Main Plots Research Articles

Response of Malt Barley (<i>Hordeum distichum L.</i>) to Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates and Irrigation Levels Under Furrow Irrigation Methods in South Eastern Ethiopia

Nutrient availability to crops is a function of soil type, moisture condition, environment, crop type, and management and their interaction affects nutrient use efficiencies and crop growth conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum P rate and deficit irrigation level, as well as to identify the interactive effect of nutrient and moisture levels on yield and yield quality malt barley under irrigation in Ormiya region Tiyo district. The experiment was conducted at small plot level for three consecutive years from 2020/21 to 2022/23 G.C. This experiment was conducted at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center On-Station arranged by split-plot layout with RCBD design by three replications. Irrigation amounts (100%, 75% and 50%) were assigned the main plot and phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg) corresponded to the subplot. The combined effect of irrigation levels and phosphorus fertilizer rate had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on malt barely grain yield, above-ground biomass, thousand kernel weight and water productivity but not on plant height, seeds per spike and protein content. The highest grain yield and above-ground biomass were 3.16 t/ha and 6.77 t/ha obtained from the application of 100% ETc with 30 kg of phosphorus fertilizer. The maximum water productivity (0.97 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) was observeat the application of 75% ETc with 30 kg of Phosphorus fertilizer while more profitable practice was found at 100% ETc with 30 kg of phosphorus application. The highest protein content (15.57%) was observed at the application of 50% deficit irrigation and the lowest (14.66%) was observed at 100% ETc irrigation application. Applying the optimum amount of irrigation with 30 Kg phosphorus fertilizer gives high grain and above biomass yield and is economically profitable in Tiyo district and agroecologies similar to Tiyo.

Application of Various Concentrations of Moringa Leaf Liquid Fertilizer (Moringa oleifera L.) to Stimulate Growth and Yield of Upland Rice Under Various Drought Stresses

Upland rice is susceptible to drought stress in crops, especially on marginal lands. The use of moringa leaf liquid fertilizer as a biostimulant that is very rich in important compounds is expected to increase growth andproduction as well as plant tolerance to drought stress. This study aims to determine the appropriate concentrationof moringa leaf extract liquid fertilizer to inhibit the growth and yield of upland rice plants grown under variouslevels of drought stress. This study was arranged in the form of a 2-factor factorial experiment with randomizedcomplate block design Split plot design form. The main plot is the application of moringa leaf extract liquidfertilizer consisting of four concentration levels 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% moringa leaf liquid fertilizer. Subplots (SP)was drought stress consisting of three levels of percentage of Field Capacity, namely 100%, 75%, and 50% FC.There were 12 treatment combinations of two units in one replication, each treatment combination was repeated3 times for a total of 72 experimental units. The experiment of moringa leaf liquid fertilizer concentration gave asignificant effect on the increase of plant height, number of tillers, productive tillers, flag leaf area, number ofgrain per plant, grain weight per plant, and grain production per hectare at several levels of droughtstress.Concentration of 15% Moringa leaf liquid fertilizer gives a better effect in increasing the productivity ofupland rice with an average yield of 1507.03 tons/hectare under moderate stress (75% field capasity), and anaverage yield of 1081.66 tons/hectare under high drought stress (50% field capasity).

Synergistic effects of microbial inoculation, different forms of iron application, and phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil

