Main Sentence Research Articles

A Characterisation of Setswana Complex Sentences

ABSTRACTThis article investigates clause linkage in Setswana arguing that, just like in other languages of the world, Setswana complex sentences cannot be classified simply into coordinate and subordinate structures. Using syntactic evidence such as scope facts (involving modality/mood, tense and polarity) as well as morphological evidence, we demonstrate that conjoined clauses in Setswana can be classified into three nexuses, namely coordination (which involves two independent junctures, with one involving a conjunction and the other involving juncture juxtaposition); cosubordination (which involves three types of dependencies: structural, morphological and operator dependency), and subordination (in which a dependent clause is embedded in the main clause, e.g. subject and object complement sentences; relative clauses; sentential and adverbial modifiers). The analysis in this article is guided by Role and Reference Grammar theory.

FEMINISM IN PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY REFLECTED IN THE MAIN CHARACTER OF PEREMPUAN BERKALUNG SORBAN MOVIE

This study is aimed to analyze what the feminism varieties and how is the feminism in patriarchal reflected by main character Annisa in Perempuan Berkalung Sorban movie. This study is conducted with the descriptive qualitative method. The source of the data of the analysis is Perempuan Berkalung Sorban movie and the data are linguistic feature that are format as sentence by the main character. The data were collected by the documentary technique and the instrument is documentary sheets. The study results that (1) The main character reflected the feminism varieties. Based on the Feminist Thought book there are three varieties of feminism. Liberal feminism, Radical feminism and Socialist Marxists feminism. The main character reflected the three kinds of feminism such as Liberal Feminism, Radical feminism, Socialist Marxist Feminism. The main character Annisa is reflected most dominant appeared Radical feminism. Annisa is powerful and rebellious women. She wants to get the equal with the man without any discrimination gender. (2) The feminism in patriarchal society in reflected is Annisa to represent the women movement to against all of objection toward woman. The each utterances of Annisa represent she is against all forms of women discrimination in private patriarchy and public patriarchy. The research focuses on the analysis of feminism in patriarchal society in the main character can be interpreted through Annisa as a main character and sentences of the movie and it is found of the main character reflected the feminism in a patriarchal society.

Towards a New Hybrid Approach for Abstractive Summarization

With the huge amount of Arabic digital data, a summarization system is very helpful to quickly retrieve useful information and save a lot of time and efforts. Two main techniques are used when developing such system: 1) Extractive techniques which consist of returning main sentences based on statistical approaches, 2) abstractive techniques which involve the use of advanced complex processing to generate new sentences representing the summary. The Arabic community has focused mainly on extractive techniques rather than abstractive ones. In this article, we present a new approach for abstractive summarization using conceptual graphs (CGs). We firstly begin with an extractive step to keep only sentences with high weights. Then we generate conceptual graphs for each sentence and proceed to CGs operations including but not limited to: contraction, comparison, join, etc. These operations reduce the number of sentences and words to produce a small summary.

Subject drop in Swiss French text messages

AbstractIn this paper, we present evidence in favour of a syntactic approach to subject drop in Swiss French text messages. Subject drop in our corpus follows patterns found in various so-called "written abbreviated registers" such as diaries, notes etc.: it occurs at the beginning of main sentences and after preposed adjuncts. Based on a corpus of 1100 text messages, collected in 2009/10 (www.sms4science.ch), we test predictions put forward by two approaches to argument drop in abbreviated registers, i.e. the "Avoid Weak Start" hypothesis byWeir (2012a)and the "Truncated CP hypothesis" byHaegeman (2013). While for our data the first approach cannot be excluded, our results more strongly support the syntactic one, despite the fact that some data, especially preposed strong subjectmoiwithout clitic resumption, challenge existing analyses. These data suggest that dropped referential subjects can be analysed as instances of familiar topic drop.

