Main Sectors Research Articles

Iraqi Economy and Renewable Energy Projects Between Economic Necessity and Investment Challenges

Purpose: Given Iraq's current excessive fossil fuel output, this article seeks to investigate the country's potential for future renewable energy sources. The report also endeavors to foresee Iraq's future position in clean energy production in Iraq and throughout the globe and the rate at which the global energy market will shift towards renewable energy sources.
 
 Theoretical framework: Iraq's reliance on oil earnings and the country's overburdened public sector poses serious economic issues. There is a domination of state-owned firms, stringent laws, a need for more access to finance, a shortage of competent labor, and poor infrastructure that limits the expansion of numerous industries. Growth in recent years has not led to decreased poverty since the economy has changed greatly since 2014.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The study included both retrospective and prospective approaches. The most pressing problems in implementing and making use of renewable energy sources were described and analyzed descriptively. Future outcomes for the Iraqi economy were envisioned using a prospective approach in the form of development scenarios.
 
 Findings: A significant source of international capital flows and a key source of funding for economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) has mostly focused on the oil industry and certain tourism projects. As a result of the country's outdated energy grid, investors are interested in something other than investing in Iraq's electrical industry.
 
 Research, practical & social implications: We describe the current issues confronting Iraqi economic development, including the need for more diversity in the economy, structural imbalances between the main sectors, and the near-total dependence on crude oil export revenues, resulting in a decline in industrial production.
 
 Originality/Value: We describe the reality of the Iraqi economy, analyze the structure of Iraq's energy sector based on conventional energy, and then find out about the progress made in renewable energy and existing and future projects under fossil fuels.

Practical Aspects Concerning Catalysis with Molecularly Doped Metals**

AbstractRanging from silver‐entrapped dyes and gold‐entrapped enzymes through palladium‐entrapped graphene oxide, molecularly doped metals (or metal organic alloys, MORALs) are active, stable and uniquely versatile catalysts in a number of reactions of relevance to the chemical industry. Reactions successfully catalyzed by MORALs concern both industry's main sectors, producing bulk and fine chemicals. Though first reported in 2005, and clearly holding a great applicative potential, their use in catalysis is still surprisingly limited. This study investigates a number of practical aspects concerning molecularly doped metals as heterogeneous catalysts.

Digital Transformations in Mongolia: Challenges and Opportunities

The rapid development of information technology in the world has changed the traditional system of the world economy. The Internet space has become the main infrastructure for the development of finance, economy and trade, which contributes to the rapid socio-economic development of the world’s countries. The article considers the current trends in the development of digital transformation in the world, as well as the state of digital transformation in Mongolia. The challenges, opportunities, advantages, and risks of digital transformation in the country are highlighted. Today, there are no industries in the economy of Mongolia that do not carry out their activities through the tools of digital economy and do not use digital or information technologies. The information and telecommunications industry is becoming one of the main sectors of the country’s economy and has become a driving force for the development of all other sectors of the economy. Cybersecurity issues are of particular importance.

Pemanfaatan Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Pemetaan Lahan Pertanian di Kecamatan Kembaran, Banyumas, Jawa Tengah

Kembaran District is one of the districts located in Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Kembaran District has a total area of approximately 126.74 km² and consists of 15 villages. The majority of the population in Kembaran District work as farmers, with agriculture being one of the main economic sectors. Rice, corn, and other crops are common agricultural commodities in this area. This research aims to map the potential agricultural land in Kembaran District, Banyumas, Central Java using Geographic Information System (GIS). The method used in this research is a descriptive method to analyze and match the data of the study area with the criteria. In this research, spatial data is obtained from various sources, including satellite imagery, topographic maps, and field data. The attribute data of the land is the agricultural land area. Subsequently, the data is processed and analyzed using GIS software to map agricultural land in Kembaran District. The results of the research show that the use of GIS in mapping agricultural land in Kembaran District can provide accurate information about the distribution of land in the area. The findings of this research have important implications for the management of agricultural land in Kembaran District and its surrounding areas. The results of overlay analysis between village boundaries and agricultural land in Kembaran District yielded the following results: the village with the largest agricultural land area is Purwodadi Village with an area of 186.29 Ha, and the village with the smallest agricultural land area is Sambeng Wetan Village with an area of 59.67 Ha. Meanwhile, the average agricultural land area of the 16 villages in Kembaran District is 117.72 Ha.

