Main Pole Research Articles

Whole-genome resequencing reveals genomic footprints of Italian sweet and hot pepper heirlooms giving insight into genes underlying key agronomic and qualitative traits

BackgroundPepper is a major crop species of the Solanaceae family, largely appreciated for its high nutritional and healthy contribution to human diets. In the Mediterranean basin, the favorable pedoclimatic conditions enhanced the selection of several diversified landraces cultivated pepper (Capsicum annuum), for whom Italy can be considered a main pole of diversification. Hence, a survey of traditional C. annuum genetic resources is essential for deep understanding of such diversity and for applications in genomics assisted breeding. Here, we report whole-genome resequencing analyses of two sweet and two pungent genotypes highly diffused in South Italy and representative of the variability for shape, colour and nutritional properties.ResultsThe four genomes were reconstructed at a chromosomal scale using a reference-guided approach, based on a dataset of 2.6 billion paired-end reads, corresponding to 20× genome coverage and a mapping rate above 99% for a final genomes size of approximately 3 Gb. After five iterations of variant calling, a total of 29,258,818 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1,879,112 InDels, were identified. Substantial differences were observed among the four genomes based on geographical origin, with chromosomes 9 and 11 showing more polymorphisms in the accessions with higher fruit weight and absence of pungency. Among the identified variants, a small private indel (T - > TA) shared between sweet and big fruits accessions induces a frameshift with the generation of a new stop codon in a gene annotated as extensin, whereas two private SNPs within hot types were identified in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), a key gene involved in fruit ripening. The estimation of repetitive elements highlights a preponderant presence of Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs), the majority of which belonged to Gypsy superfamily. By comparing the four genomes with publicly available references including ‘CM334’ and Zunla-1 highlight the presence of 49,475 shared gene families.ConclusionsThe new genomic sequences aim to enrich the whole genome information of pepper local varieties, providing a valuable tool for precision gene mapping, marker discovery, comparative studies. Such knowledge widens the frontiers to understand the selection history of Italian pepper landraces toward the recognition of specificity local agri-food products marks.

JALUR REMPAH DAN ISLAMISASI NUSANTARA:

T This article analyses the connection between the spice route and the Islamization of the Nusantara archipelago, focusing on the Samudera Pasai network. This research is historical research that uses several sources from Malay, Arabic, Chinese, and Portuguese. The research found that the Samudera Pasai use the decline of the Sriwijaya network to create a hub of a new network of the Malacca Strait, Indian Ocean, and the Java Sea at the northern tip of Sumatra. After the king converted to Islam and made his country a center for religious da'wah, Samudera Pasai grew more rapidly. From this process, two patterns were formed, namely the India-China network and the Java-Malacca network. The first pattern is highly influenced by India's religious and commercial characteristics, while China tends to have political and trade characteristics. In this pattern, Samudera Pasai is passive and becomes part of two main poles of the Asian economy (India and China). In the second pattern, Samudera Pasai is more serious in pushing Muslim communities and the birth of Islamic leaders in Java. Samudera Pasai network largely determined the progress of Malacca. After the kingdom converted to Islam because of the enforcement of the Sultan of Pasai and the scholars in Malacca, Samudera Pasai finally replaced the primary role of the Malacca Strait. This study concludes that Islam is a stimulus for the growth and development of Muslim port cities in the archipelago's spice routes in the XIII-XVI centuries.

Perch-Mounted Camera Traps Record Predatory Birds in Farmland

Artificial perches can attract raptors to farmland, where the raptors perform an ecosystem service by consuming insect or rodent pests; however, such perches have not enjoyed widespread use. We used an improved camera trap installation method to record birds on perches, and to test perch height preference of raptors and other species. Our study area was in a mosaic agriculture system, the typical farming environment in Asia. Our “double-branch” perches consisted of a main pole with a branch at the top and in the middle, 8 and 4 m from the ground, respectively. Each branch was equipped with a camera trap, with the focus adjusted to close range. From April to July 2020, the installations at five different crop fields provided a total of 83,740 photographs with birds, including 27 avian species. Photographs of raptors and insectivorous birds accounted for 80.1% to 99.7% in each field. The most frequently recorded raptors were the Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus) and the Collared Scops-Owl (Otus lettia). The most frequently recorded insectivorous birds were the Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) and the Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus). The kites preferred to stand on the upper branches, whereas the owls and most of the insectivorous birds tended to choose the lower branches. By our method, numerous clear photographs of birds can be obtained and used to analyze visit frequency, activity patterns, and captured prey. Moreover, we showed that different species used artificial perches of different heights. Artificial perches could be more widely used for enhancing and quantifying avian ecosystem services, and promoting raptor-friendly farming.