Study of Methods for Element Data Service for Electronic Documents Related to National R&D Projects

Major countries are supporting new knowledge creation and innovative activities by opening data so that the research results carried out by government budgets can serve as public goods. The Republic of Korea has also made research and development (R&D) reports and papers available in electronic file format, which is the result of national R&D programs for the general public. However, the extraction of meaningful information among unstructured data in text format has not satisfied researchers’ expectations. In order to evolve into a customized service reflecting the opinions of researchers, we investigated the demand for necessary contents and services at the planning stage of R&D projects. This study attempts to propose a method to offer significant information which shows a bigger unit than objects based on trend information with extraction and processing demands focusing on R&D reports based on the results of questionnaire survey and interviews with researchers. This study aims to provide the integration service, tentatively named ‘element data service’, of key sentences and table/figure images with a high demand for the utilization of researchers. The main procedure of the proposed method consists of the subject classification of the R&D report, the extraction of table/figure image, and the extraction of main sentence. We used public reports of the same classification published from 2012 to 2016 for the experiment and utilized the extractive summarization method for the copyright protection of report original text. After realizing the simple prototype, we examined the service possibility through the researcher target reviews.

The syncretism of the symmetric complex sentences with a pronominal-correlative clause

Background. There is no special research dealing with the analysis of syncretic semantic-syntactic relations in the structure of symmetric complex sentences with a pronominal-correlative clause in the Ukrainian linguistics. The conditions of the syncretism’s appearance are not studied out, and the types of the syncretic complex sentences with a pronominal-correlative clause are not described.Purpose. The purpose of the analysis is to find out the main types of symmetric complex sentences with a pronominal-correlative clause expressing the syncretic semantic-syntactic relations.Methods. The main methods of this research are complete sentence analysis on the formal-syntactic and semantic-syntactic levels, constituent analysis, analysis by the terms of dependence.Results. The principal causes of the syncretism in the scope of the symmetric complex sentence with a pronominal-correlative clause are as follows: 1) the semantics of the superordinate deictic pronominal words in the main clause; 2) the particularity of the correlative couples; 3) the interaction of the different types of syntactic connections, namely co-word-correlative syntactic connection and determinant syntactic connection. The co-word-correlative syntactic connection causes the main sentence semantics, such as predicative, substantive (subject or object), attributive and adverbial. The determinant syntactic connection causes the additional adverbial meanings.Discussion. The perspective of our study is to research the phenomenon of syncretism in the scope of the asymmetric complex sentence with a pronominal-correlative clause.

A Description of Tucumán Spanish Intonation in Argentina

AbstractThis paper documents for the first time the intonation system of Tucumán Spanish, an understudied variety of Argentinian Spanish. Semi-spontaneous speech illustrating the intonation of main sentence types, i.e. broad focus statements, partial and absolute interrogatives, and imperatives and vocatives, was elicited from 31 native speakers of Tucumán Spanish via an adapted version of the Argentinian Intonation Survey (Prieto and Roseano, 2009-2013). The two authors listened to the recordings and transcribed them using the Tones and Break Indexes conventions (ToBI) (Beckman et al. 2002, Prieto and Roseano 2010, Hualde and Prieto 2015). Transcriptions of prenuclear and nuclear configurations together with their respective frequencies allowed both an appreciation of the most used configurations within each sentence type along with detailed variation at the phonetic level. For example, yes/no questions were consistently realized with a low nuclear pitch accent L* and an ascending boundary tone. However, there was variation in the height of the boundary tones yielding the frequent contour L* ¡H%, and the less frequent L* H%. Altogether, these detailed patterns document the systematic phonetic variation of the intonation system of TS and provide a basis for future research to determine the phonological status of this variation.

PENERAPAN METODE KOOPERATIF TAI DALAM MENENTUKAN KALIMAT UTAMA PADA PARAGRAF SISWA KELAS IV SD INPRES PABARUNG KECAMATAN TOMBOLO PAO KABUPATEN GOWA

The purpose of this classroom action research is to know the ability of students to determine the main sentence in the paragraph through the application of cooperative methods TAI is expected to improve the process and results of learning Indonesian fourth graders Elementary School Pabarung District Tombolo Pao. The technique used in this research is a qualitative description. The class action research plan is implemented in two cycles. Each cycle has four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection.The results showed that there were 0% of students in very low category, 6.67% of students in randah category, 26.67% in medium category, 50% in high category and 16.67% in very high category. The average score in cycle I was 69.83 in the "moderate" category. Graduation percentage percentage of 56.67%. While the second cycle in the low category 0%, students in the category of 3.33% and 30% in the high category and 66.67% of students in very high category. The average score of the test results was 82.17% in the "high" category. Percentage mastery of the class of 93.33% ie 28 out of 30 students, meaning the results of this PTK expressed significantly increased.