Factors influencing the participation of Vietnamese enterprises in global value chains: insights from automobile production and assembly, electronics and textile industries

This study aims to examine factors influencing global value chain position of enterprises from main industry sectors of Vietnam. In order to attain such objectives, the panel data analysis was conducted based on 208 observations from 52 enterprises in the automobile production and assembly, electronics and textile industries during the 2016 to 2020 period. The multiple linear regression model is utilized to analyse the factors influencing the participation of such industry sectors in the global value chain. The results indicate that technological capability has the most significant positive influence on the participation of Vietnamese enterprises in the global value chain, followed by FDI and business size. In contrast, the factor of business age does not seem to have a discernible effect. These findings bring some policy implications on the improvement of the country's position in the global value chain, focusing on selected industries including automotive, electronics and textile.

How sustainable development goals have transformed our world? Evolution of the ecological networks of the Italian economy

This article focuses on modelling the structure of the Italian economy and its evolution from 2015 to 2019 using Physical Input-Output tables to understand its functioning in terms of biophysical and monetary exchanges. We considered energy extracted from natural resources within the country and embodied energy from natural resources extracted abroad. The model includes final demand (government, household, and gross capital formation) as endogenous factors. The results show that Agriculture, Advanced Manufacturing, and Tertiary industry are the main sectors consuming energy when considering the direct energy required to produce one unit of economic output. However, when assessing embodied energy, Tertiary Industry emerges as the leading consumer of energy. The findings demonstrate how the services sectors are highly dependant on the flow of energy-intensive resources. Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) was applied to identify the main sectors driving the Italian economy and their ability to obtain energy inflows from other sectors. The study found that the Tertiary industry, Final demand, and Manufacturing sectors were the main drivers of the Italian economy and had a higher ability to obtain energy inflows. The results also showed that exploitative or control relations dominated interactions between different economic sectors. Our results highlight that the dematerialization process at national level comes at environmental costs elsewhere.

Effects of macroeconomic aggregates on the functional distribution of income in Colombia between 2000 and 2020

The study aims to contribute to the discussion of the economic variables that determine the functional distributionof income –measured as the share of wages in value added– in the three main sectors of Colombia, based on the theoretical position of the Post-Keynesian school. This school argues that this measure of income distribution may present a better measurement approximation than traditional distribution measures such as the Gini –since wage compensation and valueadded would be obtained from taxpayers’ information and not from surveys such as the Gini. Therefore, a sectoral analysisof the functional income distribution is presented, and a panel data model is estimated for the period 2000-2020. The results allow us to infer that the functional income distribution is explained and in fact improves with an increase in output, trade balance, taxes, and investment; however, the individual effect of each of these variables on the distribution is inelastic. Thus, it is concluded that the Post-Keynesian postulate is partially fulfilled in Colombia in the period under study.

Energy Flexibility and towards Resilience in New and Old Residential Houses in Cold Climates: A Techno-Economic Analysis

One of the main sectors that contribute to climate change is the buildings sector. While nearly zero-energy buildings are becoming a new norm in many countries in the world, research is advancing towards energy flexibility and resilience to reach energy efficiency and sustainability goals. Combining the energy flexibility and energy resilience concept is rare. In this article, we aim to investigate the effect of energy efficiency in a new single-family building on the energy flexibility potential and resilience characteristics and compare these with those for an old building in the cold climate of Finland. These two objectives are dependent on the buildings’ respective thermal mass. The heat demands of the two buildings are compared. Their technical and economic performance are calculated to compare their flexibility and resilience characteristics. Dynamic simulation software is used to model the buildings. The results show that the old building has better flexibility and higher energy cost savings when including the energy conservation activation strategy. In the old building, savings can be around EUR 400 and flexibility factor can be around 24–52% depending on the activation duration and strategy. The new building, due to higher efficiency, may not provide higher energy cost savings, and the energy conservation activation strategy is better. In the new building, savings can be around EUR 70 and the flexibility factor reaches around 7–14% depending on the activation duration and strategy. The shifting efficiency of the new house is better compared to that of the old house due to its higher storage capacity. For energy resilience, the new building is shown to be better during power outages. The new building can be habitable for 17 h, while the old building can provide the same conditions for 3 h only. Therefore, it is essential to consider both energy flexibility and resilience as this can impact performance during the energy crisis.