Colorimetry as a tool for description of some wood species marketed as "tauari" in Brazilian Amazon.

The aim of this study was to verify the potential of the colorimetric technique in the identification of some species marketed as "tauari" in the Brazilian Amazon. CIE L* a* b* parameters were applied to determine the colour of 35 wood samples from the main wood poles of the State of Para, Brazil, and the scientific collections of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Walter A. Egler Collection) and Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. From each sample, data were obtained in the three wood surfaces: transversal, longitudinal tangential and longitudinal radial. The coordinate b*, which showed the yellow pigment, exerted greater weight in the color characterization of the 35 samples marketed as tauari, being more evident in the tangential and radial sections. In PCA, MGW wood samples showed considerably distinct color patterns in relation to PA and IAN samples, and the h and L* parameters provided better informations for distinguishing species from sample sources. The colorimetric technique can be used as an auxiliary tool in the identification of wood. However, the simultaneous use of colorimetry with the anatomical description of wood is suggested, given the complexity of the species-level separation in "tauari" group.

COMPOSITION AND FREQUENCY OF FLOWER VISITORS IN SOME VARIETIES OF MELON UNDER DIFFERENT CROP CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT Previous investigations showed that diverse varieties of melon may have different attractiveness for bees. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the composition, frequency and behavior of flower visitors of some melon (Cucumis melo) cultivars (Amarelo, Pele de Sapo, Cantaloupe, Gália) in different conditions (conventional and organic farming, dry and rainy seasons, with and without mulching and introduction or not of honey bee hives) in the main production poles in the Brazilian Northeast (Petrolina-PE/Juazeiro-BA, Pacajus-CE and Mossoro-RN). Observations and collections of flower visitors occurred from 5p.m. to 6p.m, in non-consecutive days. We recorded 12 species of insects, mostly bees. The most frequent was Apis mellifera (99.68%), but other species appeared sporadically (less than 0.5%): Xylocopa grisescens, Trigona spinipes, Plebeia sp., Melipona mandacaia, Frieseomelitta doedereleini, Halicitidae. Apis mellifera was present in all studied cultivars and sites. Xylocopa grisescens appeared in two poles, but not in Pacajus-CE, Amarelo cultivar. In addition, Trigona spinipes, although present in the three poles, was not recorded on Pele de Sapo. The Amarelo cultivar, under organic farming, without the use of mulching, and presence of honey bee hives, in the Petrolina-PE/Juazeiro-BA pole, in the dry season, was the combination of factors showing the largest number of Apis mellifera as the main visitor of melon flowers.

Molinos hidráulicos harineros en Coquimbo (Chile, 1544-1750)

This paper examines the process by which the Corregimiento de Coquimbo become the main mill pole of Chile, when this kingdom was the largest wheat producer in South America. The evolution of hydraulic mills in this township from the foundation of La Serena (1544) to the middle of the 18th century is studied from original documents of the National Archive, especially Royal Audience and Notaries of La Serena. The importance of the legacy of indigenous peoples in the construction of irrigation canal networks for agriculture is detected. On this basis, the Spanish colonizers had advantages to install the European hydraulic mill culture. The role of specialized artisans, both indigenous and Afro-descendant and Spanish-Creole, is identified. It is detected that the mills operated as poles of consolidation of markets and benchmarks for the configuration of regional trade routes.

Design Guidelines and Scaling Effects for Bearingless PM Synchronous Machines Accounting for Eddy Current Reaction Field

Apart from mechanical constraints, the maximum size and output power of high-speed bearingless PM synchronous machines is mainly limited by two effects with disturbing influence on the bearing force vector. One is the interference between the stator drive field and the suspension air gap field. The other one is the air gap field deformation by rotor eddy currents due to the asynchronously rotating stator field wave, which generates a non-moving bearing force vector. The eddy current reaction field lowers the bearing force amplitude and leads to a spatial error angle. Apart from material properties, these two effects are mainly influenced by the split ratio and the permanent magnet height. It is discussed how the machine's main dimensions and pole count shall be chosen in order to keep the influences of these effects small. It is also shown how the motor efficiency suffers from these effects and how the corresponding limitations vary with machine size and electromagnetic utilization.

