distribution networks to remote and rural areas still the coverage were not sufficiently enough due to growing demands for safe and reliable electricity. However, solar as a source of energy remains the least utilized energy source in many countries including Tanzania. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems mini-grids have shown their potential in rural electrification projects in many countries mostly sub-Saharan Africa. A solar PV system mini-grid is a PV plant with a localized distribution network to a unit village, or a cluster of villages, providing alternating current (AC). Basically, it consists of solar PV modules of a certain capacity, charger controller, inverters for converting the DC power to AC power, housing for the battery bank and plant control systems. In areas where there is no grid connection or where diesel generation is the main power source, PV plants are able to generate electricity efficiently and relatively cheaply. This paper aims at giving out the overview of solar PV mini-grid applications in Tanzania basically, in terms of technical design and economic analysis of the selected mini-grid system at Juma Island village located in Sengerema District in Mwanza Region. The Juma Island settlements has the electricity demands estimated about 25 kWh per day. At the prevailing tariff conditions in the country, this project can be considered as financially viable with feed-in tariff scheme or other incentives such as grants/capital subsidies when applied. However, the other non-financial benefits like the greenhouse gas emissions savings can, in the long run, help mitigate the adverse effects of the climate change problem plaguing the entire earth.

Study on Floor Heave Characteristics and the Control Method of Gob-Side Entry Driving in Weakly Cemented Soft Rock

Aiming at the problems of large deformation, long duration, and difficult control of floor heave in gob-side entry driving in weakly cemented soft rock, this paper takes the weakly cemented soft rock mining area in Western China as the engineering background, and studies the characteristics and mechanism of floor heave in gob-side entry driving in weakly cemented soft rock by means of a field investigation, physical component analysis, mechanical property tests of the surrounding rock, and the stress monitoring of the surrounding rock. The classification control method of floor heave is put forward, and field tests are conducted. The results show that: (1) The floor heave characteristics of the dynamic change in the floor heave peak position of gob-side entry driving from the coal pillar side to the mining side are obtained through field observation. (2) Based on the analysis of field data and laboratory test data, it is concluded that the stability time of the overlying strata in gob-side entry driving is about 8 to 12 months. The main internal cause of roadway floor heave is the low load resistance of weakly cemented soft rock. High stress and strong disturbances are the main power sources of strong floor heave. The mechanism of floor heave affected by dynamic lateral abutment pressure is summarized, and the classification control method of floor heave is proposed. (3) The gob-side entry driving support technologies of “adjusting excavation deployment” and “surrounding rock pressure relief and improving support” are proposed. Through field tests, the floor heave can be effectively controlled.