해산함으로 구원을 얻으리라? : 디모데전서 2:15에 관한 소고

First Timothy 2:15 is the ending verse of the paragraph in which the author of the Pastoral Epistles gave two orders about the right attitude during the service to women in the church in Ephesus. He based the second order (v. 11-12) on the story of the creation and the fall (v. 13-14). The sin of Eve who was tempted by the serpent has sealed the fate of women since Eve that they are responsible for the fall of the mankind and also much inferior to men. This was a theological problem because it has been thought that women cannot be saved or that their salvation can be threatened. The author had to remove this misunderstanding and/or charge.BR The main sentence (=apodosis) of v. 15 shows a very extraordinary statement that women are saved by childbearing. But the problem is that this statement does not match the soteriology of Paul and of the author of the Pastoral Epistles who is succeeding Paul’s theology. The purpose of this study is to reexamine the meaning of the expressions of the apodosis and protasis and to find a grammatically, linguistically, and theologically right interpretation. Specially, unlike the tendency to give too much weight on the apodosis (or the prepositional clause in the apodosis), the importance and meaning of the protasis let us verify that the author did not claim salvation of women by childbirth but through religious life in faith, which is completely in agreement with the soteriology of Paul and that of the author who faithfully follows Paul’s theological tradition.

LE JEU DE POINTS DE VUE DANS LE ROMAN THÉRÈSE DESQUEYROUX DE FRANÇOIS MAURIAC

Cet article a pour but d’analyser l’alternance de points de vue des narrateurs dans le roman Thérèse Desqueyroux de François Mauriac. En basant notre analyse sur les théories narratologiques de Wolf Schmid et de Gérard Genette nous avons vu que dans le roman l’alternance des points de vue se produit sur le plan temporel, sur le plan idéologique et sur le plan linguistique. L’alternance de points de vue sur le plan temporel est créée de deux manières différentes : 1) une seule phrase comporte des indices qui font référence au point de vue temporel du narrateur et à celui du personnage ; il s’agit de l’interférence textuelle ; 2) le changement sur le plan temporel s’établit entre deux phrases ou entre deux éléments qui constituent une phrase. L’alternance de points de vue sur le plan idéologique est fondée sur le dialogue entre différents niveaux narratifs, sur le dialogue avec un interlocuteur implicite et sur l’interférence textuelle. Enfin l’alternance de points de vue sur le plan linguistique est basée sur l’interférence textuelle. Il est créé lorsque le discours du personnage transforme le discours du narrateur ou inversement.

Negation in Hamar

This study deals with the negation of declarative and interrogative main clauses, imperatives, and non-verbal and existential sentences in Hamar, an Aroid language of the Omotic language family. It describes the ways in which negation is expressed in the language, and positions the discussion in light of cross-linguistic observations made by Dahl (1979, 2010), Payne (1985), Miestamo (2005, 2007), Eriksen (2011) and others. The morpheme -t- is used in Hamar to mark negation in both verbal and non-verbal clauses. This means that Hamar has a morphological or affixal negation (Dahl 2010). The language uses two different sets of subject agreement affixes for the affirmative and negative counterparts. While affirmative sentences employ a shortened pronoun, a set of agreement suffixes is used in the negative. In this study, it is suggested that the negative verbs may have preserved older subject agreement morphemes which are now lost in the affirmative, as negatives are less affected by innovation, cf. Zargulla in Azeb 2009 and Canadian French in Poplack 2001. Moreover, close interaction is reported between negation and TAM (Tense, Aspect and Mood) categories. For example, some of the aspect/tense categories that occur in the affirmative are neutralised in the negative. Negative constructions in Hamar are not only different from their affirmative counterparts due to the presence of the negation morpheme –t-, but also in terms of subject agreement marking and tense/aspect categories. As a result, it is argued that Hamar has an asymmetric negation system, cf. Miestamo 2005.