Seeking justice in risk landscapes. Small data and toxic autobiographies from an Italian petrochemical town (Gela, Sicily)

ABSTRACT This paper provides a re-signification of industrial risk as a slow-burning issue (Mah [2017] “Environmental justice in the age of big data: challenging toxic blind spots of voice, speed, and expertise.” Environmental Sociology 3 (2): 122–133.), invisibly and violently diffusing across time and space and affecting relational entanglements between human and non-human components of risk landscapes. As an alternative to a planning approach based on quantitative and objective data, the authors propose to build strategic planning of riskscapes upon what they call small data, that is, the ensemble of qualitative and embodied data that can be gathered through street science (Corburn [2005]. Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice. Cambridge: MIT Press.) and toxic autobiographies (Armiero et al. [2019]. “Toxic Bios: Toxic Autobiographies – A Public Environmental Humanities Project.” Environmental Justice, 1–5. ). In order to discuss the potential role of both small data and toxic autobiographies in the planning field, the authors present the results of an ongoing empirical case study in Gela, a Sicilian town converted into one of the main Italian petrochemical poles in the 1960s by a multinational oil company. The authors analyse Gela’s risk landscapes through the perceptions of citizens and their initiatives to tackle environmental injustices. Finally, the authors argue that small data can provide a better understanding of the landscape of risk through four lenses that allow seeing the slow and diffused change brought by industrial risk: memories of injustice, memories of smell, trans-corporeal stories, and relational stories.

Soft computing model for students’ evaluation in educational institute

Now a day’s higher education is become more competitive. Students are the main pole of today’s education. All educational institutions are focusing on the quality improvement and change in the traditional evaluation methods. Due to the high competition among Private Universities and existing National Universities the scenario of evaluation methods has important role so that the students shall be kept on track as an active learner through their modified methods of evaluation. Consequently, the evaluation of students through traditional methods has limitations as it is based on the crisp boundaries. The students having a very small difference of marks can be placed into different grades. Also the students who have missed the chance of appearing for one of the subject head may be fail due to absolute method of grading. A soft computing model for students’ evaluation of student in educational institute using subject wise and other activities performance is developed in this paper. To consider uncertainties occur during the semester fuzzy logic technique is applied.

Determination of inductances for pulsating current traction motor

The object of research is a pulsating current traction motor. To improve the accuracy of its mathematical model, it is necessary to use the values of the parameters that are determined in experimental studies of the electric motor. In particular, it is important to use in the model of the electric motor inductance obtained experimentally. A method is proposed for calculating the inductance of the armature winding, main poles, additional poles and compensation winding and the total inductance of the traction motor armature circuit. The calculations are based on the results of the indirect inductance measurement method, in which the electrical values of various modes of power supply of the electric motor windings are directly measured, and the inductances are determined by auxiliary calculations. The inductances of the traction motor armature circuit have a non-linear dependence on the current flowing through them. The main difference of the study is that the measurements of the electrical parameters required for calculating the inductance are carried out over the entire range of operating currents of the windings. The essence of the proposed technique is to measure the active power in the armature winding, the winding of the main and additional poles, and the compensation winding, as well as in the armature circle as a whole when they are supplied with alternating current. According to the obtained values of active power losses and phase displacement, the corresponding reactive power losses are determined, with the help of which the inductances of the motor windings are calculated. Approbation of the methodology for calculating the conduction inductance for an electric motor of a pulsating current NB-418K6 (country of origin Russia), is used on electric locomotives of the VL80T and VL80k series (country of origin Russia). A scheme for measuring electrical parameters necessary for calculating inductance is proposed. The graphical dependences of the inductance on the armature current, built on the basis of calculations, confirmed the hypothesis about the nonlinear dependence of these inductances on the armature current. For further application of the results obtained in the simulation of the operation of the traction electric motor NB-418K6, a polynomial approximation of the total inductance of the armature circuit was performed.