Iron and phosphorus deficiencies in alkaline soils threaten wheat by limiting nutrient availability due to their antagonistic relationship. This study tested if combining microbial incubation with foliar iron could synergistically improve wheat productivity and nutrition and mitigate deficiencies. A field experiment using a split plot design tested different iron and phosphate fertilization techniques. The main plots consisted of three iron application methods: foliar-applied iron (FL) at 2.5 kg ha−1, soil-applied iron (FS) at 5 kg ha−1, and no iron (F0). The subplots comprised four phosphate fertilizers: PSB + TSP (inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria + 100 kg ha−1 of triple superphosphate fertilizer), AMF + TSP (inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi + triple superphosphate), TSP alone, and no phosphorus (P0). Foliar iron application with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium and root length density by 16.3-17.9% and 22.1-25.8% more than PSB + TSP, respectively. Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP, as well as higher levels of soluble proteins and lower concentrations of chlorophyll. There was no difference in grain yield between PSB + TSP and AMF + TSP for any of the iron treatments. Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield, desirable seed nutrient content (particularly zinc, iron (>100 mg kg−1), and magnesium (>18 mg kg−1), improved root biomass, chlorophyll, and soluble proteins compared to PSB + TSP and TSP alone. This combination of microbial inoculation with foliar iron application is an effective strategy for mitigating the antagonism between iron and phosphorus and improving both crop productivity and nutrition.

The Effect of Foliar Application of Azolla Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Rice in Swampy Soil

Rice cultivation faces challenges due to limited land availability despite increasing demand. Utilizing swamp land for cultivation presents an alternative, albeit hindered by difficult-to-control water conditions and less effective fertilizer spread. To ensure optimal nutrient supply, foliar application of Azolla liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) is explored. This study investigates the ideal concentration and frequency of Azolla LOF application for rice growth and yield. Employing a split plot design, the main plot assesses LOF concentration (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%), while the subplot evaluates application frequency (1, 2, 3 times). Results indicate that a 9% LOF concentration yields the highest tiller count (17.99), longest panicle (25.788 cm), highest grain count per panicle (158.2978), heaviest grain weight per hill (45.878 g), and highest grain weight per plot (3457.52 g). However, the fastest flowering period (54 DAP) occurs with a 12% LOF concentration. Applying Azolla LOF three times achieves the earliest flowering (55.25 DAP), while two applications yield the longest panicle (25.03 cm). Notably, no interaction is observed between LOF concentration and application frequency on rice growth and yield. These findings provide insights into optimizing Azolla LOF application for enhanced rice cultivation in swamp lands.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nano Urea Compared to Urea on Quality and Nutrient Uptake in Rice Crop (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 at Agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with thrice replications. Taking three crop establishment methods Direct Seeded Rice, System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Transplanted Rice in main plot and seven nitrogen levels control, 100 % RDN through conventional Urea, 100 % RDN through Nano Urea, 80 % RDN through conventional Urea + 20 % RDN through Nano Urea, 60 % RDN through conventional Urea + 40 % through Nano Urea, 40 % RDN through conventional Urea + 60 % through Nano Urea and 20 % RDN through conventional Urea + 80 % through Nano Urea in sub plot. Results showed that significantly higher NPK content, NPK uptake protein content and protein yield was recorded in application of 60 % RDN through conventional Urea + 40 % through Nano Urea which was at par with 40 % RDN through conventional Urea + 60 % RDN through Nano Urea significantly superior over rest of the treatment during both the years of investigations.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Impact on peanut flowering, seed physical quality, and yield determination (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut seed yield is influenced by physiological and ecophysiological crop traits, with changes in reproductive parameters such as flowering time, flower number, and fertility index significantly affecting productivity. Management practices like Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) could enhance crop yield. PGPR can improve flowering and yield by modulating the balance of phytohormones and enhancing reproductive processes. This study assessed PGPR effects on peanut flowering dynamics, seed yield determination, and correlation with hormone levels. Two plant-level field experiments were conducted during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, sowing two cultivars (ASEM 400 INTA and Granoleico) on four sowing dates (Oct-05, Oct-15, Nov-29, Dec-10). Three PGPR strains (Bacillus velezensis RI3 and SC6, Pseudomonas psychrophila P10), Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and control were arranged in a split-split-split-plot design, with sowing dates as main plots, cultivars as sub-plots, and PGPRs as sub-sub-plots. PGPR improved peanut flower number (FN) and flowering rate (FR) by 20 % and 50 % compared to B. japonicum and the control. B. velezensis SC6 showed the best performance (SC6 > P10 > RI3), advancing the flowering peak by 4–12 days. PGPR also increased the fertility index (FI) to 0.31 vs. 0.24 of B. japonicum and control and pod number (PN) by 53 % compared to the control. Flowering peak advancement led to larger seeds (SF≥8 mm) (∼+8 % vs. control) due to better environmental conditions (i.e., higher temperatures). Seed number (SN) increased by 94 %–113 % under PGPR treatments. Seed yield (SY) was increased (∼75 % on average) due to higher total biomass (TB) production and improved carbon allocation to seeds (harvest index; 0.33–0.36). Hormone analysis at the R5 stage under late sowing's restrictive conditions showed hormone level increases of 15 %–90 %. This study demonstrates that PGPR significantly improves peanut flowering dynamics, seed quality, and yield by affecting hormone levels and reproductive parameters, highlighting its potential as a sustainable management practice.

THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT, MUNICIPAL WASTE COPMOST AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON SEED YIELD, QUALITY AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)

Present study was done to investigate the effect of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some physiological traits of peanut under both irrigation and no-irrigation conditions. A split-split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications and performed in two years (2018 and 2019). The main plot consisted of irrigation at two levels of with and without irrigation. Compost treatment (at two levels of application of 5 t/ha and no application) was considered as a sub plot. Nitrogen fertilizer (at four levels of 0.0, 20.0, 40.0 and 60.0 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare) was considered as sub-sub plot. The results showed that application of 5 t/ha compost significantly increased carotenoids and rate of kernel production by 16.1% and 15.2%, respectively. In interaction of irrigation and compost, the highest seed protein and seed yield were obtained in two levels of compost and irrigation conditions. In both years, the highest seed yield was observed in the treatments of irrigation and application of 40 and 60 kg N/ha. Besides, the application of compost along with 40 and 60 kg N/ha caused a significant increase in seed yield. In the second year compared to the first year, under no-irrigation and no-application of nitrogen, seed yield was 21% higher. It seems that application of 40 kg/ha N along with 5 t/ha of municipal waste compost in peanut cultivation can be effective in improving the physiological traits and seed yield, especially under no-irrigation.

Can condensed tannins improve fermentation patterns and the nutritive value of sorghum silage?

Context For an ensiling to succeed, the knowledge about the factors that might influence the fermentation dynamics and nutrient loss is mandatory. One of the strategies is the use of additives such as tannins, as they can decrease proteolysis and increase the total organic acids. Aims The aim was to investigate the effects of tannins on fermentation patterns and nutritional value of sorghum silage. Methods Silages containing 0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 g/kg of tannin on fresh matter were studied. To produce the silage, the tannin was added to the forage and manually homogenised before ensiling. The study was conducted in three experiments. In the first experiment, five replications of each level of inclusion were produced and assigned in a completely randomised design. The chemical composition and fermentation patterns of all experimental units were evaluated. The second experiment consisted of analysing the aerobic deterioration by using a PET bottles system. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomised split plot, with five replications and five treatments with the inclusion of different levels of tannin (main plots) and the hours of exposure of silage to air (subplot). In the third experiment, five levels of tannin (main plots) and incubation times (subplots) were evaluated as for in situ digestibility (ruminal degradability) in a randomised blocks design with three replications (animals). Key results The inclusion of tannins in sorghum silage caused quadratic effects on pH, acetic acid, lactic acid, total organic acids, ammonia nitrogen, dry matter content, crude protein content and in situ digestibility, when the level varied from 10.5 to 22.7 g tannin/kg fresh matter. There was a decreasing linear effect for aerobic deterioration as increasing levels of tannin in sorghum silage. Conclusions The inclusion of tannin as an additive in sorghum silage is recommended for the production of good quality silage. The use of condensed tannins optimise fermentation patterns (especially increasing lactic acid and decreasing ammoniacal nitrogen), chemical composition, providing less aerobic deterioration and improve digestibility. Implications This study revealed that condensed tannins can improve fermentation patterns and the nutritive value of sorghum silage.