구문 의미 이해 기반의 VOC 요약 및 분류

To attain an understanding of customers' opinions or demands regarding a companies' products or service, it is important to consider VOC (Voice of Customer) data; however, it is difficult to understand contexts from VOC because segmented and duplicate sentences and a variety of dialog contexts. In this article, POS (part of speech) and morphemes were selected as language resources due to their semantic importance regarding documents, and based on these, we defined an LSP (Lexico-Semantic-Pattern) to understand the structure and semantics of the sentences and extracted summary by key sentences; furthermore the LSP was introduced to connect the segmented sentences and remove any contextual repetition. We also defined the LSP by categories and classified the documents based on those categories that comprise the main sentences matched by LSP. In the experiment, we classified the VOC-data documents for the creation of a summarization before comparing the result with the previous methodologies.

Narrow presentational focus in Mexican Spanish: Experimental evidence

AbstractIt is most often claimed that in Spanish constituents in narrow presentational or information focus appear rightmost, where they also receive main sentence stress, while shifting the stress to the focus in its canonical position is infelicitous. Some, however, claim that Spanish in fact has recourse to both strategies for making the focus prominent, and some recent quantitative work has shown support for this alternative view. The present paper contributes to this debate by experimentally testing the realization of presentational focus in Mexican Spanish using an acceptability judgment task. The results of the experiment reveal that, for these speakers, focused constituents need not be rightmost and can in fact be stressed in non-final position, contra the consensus view. These findings expand the database on focus in Spanish and indicate that theories of the prosody/syntax interface may need to be revised, especially those theories that motivate discourse-related syntactic movement based on the requirements of the prosody.

Category of Tenses of Verbs in the Azerbaijanian and Japanese Languages

The article explores tenses of verbs in the Azerbaijanian and Japanese languages on the basis of their comparison. Structural-semantic and functional features of verb tenses are described in the both compared languages. Morphological indications of verb tenses are thrown light on the basis of correlation of language and speech, mutual correlations of the elements of the lexical units. Syntactic position, in which different tenses of verbs in the investigated languages are used, is considered. Determination of real position of the meaning of the tenses possesses senses just in the parts where positions oppose one another in their differentiations in the points of count-down. Consequently, role of category of tenses shows itself in pointing out the one, in which relation at the moment of speech the phenomenon of reality stands, with which the contents of the given utterance are related. Also the correlation of tenses and voices, tenses and mood and so on, which possess more significance in the structure of the sentence are thrown light in the investigation. Category of verb tenses is a complex grammatic category, which is expressed by steady morphological indications, appearing in conformity with objective laws of the language. Characteristic for the grammatical category of tenses in the both languages is the fact that it expresses both the relation of moment of speech with the moment of action (absolute meaning), and the relation with the moment with which another event is correlated (relative meaning) in the sentences and in the texts. Study of a circle of tense meanings of the verbs in the compared languages makes it possible to determine common features for the Azerbaijani and Japanese languages and specific peculiarities for each of their categories of verb tenses. Characteristic for the Azerbaijani language is the fact that the relative meaning acts as one of the meanings of some tense forms of the verb. If a relative meaning is expressed by the morphological indications, then the difference between absolute and relative meanings is discovered on the morphological level, on the level of pluskvamperfect of future in the past tense. Relative meaning of the tense forms of verbs may depend on the contextual environment. In this case difference between absolute and relative tenses lies on the level of syntactic tenses. System of tenses of verbs in the Japanese language is different by the fact that one and the same form of the verb is able to express several different meanings. Depending on the context of the form of verb in the Japanese language acquire relatively-tense meanings. It gives us ground to qualify the system of tense forms of verbs in the Japanese language as absolutely-relative. In the Japanese language temporal opposition of the language makes it possible to unite several grammatical meanings and their various shades of meanings in one form of the verb. Verb forms with the meaning of absolute tense forms can be used for the expression of the meanings of absolute tenses, i.e. they in certain positions and in certain contexts acquire relatively-temporal meanings. In the Japanese language in the speech referring to the past, the predicate of the main sentence acquires form of non previous tenses, if the actions expressed by these tenses on a certain space of time take place parallelly with the actions expressed by the predicate of the following sentence. Often, on the basis of temporal relations of speech in the past is understood a certain moment or the space of time about which it is spoken. In this case, all the actions finishing till this moment appear by the forms of previous tense, and the rest by the non-previous forms. The actions, which are not completed, can’t be considered as the mentioning of the action of the previous one and is expressed by the verb form of the previous tense.