Indirect carbon emissions from household consumption of middle-income groups: Evidence from Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

Consumption is evidenced to play an increasing significant role accompanied by economic transition in China. Carbon emissions caused by consumption are becoming an important growth point of carbon emissions. The size of China's middle-income groups is growing and is expected to reach 60 % of the population in 2035. However, the amount of indirect carbon emissions from household consumption (ICEHCs) of middle-income groups and the effects of their drivers have not been quantitatively assessed. In response, this paper adopts input-output tables to calculate urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs from 2012 to 2018, and uses structural decomposition analysis to determine the effects of drivers and sectors. Results are as follows: Urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) are increasing and its differences are significant, and present a spatial pattern of high in the eastern region while low in the western region. S22 (Production and Supply of Electric Power, Steam and Hot Water) becomes the main sector of carbon emissions, which accounts for about 70.00 % of the total middle-income groups' ICEHCs in 2018. Consumption pattern is the predominant driver for promoting urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs, whereas production structure is the predominant restraining driver.

Pengaruh Corporate Governance Terhadap Green Banking Disclosure Index Di Perbankan Syariah Periode 2016-2019 Studi Kasus : Bank Mandiri Syariah, Bank Bni Syariah, Bank Bca Syariah, Bank Bri Syariah, Bank Mega Syariah Dan Bank Muamalat

Many parties have expressed concern about environmental sustainability in recent years, both on a national and international scale. Governments, regulators, companies and also people around the world understand the importance of being aware of environmental issues. As a business actor, the banking sector is a sector that has an implicit impact on the environment. The banking sector is one of the main sectors that provides financing for many industries and companies. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the banking sector to ensure that stakeholders who receive bank financing, in carrying out their business activities, do not have a negative or even damaging impact on the environment. In addition, the role of good corporate governance is critical to the performance of green banking itself. This study aims to see the effect of corporate governance on the disclosure of green banking in Islamic banking in Indonesia for the 2016-2019 period. The data used are secondary data by collecting information from bank annual reports and bank sustainability annual reports. Analysis method used common effect model. The results show that the number of boards, sharia superviory boards simultaneously give a significant influence on the GDBI.

Impacts of Environmental Variables on Rice Production in Malaysia

Climate change has brought significant changes to the earth and agriculture is the main economic sector that has suffered. The current study aims to assess the impact of climatic factors—measured by precipitation, temperature, and CO2 emissions—on rice production using time series from 1961 to 2019 in Malaysia. This research follows the ARDL bounds test and dynamic ARDL simulations methods to estimate long- and short-term connections of the variables under consideration. Empirical evidence indicates that long-run cointegration exist between variables. The results suggest that the sensitivity of rice production to changes in harvested area and temperature is high, while it is low for other inputs. Due to high humidity, the effect of precipitation on rice production is not significant, while temperature can reduce rice yield in the long and short term. However, the impact of carbon emissions on rice production is insignificant. Among the other determinants of rice production, the impact of agricultural labor is negative, but more area cultivation increases rice production over the long and short term. Results also show that the magnitude of the impact of the 2% increase (decrease) in temperature on rice production is greater than the changes in rainfall and carbon emissions. The results for the frequency domain causality test show that a one-way causality exists between temperature and rice production and between carbon emissions and rice production in the short and long run. Hence, the findings of this study can help policy makers to formulate appropriate adaptation methods and mitigation policies to reduce the negative effects of climate change on Malaysian rice production.

Multi-Scale Sample Entropy Analysis of the Turkish Stock Market Efficiency

This study evaluates the market efficiency of the market index and five main sector indices in the Turkish stock market: BIST 100 (XU100), BIST Industrials (XUSIN), BIST Services (XUHIZ), BIST Transportation (XULAS), BIST Financials (XUMAL), and BIST Technology (XUTEK) for the pre-and post-COVID-19 pandemic, covering the period from January 2017 to July 2022. Market efficiency is calculated using a multiscale entropy-based method for the scales of 1 to 20 business days. Entropy can yield a relative degree of efficiency, by contrast with previous methods that dealt with the efficiency question in all-or-nothing form. On a daily scale, during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, the XUHIZ, XU100 and XULAS indices exhibit the highest efficiency. However, in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, the XUMAL and XU100 indices demonstrate the highest efficiency. The findings suggest that the efficiency of all indices has declined due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the XULAS index showing the most significant decrease in informational efficiency. A general tendency of reduced informational efficiency levels is found as the time scale increases in both periods. Therefore, the indices are partially efficient for certain time scales, indicating that they are not fully efficient.