Optimizing phosphorus requirement of seed potato through organic and inorganic sources in north-west India

Phosphorus optimization is essential to maximize seed-size potato productivity and reduce the occurrence of over-sized and under-sized tubers. A field experiment was conducted for two years at the two locations in Punjab, India to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic phosphorus management on seed potato productivity. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three organic (farmyard manure, biofertilizer, and control) treatments in main plots and five fertilizer phosphorus (0, 46.9, 62.5, 93.8, and 125 kg/ha P2O5) treatments in subplots. The application of farmyard manure (50 t/ha) resulted in a significant increase in growth and yield attributes, tuber yield, seed size (3.5–4.5 cm) tuber number, and economic returns. The percentage increase in seed size tuber number and tuber yield with farmyard manure over the control was 36.6% and 29.3%, respectively. Among the fertilizer phosphorus levels, the highest growth attributes, tuber yield, seed size tuber number and economic returns were obtained with a 125 kg/ha. The application of 125 kg/ha fertilizer phosphorus resulted in a 36.3% and 23.0% (mean) increase in seed size tuber number and tuber yield compared to the unfertilized phosphorus (0 kg/ha). No significant organic sources x fertilizer phosphorus levels interaction effects were found on any of the traits evaluated at both locations. The result of this study indicates that P management can play an important role in increasing seed size and productivity.

Effect of Different Levels of Zinc on Yield of Various Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different level of zinc on various variety of rice during two consecutive kharif seasons year 2022 and 2023 respectively. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four variety of rice (Sarju-52, NDR-2064, NDR-2065 and Swarna Sub-1) in Main plot. Each main plot was further divided in five Sub plot i.e (Control, Zn @ 2.5 kg/ha, Zn @ 5 kg/ha, Zn @ 7.5 kg/ha and Zn @ 10 kg/ha).the result recorded that the variety NDR 2065 maximum panicle length (24.8cm ,25.3), number of panicles m-2 ( 134.1, 137.5), number of grains per panicles (149.1 ,152.6), test weight (23.6g, 23.7g) grain yield (44.19, & 46.01) q ha-1,straw yield (67.31 & 70.13) q ha-1,and biological yield (111.50 &116.14) q ha-1during 2022 and 2023 respectively. Among Zn level Maximum value of yield attributes and yield was recorded under Zn @10 kg/ha which was at par with 7.5 kg/ha, and 5 kg/ha for number of panicles, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain seed weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield during both years.

Improvement of Yield and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Some Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants Activity in Response to Zn-Nano Fertilizer in Different Irrigation Regimes

ABSTRACT Peanut, as an oilseed, have high nutritional value for humans and livestock and poultry. The seed yield (SY) of peanut decreases under drought stress conditions, and the zinc (Zn) nano-fertilizer can reduce the negative impacts of water deficiency on peanut plants and improves its SY. This experiment carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Astara, Iran, during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Three irrigation regimes at 50 mm (IR50), 75 mm (IR75) and 100 mm (IR100) evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plot and three levels of Zn nano-chelate, including 0.5 g. l−1; (Zn0.5), 1 g. l−1; (Zn1) and 1.5 g. l−1; (Zn1.5) in sub plot, comprised experimental treatments. The results indicated that the highest pod yield (PY), SY, oil yield (OY) and protein yield (PRY) of peanut (3633, 2900, 1582 and 826 kg. ha−1, respectively) were obtained in response to Zn nano-chelate with a dose of 1.0 g. l−1 in IR50 treatment. Nonetheless, under foliar spraying of Zn1 and severe drought stress conditions (IR100) were observed the highest proline (14.84 µmol g−1 FW), superoxide dismutase (53.42 Unit mg−1 proteinmin−1), catalase (72.87 nmol mg−1 proteinmin−1), peroxidase (64.17 nmol mg−1 protein min−1), soluble sugar content (172.04 mg g−1 FW), soluble protein content (114.16 mg g−1 DW) and anthocyanin pigments (11.20 µmol g−1 FW). Generally, application of Zn1 treatment, through increasing antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants, improved peanut SY. Hence, foliar application of Zn nano-chelate could be recommended to enhance peanut yield.