Regional Development Planning According to Economic and Natural Resources

The sustainable urban development has emerged to achieve a better life and prosperity for the individual in modern society and in various areas of life. The aim of this study represents new planning vision for the western region of Delta to distribute it in new settlements out of Delta. It is a broad vision of balanced development goals, along western region of Delta, directing its physical expansion towards new potential growth centers (Poles). We applied the theory of the strategy of growth poles for economic and social growth potentials are selected to intensify the elements of development, activating the optimal use of its human and natural resources by working to convert some of its cities into a group of growth poles and mitigation centers. The output result of SWOT analysis leads to three main major growth poles, five sub growth poles and many linked growth poles specialized developmental functions that become competitive attractions for the existing urban areas according to human distribution, efficient use of economic resources, natural resources, and industrial technology. This leading activities and adequate infrastructure to not to waste development resources and investments available on large areas in the region.

Оценка ресурса и характеристик изоляции тяговых двигателей локомотивов методом ускоренного теплового старения

Objective: An equivalent mode of accelerated thermal aging of the insulation system of electrical ma- chines is described to confirm the resource corresponding to a given period and operating conditions. Methods: The equivalent mode of accelerated heat aging was determined based on the Montzinger rule and tested in the course of research and development work (R&D) on the development, manufacture and implementation of a set of bench and operational tests of the insulation system of an increased heat resistance class of a diesel locomotive traction motor. Results: The relevance of R&D has been revealed, as a result of which the implementation of the idea was required, based on the statement about the re- duction of the insulation resource of electrical machines when the permissible heating is exceeded by 8–12 °С to various types of insulating materials. The advantages of the method presented in the article in relation to traditional solutions of this problem are demonstrated, and also improved consumer proper- ties of the traction electric motor of a diesel locomotive with a replaced insulation system of an increased class of heat resistance are presented. Generally, experimental tests and preliminary operational data are an acceptable basis for thermal evaluation of electrical insulating materials. However, it is important to remember that the scientific criterion is met and not to use the results of different types of tests in the analysis. Based on the world experience in diagnostics of additional insulation parameters for monitoring the state of insulation parameters, the possibility of using the “Doctor” series insulation monitoring de- vices has been determined and practically confirmed. Together with the results of subsequent operational tests, during which the insulation was also monitored using these mobile devices, it is argued that after carrying out the relevant research work, thanks to the mobile devices of the “Doctor” series, it is pos- sible to carry out predictive analytics of the failure of traction motors (TED) in any operating conditions. The functional value is determined and applied in practice. The “H” class insulation system developed by the specialists of JSC “VNIKTI” is mainly based on insulating materials produced by JSC “Holding Company „Elinar“”; the compound “Elplast 180ID” (JSC “Electroizolit”) or its analogue “Elkom-180” JSC “Holding company „Elinar“”), for anchor coils and equalizers, a wound PPIPK-2 wire in polyimide- fluoroplastic insulation (GC “Moskabelmet”) is used. Practical importance: It is stated that all stages of manufacturing and testing, determined at the initial stage of R&D, confirmed the results of the deve- lopment stages (overhaul (manufacture) of prototypes of TED using a new isolation system according to the design documentation of JSC “VNIKTI”). Bench tests have confirmed typical characteristics, speci- fied resource and insulation characteristics with equivalent accelerated thermal aging corresponding to an electric motor’s service life of 20 years in ordinary operation on a diesel locomotive, residual life of elements of the insulation system of naturally cut armature segments, main and auxiliary poles coils. In the specialized laboratory of JSC “Holding Company „Elinar“”, an experimental TED diesel locomotive set with the investigated insulation system was manufactured and installed on two sections of the main- line diesel locomotive 2TE116. Operational tests of an experimental TED diesel locomotive set under operating conditions were successful.

LAMA DE BENEFICIAMENTO DE ROCHAS ORNAMENTAIS PROCESSADAS NO ESPÍRITO SANTO: COMPOSIÇÃO E APROVEITAMENTO

A produção de rochas ornamentais para revestimento gera um resíduo de granulação muito fina, a partir do descarte da Lama de Beneficiamento de Rochas Ornamentais (LBRO), cuja composição indica potencial de utilização em diversos setores produtivos. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo da variabilidade composicional da LBRO e de diferentes tipos de rocha, com o objetivo de identificar os fatores controladores da composição dos resíduos gerados pela serragem de blocos. Foram coletadas 35 amostras de rocha e da LBRO produzida durante a serragem dessas rochas. As amostras foram coletadas diretamente da descarga do tear em empresas de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES), um dos principais polos produtores do Estado do Espírito Santo. O mapeamento do processo produtivo das empresas permitiu dimensionar a quantidade de resíduos que é gerada por bloco serrado e mostrou a importância do controle de perdas. A comparação entre rochas e LBRO evidenciou íntima semelhança entre a composição química dessas matrizes, com exceção de alguns elementos como ferro e cálcio, que são acrescentados a partir dos insumos de beneficiamento em teares convencionais. As amostras foram agrupadas em cinco conjuntos com potencial de uso em cosméticos, aplicação no solo, fabricação de cerâmica, uso na construção civil ou simplesmente como filler.