Double Impact: A Macroeconomic Study of the Crossed Influences Between Climate Change and Business Tourism

Abstract International tourism is a main sector of economy that witnesses continuous and tremendous growth in developed and developing countries and expresses destabilization by several factors including climate change. Being considered as a sensitive sector to climate, tourism shows, through several criteria such as number of arrivals and receipts, an influence by environmental and socioeconomic modifications. This article will outline the interrelationships between climate change phenomenon and the business component of the international tourism. Three focal elements that were developed through literature on the effects of climate change for tourism will be critically reviewed: climate change and temporal shifts in tourism demand, climate-inducted change and destination competitiveness within the major market segment of business tourism, and future tourist mobility. The review will develop the differential weakness of tourism destinations and the consequence in competitiveness that will transform some international markets. This will be relevant to explain why destinations will need to adapt to the risks and opportunities posed by climate change. Despite several elements illustrating progress in the past years, an important gap of knowledge in each of the major impact areas needs to be looked into in order to indicate to the concerned tourist the necessity for a well preparation toward challenges of climate change.

Will Trade Protection Trigger a Surge in Investment-Related CO2 Emissions? Evidence from Multi-Regional Input–Output Model

Current research has revealed that global trade promotes transnational investment and contributes to large amounts of CO2 emissions. Recently, trade protectionism has gradually emerged. This study aims to explore the effect of global trade protection on investment-related CO2 emissions. We construct an accounting framework for investment-related CO2 emissions under trade freedom and trade restriction based on the MRIO model for the first time, and investment-related CO2 emissions in 16 economies are determined in both trade freedom and trade restriction scenarios. The study uses normal trade and no-trade scenarios instead of free trade and restricted trade scenarios. Then, based on the comparison of the two scenarios, the effect of global trade protection on investment-related CO2 emissions is revealed from the three levels of country, section, and trade links. It is found that global trade protection would lead to an increase of up to 546.17 million tons in investment-related CO2 emissions under current trade structures. Transnational investment in the trade of end-stage intermediary goods contributed 81.6% of the total effect. In terms of countries, trade protection is quite disadvantageous to CO2 emission reduction in China and India, and their CO2 emissions would respectively increase by 105 million tons and 141.5 million tons compared to normal trade. The electricity, gas, and water supply sectors and the manufacturing sector are the main sectors for investment-related CO2 emissions. This study reveals the effect of trade freedom and trade protection on the environment of various countries from the viewpoint of investment-related CO2 emissions, which has important reference value for global CO2 emission reduction in the context of the evolving trade situation.

ATTITUDES AND COMMUNITY READINESS TOWARD DIGITAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

The tourism industry is growing along with technological developments and human needs. In fact, tourism is the main economic sector in several countries, including Indonesia. Tourism development requires the full support of the local community as a tourist destination. The purposes of this study were to analyze people's attitudes towards the impact of tourism and measure community readiness towards digital tourism development in Pangururan Subdistrict, Samosir Regency. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. Respondents were local people and community leaders with total of 79 people. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data through qualitative deductive analysis of content. The results of the study showed the positive attitude of the community towards the impact of tourism both socio-cultural, economic and environmental. The highest mean value on economic impact. Community readiness for digital tourism development which consists of 6 dimensions, namely community knowledge about the issue, resources related to issue, community efforts, community knowledge of the efforts, leadership and community climate. The highest mean on leadership with preparation level. But overall the community's readiness for the development of digital tourism is at the preplanning level.

ANALYSIS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF PRECISION FARMING ELEMENTS IN EAST KAZAKHSTAN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

Abstract. Agriculture is one of the main sectors of the economy, which provides food security of the country. The development and implementation of modern geoinformation technologies in agricultural production is the basis for transition to precision farming. Application of elements of precision farming system in agricultural enterprises is impossible without high-quality information and technical support.The purpose of the study is to analyze the use of digital technologies in the farms of the Eastern region of Kazakhstan, identify key factors hindering their implementation and prospects for further development. The information basis for the study was the results of a questionnaire survey of 40.3% of representatives of agricultural enterprises in the Eastern region. The SWOT-analysis, reflecting internal and external factors and conditions for the development of precision farming, was made on the basis of the results. There are: a low level of development of information and communication infrastructure in rural areas (65%), the predominance of small agricultural producers (80 %), insufficiently effective tools of state support, insufficient influence of regional public authorities on the processes of system informatization of agricultural production, weak spread of digital technologies in agriculture.It is concluded that, despite the relevance and importance of digital technologies in modern agriculture, the digital transformation of agriculture is characterized by a significant lag behind the advanced sectors of the economy, so a unified approach, including a set of measures to stimulate agricultural enterprises to innovative development, government support, a set of differentiated mechanisms for testing and implementing IT technologies, adapted to the conditions of the intra-branch environment is needed.