Determining the Effect of Nutrient Management and Weed Control Practices on Weed Dynamics in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

An experiment was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) during Rabi season (2022-23 & 2023-24) to investigate the effect of nutrient management and weed control practices on dynamics of weed in different treatments in wheat crop. Split plot design was used in the experimental field with three nutrient levels in main plot and six weed control practices in sup plot and replicated thrice. Among the nutrient management treatments 75% RDF + 10 t ha-1 FYM + one spray of nano-urea @ 4ml/lit was found to be more effective for controlling weed density, weed dry weight, weed control efficiency (%), and weed index (%) during both years of experimentation. Sequential spray of Clodinofop + Metsulfuron (60 + 4 g a.i. ha-1) reduced the density and dry weight of weeds, however recorded highest weed control efficiency (89.57% & 90.77%) and minimum weed index (1.99 & 1.96) during 2022-23 and 2023-24 respectively. The better control of weeds and higher uptake of nutrient in this treatment resulted in higher yield. Thus it might be concluded that application of 75% RDF +10 t ha-1 FYM + one spray of nano-urea @ 4ml/lit with the spraying of Clodinofop + Metsulfuron (60 + 4 g a.i. ha-1) found to be more effective in reducing weed infestation in wheat crop.

Optimizing Growth and Yield in Aerobic Rice through IoT-based Drip Irrigation and Fertigation

Aim: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different IoT based drip irrigation and fertigation management practices on growth and yield of aerobic rice. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with 4 main plots (Horizontal) and 3 sub-plots (Vertical) that are allocated randomly and replicated thrice. Place and Duration of Study: kharif and rabi seasons of 2022-23 & 2023-24 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad. Methodology: The horizontal plot treatments were Nitrogen management practices (4) i.e., Control (N1), 100 % RDN (100% inorganic) (N2), 100 % RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic) (N3) and 125 % RDN (100 % inorganic) (N4). Vertical plots treatments were Irrigation management practices (3) which include Saturation (I1), 10 % DASM (I2) and 20 % DASM (I3). Organic nutrient sources were given as soil application and the inorganic sources were applied through fertigation. Sensor based (IoT) irrigation scheduling was done. Results: Nitrogen application of 125% RDN with 100% inorganic consistently resulted in higher growth parameters (plant height (110.4 cm and 93.9 cm), number of tillers m-2 (392.2 and 291.8) and plant dry weight (11814.8 kg ha-1 and 9557.0 kg ha-1) during kharif & rabi respectively) followed by 100% RDN (100% inorganic) and 100% RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic) in pooled data. Saturation irrigation resulted in taller plants with greater growth parameters (plant height (109.8 cm and 91.0 cm), number of tillers m-2 (412.3 and 283.6) and plant dry weight (10916.0 kg ha-1 and 9463.4 kg ha-1) during kharif & rabi respectively) compared to deficit irrigation treatments. Treatment of 125% RDN with 100% inorganic resulted in the higher yield attributes (no. of panicles m-2 (154.3 and 141.1), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (142.3 and 124.0), panicle weight (3.1 g and 3.3 g) during kharif & rabi respectively) and yield (4790.2 kg ha-1 and 4583.8 kg ha-1) which was statistically similar with 100% RDN (100% inorganic) and 100% RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic). Saturation expressed higher yield attributes (no. of panicles m-2 (149.5 and 139.2), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (135.0 and 121.6), panicle weight (3.0 g and 3.2 g) during kharif & rabi respectively) and yield (4554.0 kg ha-1 and 4425.5 kg ha-1) which was on par with 10% DASM. The interaction was found to be non-significant. Conclusion: Nitrogen application of 125% RDN and 100% RDN through fertigation were found to have statistically similar growth, yield parameters and yield. IoT based irrigation at 10% DASM was found to be on par with saturation treatment among all the growth, yield parameters and yield of aerobic rice.