The Accessory Penalties for Individuals and their Execution According to the Albanian Legislation

Additional penalties, means the type of punishments that may be awarded by the Court against those guilty, as a rule together with major penalties. Accessory penalties can be viewed in two perspectives: the mitigation of punishment if the court with the fulfilment of certain conditions set just giving punishments; the intensification of punishment the court alongside the main sentence gives and punishment in order to realize more fully the purpose of punishment. The goal of treatment of this topic is the most complete knowledge of punishments considering the achievements and the need for changes in terms of criminal justice and for a more efficient operation in the implementation and establishment of an appropriate system for control over their implementation in practice. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2p505

Correlation as a Means of Expressing Syntactic Connections of Parenthetical Construction with Main Sentence

Parenthetical constructions are connected with the sentence by means of a special type of grammatical connection – correlation. The characteristic feature of this type of grammatical connection is that between the parenthetical construction and the sentence there exists a lexical connection, the grammatical expression of which is the insertion of parenthetical constructions within the sentence structure. The specific character of this type of grammatical connection is that parenthetical construction is independent of the sentence part it defines and has an independent grammatical shaping. The special type of the connection of parenthetical construction with the main sentence distinguishes the parenthetical construction from the part of the sentence which depends on its head-word. Correlation shapes the syntactic isolation of parenthetical constructions within the sentence. It is one of the main features of parenthetical construction as an independent syntactic category.

Ontology-based text summarization. The case of Texminer

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look into the latest advances in ontology-based text summarization systems, with emphasis on the methodologies of a socio-cognitive approach, the structural discourse models and the ontology-based text summarization systems. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes the main literature in this field and presents the structure and features of Texminer, a software that facilitates summarization of texts on Port and Coastal Engineering. Texminer entails a combination of several techniques, including: socio-cognitive user models, Natural Language Processing, disambiguation and ontologies. After processing a corpus, the system was evaluated using as a reference various clustering evaluation experiments conducted by Arco (2008) and Hennig et al. (2008). The results were checked with a support vector machine, Rouge metrics, the F-measure and calculation of precision and recall. Findings – The experiment illustrates the superiority of abstracts obtained through the assistance of ontology-based techniques. Originality/value – The authors were able to corroborate that the summaries obtained using Texminer are more efficient than those derived through other systems whose summarization models do not use ontologies to summarize texts. Thanks to ontologies, main sentences can be selected with a broad rhetorical structure, especially for a specific knowledge domain.