Pelatihan Membuat Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Untuk Mewujudkan Pertanian Ramah Lingkungan Di Yayasan Insan Berguna Nusantara Kota Pekanbaru

Indonesia is known as an agricultural country where agriculture is the main sector for livelihood. Agricultural land is predicted to decrease in the future, which will have an impact on the yields produced. The condition of agricultural land in Indonesia is currently experiencing a decline in fertility and productivity levels. This is caused nutrient deficit, decreased levels of soil organic matter, and contamination by agrochemicals and waste. Communities consume agricultural products such as chilies and vegetables from their agricultural land. Farmers at the Insan Berguna Nusantara Foundation generally use chemical fertilizers, both urea, and growth regulators, to accelerate crop production. This agricultural system is considered less friendly to the environment and only thinks about production without thinking about quality. This service aims to provide knowledge and understanding to farmers at the Insan Berguna Nusantara Foundation regarding the use of household waste which can be used as liquid organic fertilizer in increasing the growth and production of chili plants. The results of the training and evaluation activities during the activity can concluded that the community welcomes this activity and this activity provides benefits and can improve the skills of participants in processing.

ФАКТОРЫ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ

In this paper, the issues of sustainability of regional economic systems are considered. In particular, this paper examines and systematizes the factors of stability of economic systems and their indicators.
 The functioning of the regional economic system is influenced by internal and external forces that can lead to the destabilization of the economic environment of the region. An unstable economic environment can lead to a sharp decline in the production of the main economic sectors of the region, therefore it is necessary to increase the stability of regional economic systems.
 In this paper, the analysis of the following indicators is carried out: the dynamics of the number of enterprises and organizations by regions of the Russian Federation; the dynamics of the workforce; water intake from natural water bodies for use. The analysis showed that, despite the fact that the regions of the Russian Federation as a whole are quite stable, three main factors of regional economic systems must be taken into account to stabilize economic development.

Why Did Southeast Asia’s Military Expenditure Increase During a Recession?

The world is in recession, Covid-19 and the Ukraine Crisis are two important events that have made the world economy worse. The World Bank predicts an increased risk of a global recession in 2023. A recession will impact many aspects of life, including the military. This is reasonable because efforts to overcome them are prioritized in the main sectors. Something is fascinating about Southeast Asia, namely that its military expenditure has increased. Why did Southeast Asia's military expenditure increase during a recession? This pattern of contradic- tion is not only important but also interesting to study. Using qualitative methods with data analysis techniques, and borrowing a structural realism approach, it is found that the in- creasing competition between the U.S.A. and China has triggered an increase in military ex- penditure in the region. At the same time conflicts and potential conflicts between countries in the Southeast Asian region, although not directly, are permanent causes. The recession does not seem to affect efficiency in military expenditure, this shows that tensions in Southeast Asia are a priority of countries in the region. These findings close a gap in previous studies which were relatively dominated by efforts to link military expenditure to economic growth using quantitative methods

Environmental perspective of decarbonization actions in the Italian UNESCO site of the Vineyard landscape of Piedmont Region

ABSTRACT The current EU regulatory framework is forcing the need for a substantial and significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in all the main economic sectors since climate change effects have been more tangible in recent years. The adoption of actions and measures to reduce CO2 emissions are thus essential for preventing global warming. For this reason, a simplified bottom-up approach is presented here to estimate the potential environmental benefit achievable, in terms of CO2 emissions saving, when a set of proposed energy efficiency measures were adopted in relevant economic sectors of the UNESCO area of Vineyard Landscape in Piedmont Region in Italy. Specifically, representative case studies were assumed for each economic sector being studied to identify the energy efficiency measures to be adopted. Then, progressive scenarios with different territorial diffusion of the proposed measures were performed. The analysis shows that a CO2 emission reduction from 7.1% to 32.4% can be potentially obtained by considering different diffusion pathways of the identified energy efficiency measures in the residential, accommodation, private transport, and food industry sectors, so that the UNESCO area can effectively contribute to contrast global warming. The proposed simplified approach can be replicated in other similar context to obtain rough estimation of emission savings due to territorial diffusion of energy efficiency measures considering available regional and local databases.