Prospects for global jihadism in Southeast Asia

The article examines the relationship between local and global radical Islamist movements in the countries of Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The author set out to determine the reasons for the attractiveness of the rhetoric of modern global jihadist movements for the local population in remote regions of the world. The study showed that the ideology of jihadism is based on a return to identity, the main pole of which is religion. After examining the origins of radical Islamist movements in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, the author concluded that the Afghan War was the impetus for their development. The purpose of this study is to find common and distinctive characteristics of the situation with Islamist radicalism in each of the countries of the region. Analyzing the situation in Indonesia, the author concludes that the priority for local groups is local goals, and the issue of armed jihad has split the Indonesian Islamist movement into a moderate and radical wing associated with Al-Qaeda and ISIS. The article traces the evolution of secular power in Malaysia to the institutionalization of political Islam, starting in the 1970s. The author argues that the grows of the Islamization in Malaysia led to the fact that the modern religious and ethnic discourse of the country as a whole was prepared for the perception of the ideology of radicals when ISIS appeared in the region. The author found that the jihadist movements in the Philippines are motivated by the separatist conflict, they pursue local goals and use the rhetoric of global jihad to stimulate the struggle and intimidate opponents.

Los dos polos de la biografía antigua y la hagiografía

Greek biography can be associated to two main poles: on one of them the syntagmatic axis, with succession, predominates; on the other, the paradigmatic axis, without succession. The first pole is related to historiography and has a method closer to ἱστορία; its best-known ideal type is the energetic or Peripatetic hagiography (Plutarch). The second pole is related to demonstrative rhetoric, its method is closer to antiquarianism and it appears in the analytic or Alexandrian biography (Suetonius). This contribution will suggest that in the usual hagiography this opposition is visible in a separated treatment of “life” and “deeds”, often summarized in the titles by Βίος καὶ πολιτεíα: the succession of facts, situated in time and space, as opposed to a timeless character, which reveals itself rather than becomes. To this aim, I will discuss the basic features of biography; describe F. Leo’s theory about classical biography; examine M. Bakhtin’s biographical chronotope, and his indebtedness with authors such as Leo or G. Misch; analyse some crucial features of hagiographical discourse and of its peculiar chronotope; and offer a brief conclusion.

Magnetic force microscopy characterization of write field profiles of magnetic recording heads having a pole-tip protrusion

Almost all previous studies on a thermal-induced pole-tip protrusion (PTP) were mainly focused on the extension of the main pole which in turn affects the flying height of magnetic recording heads and the hard-disk drive reliability. None was reported the PTP effect on a variation of write filed profiles that is directly related to the track width of the magnetic data. In this work, a method to characterize the magnetic field distribution of perpendicular recording heads with a protrusion in a pole-tip region was proposed and implemented. A magnetic head under test was biased with two current sources, one for the write coil and the other for the heater. The write field was then observed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). MFM images were post-processed in order to investigate the field profiles. Two models of magnetic write heads having different heater designs were employed as test samples. We observed the variations in the area of the write field for the write heads having the protrusion of the pole tip, while the magnitude of the field intensity was almost constant.

Time-resolved imaging of an operating hard-disk-drive write head using nano-beam x-ray magnetic circular dichroism

We studied the dynamic magnetization behavior of a hard-disk-drive (HDD) write head by using nano-beam x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The write head was operated by applying a square-wave write current with a frequency of 211.9 MHz to the coil of the write head, which was in synchronization with the fivefold frequency of the x-ray pulses. Snapshot images of the magnetization on the air-bearing surface of the write head were obtained with spatial and time resolutions of 100 nm and 50 ps, respectively, and temporal changes in the magnetization of the main pole and the shield were observed. When a square-wave write current with a transition time of 0.2 ns was applied, the magnetization reversal of the main pole was completed in 0.7 ns, and this reversal time was determined by the dynamic property of the write head. During the main pole reversal, the shield area showed spatially non-uniform magnetization patterns, and its response was slower than that of the main pole. These results show that the XMCD measurement setup developed in this study is a powerful tool for understanding the dynamic behavior of an HDD write head and contributes to the development of higher capacity HDDs.