On the state of scientific English and how to improve it – Part 4

I'll start with the humble comma. Comparable to the lowly pawn in chess – a piece that is relatively weak in itself, but that can be crucial in separating weighty entities – the comma can decide the whole meaning of part or whole of a sentence. We barely appreciate this little mark, but we certainly notice its absence. Here's one of my favourite examples: ‘To advance the field studies in the area of behavioural ecology need to be conducted on several populations under similar climatic conditions’. A rather fiendish example, I grant you, but not an uncommon type, in my experience. As I progress through this sentence for the first time, I would instinctively feel that a term had been accidentally left out at the point of ‘ecology need’. However, on reaching the end, I quickly realize that there's another meaning, and that rather than a term, it's a comma that's missing, namely between ‘field’ and ‘studies’. OK, you might think, no big deal. However, it has created a hiatus in your reading flow, and distracted your attention from one concept towards a phantom alternative: quite annoying, really. In general, it is a good idea to place a comma behind the introductory concept in such sentences. As an editor I can confidently state that it is missing commas that most disturb my flow of reading. A riot of unnecessary commas is almost as bad, but I overwhelmingly experience the opposite. More commas, please! Often, the need for a comma only becomes evident in a rather particular context, e.g. ‘…many regulatory mechanisms may be the cause. However the causative regulatory effect is mediated…’, which was intended as ‘However, the causative regulatory effect is mediated…’. Hence, it is good to get into the habit of separating the initial part of a sentence with a comma in preparation for the eventuality of ambiguity. Along similar lines, another useful place for the comma is in separating concepts – rather than individual words – with ‘and’, as per the following example: ‘This transcriptional activation can be demonstrated and utilized in a variety of genetic backgrounds’. Does this mean that the transcriptional activation can both be demonstrated in a variety of genetic backgrounds, and also utilized [as a tool] in a variety of genetic backgrounds? Or does it mean that it can be demonstrated in a particular system, and then utilized in a variety of other settings? Placing a comma before ‘and’ confirms the latter, if indeed intended. Often a meaning is disambiguated in a subsequent phrase or sentence, but how much better to present it unambiguously immediately. Note, it's not necessary to place a comma before ‘and’ in the following: ‘nematodes, fruitflies, zebrafish, rodents and humans’: simple nouns do not need to be separated in that way. Another useful punctuation mark is the colon ‘:’, which, in prose, is properly used to state the second half of a logical pair, e.g. ‘An important question is: How pervasive is the She1 mechanism?’ or to signify ‘that is to say’ or ‘a logical consequence of this is’, e.g. ‘One key difference between these mechanisms is the degree to which a change is heritable: given the state of a molecular system in an individual … will the next generation inherit that state or not?’. I wouldn't mind seeing more colons used in this way: they can very conveniently divide a very long sentence, simultaneously saving words by codifying the conceptual connexion between two phrases. They can also precede an explanation. Not to be confused with the colon is the semi-colon ‘;’, which is properly used to qualify or contextualize a preceding concept – e.g. ‘astral microtubules slide along the cell cortex in front of the advancing spindle; reminiscent of how cortical dynein pulls astral microtubules’ – to negate a preceding concept, or to introduce another component in a list. Semi-colons can also be used to break long sentences. And so, finally, to parentheses ‘()’, a device that should really be used with care: avoid at all costs placing important concepts between them. They tend to direct the reader's eye ‘up and over’ in an attempt to preserve the flow of the main sentence. Such intervening qualifications or precisions should be kept relatively short, and inserted between so-called ‘en’ dashes. Andrew Moore Editor-in-Chief

Argument-focus and predicate-focus structure in Ancient Greek

In this article, Ancient Greek is shown to allow two word orders, Focus-Verb and Verb-Focus, independently of whether the verb is in focus or in the presupposition. Relying on the behavior of postpositives and Lambrecht’s Principle of Accent Projection, I argue that such word orders are integrated into prosodic constituents where the main sentence accent falls to either the left (Focus-Verb) or the right (Verb-Focus) of the verb. Such an alternation is suggested to be due to a binary iconic contrast whereby the more prominent the focus is, the earlier it is placed.

MEREFLEKSIKAN SAINS UNTUK ECOTEOLOGI Telaah Pemikiran Pierre Teilhard de Chardin dan Robert Spitzer

This writing is an attempt to discuss an ecotheology from the scientific point of view. The main sentence is that reflecting on the development of science which has ecological impacts could bring human beings to the awareness of their own lives, their relation with nature, and God’s presence in nature. The thoughts of two great minds, namely of Teilhard de Chardin and Robert Spitzer are being considered here and help reflect on the progress of science, mainly physics, chemistry, and biology in order to build this scientific-based ecotheology. This reflection holds its importance in today’s world as we face ecological catastrophes. The culprit is human’s voracity of energy to develop their lives, mainly in economic basis. Science that primarily serves human knowledge to search and find out the unknown regions of the universe is also able to serve the development of technology especially which generates energy. Since then, human beings exploit the sources of energy such as crude oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium, and in doing so they destroy Mother Nature and foul her with poisonous wastes.