The various accretion modes of AM Herculis: Clues from multi-wavelength observations in high accretion states

We report onXMM-NewtonandNuSTARX-ray observations of the prototypical polar, AM Herculis, supported by ground-based photometry and spectroscopy, all obtained in high accretion states. In 2005, AM Herculis was in its regular mode of accretion, showing a self-eclipse of the main accreting pole. X-ray emission during the self-eclipse was assigned to a second pole through its soft X-ray emission and not to scattering. In 2015, AM Herculis was in its reversed mode with strong soft blobby accretion at the far accretion region. The blobby acretion region was more luminous than the other, persistently accreting, therefore called main region. Hard X-rays from the main region did not show a self-eclipse indicating a pronounced migration of the accretion footpoint. Extended phases of soft X-ray extinction through absorption in interbinary matter were observed for the first time in AM Herculis. The spectral parameters of a large number of individual soft flares could be derived. SimultaneousNuSTARobservations in the reversed mode of accretion revealed clear evidence for Compton reflection of radiation from the main pole at the white dwarf surface. This picture is supported by the trace of the Fe resonance line at 6.4 keV through the whole orbit. Highly ionized oxygen lines observed with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) were tentatively located at the bottom of the accretion column, although the implied densities are quite different from expectations. In the regular mode of accretion, the phase-dependent modulations in the ultraviolet (UV) are explained with projection effects of an accretion-heated spot at the prime pole. In the reversed mode projection effects cannot be recognized. The light curves reveal an extra source of UV radiation and extended UV absorbing dips. An HαDoppler map obtained contemporaneously with theNuSTARandXMM-Newtonobservations in 2015 lacks the typical narrow emission line from the donor star but reveals emission from an accretion curtain in all velocity quadrants, indicating widely dispersed matter in the magnetosphere.

Trace metal dynamics in an industrialized Brazilian river: A combined application of Zn isotopes, geochemical partitioning, and multivariate statistics

The Paraiba do Sul (PSR) and Guandu Rivers (GR) water diversion system (120 km long) is located in the main industrial pole of Brazil and supplies drinking water for 9.4 million people in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. This study aims to discern the trace metals dynamics in this complex aquatic system. We used a combined approach of geochemical tools such as geochemical partitioning, Zn isotopes signatures, and multivariate statistics. Zinc and Pb concentrations in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and sediments were considerably higher in some sites. The sediment partition of As, Cr, and Cu revealed the residual fraction (F4) as the main fraction for these elements, indicating low mobility. Zinc and Pb were mostly associated with the exchangeable/carbonate (F1) and the reducible (F2) fractions, respectively, implying a higher susceptibility of these elements to being released from sediments. Zinc isotopic compositions of sediments and SPM fell in a binary mixing source process between lithogenic (δ66/64ZnJMC ≈ + 0.30‰) and anthropogenic (δ66/64ZnJMC ≈ + 0.15‰) end members. The lighter δ66/64ZnJMC values accompanied by high Zn concentrations in exchangeable/carbonate fraction (ZnF1) enable the tracking of Zn anthropogenic sources in the studied rivers. Overall, the results indicated that Hg, Pb, and Zn had a dominant anthropogenic origin linked to the industrial activities, while As, Cr, and Cu were mainly associated with lithogenic sources. This work demonstrates how integrating geochemical tools is valuable for assessing geochemical processes and mixing source effects in anthropized river watersheds.

A Mathematical Model of a Collector Traction Motor with Separate Consideration of Eddy Currents of the Main and Additional Poles

A mathematical model of a collector traction motor with independent excitation has been proposed in which eddy currents from the main and additional poles are separately taken into account. The results of computer simulations to determine the response of developed model to an abrupt change in the voltage across the anchor and when the anchor is powered by a pulse converter have been considered. The electromagnetic processes that occur in the traction motor have been examined in detail at rated and reduced current of main poles and at various speeds. The mechanism of the effect of eddy currents from additional poles on the magnetic flux of main poles of the machine, emf, and rate of rise of the anchor current has been analyzed. The factors directly affecting the degree of influence of eddy currents from additional poles on the electromagnetic processes in a traction motor have been determined. Conclusions have been drawn regarding the appropriateness of taking into account the phenomenon under consideration when simulating the operation of a traction electric drive.