Effect of Tillage Practices and Fertility Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat in Rice- Wheat Cropping System

This study was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, CSAUAT, during rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out into Split plot design with3 replication. Two levels of tillage viz. (1) Conventional tillage Two ploughing followed by sowing), (2) Reduce tillage (one ploughing followed by sowing were randomly allotted to main plot while ten 10 fertility levels. Basis on the pooled data the results of the study revealed that in case of tillage practices among the growth parameters; maximum plant height at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest is 26.25, 46.26, 87.43, and 92.38 cm respectively, number of leaves plant-1 at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest is 5.47, 16.51, 19.34 and 20.18 respectively, leaf area index at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest is 0.553, 3.13, 4.48 and 5.05 respectively, relative growth rate at 30, 60, 90 DAT is 24.33, 14.48 and 3.82 g day-1 respectively, among the yield attributing characters maximum ear length (11.07 cm) , number of grain ear-1 (41.08), grain weight ear-1 (1.54 g) and 1000 grain weight (36.93 g) and among the productivity parameters; maximum grain yield (51.31 q ha-1), straw yield (67.21 q ha-1), biological yield (118.52 q ha-1) and harvest index (43.22 %) were recorded under the conventional tillage. Similarly in case of fertility levels growth parameters, yield attributing characters and productivity parameters were associated with 125 % RDF + chloromequate chloride.

Examining the Effects of Diverse Irrigation Regimens and Planting Timelines on Wheat Growth, Yield, and Yield Characteristics

In the Rabi season spanning 2021 to 2022, a field trial was carried out on sandy loam soil. at a research station near the Center for Advanced Studies on Climate Change, Dr. RPCAU, Pusa, Bihar (India). Positioned at a latitude of 25°98' N and a longitude of 85°66' E. the experimental plot ascended to an elevation of 52.3 meters above mean sea level. The primary objective was to assess the effects of different irrigation levels and planting dates on the development, yield, and yield characteristics of wheat. The investigation included four irrigation management protocols (irrigation at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 IW/CPE) assigned to the main plot, along with four sowing dates (15 Nov, 30 Nov, 15 Dec, and 30 Dec) allocated to the sub plot. This layout was replicated thrice in a split-plot configuration. The results indicated that the maximum values of growth factors (specifically plant height), yield factor (effective tillers/m2), and yield (both grain and straw) were observed when irrigation was administered at 1.2 IW/CPE (I4). This method, statistically comparable to irrigation at 1 IW/CPE (I3), exhibited notable superiority over the other treatments. Conversely, the minimum values of plant height, effective tillers/m2, grain yield, and straw yield were documented under the irrigation regimen of 0.6 IW/CPE (I1).

Effect of Crop Residue Management and Weed Management Practices on Nutrient Content and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The field experiment was carried out during two successive Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.).The treatment combinations of 4 crop residue management, viz. conventional tillage without residue, conventional tillage with residue (3 t/ha rice residue), zero tillage without residue, zero tillage with residue (3 t/ha rice residue) and 5 weed management practices, viz. Triallate 50% EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1, Triallate 50% EC @ 2500 g a.i. ha-1, Clodinafop propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron methyl 1% (60 g + 4 g a.i. ha-1), hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) and weedy check in wheat were tested with 3 replications in split-plot design, keeping crop residue management in main plots and weed management practices in subplots. Among the different crop residue management, zero tillage with residue was found most effective in maximizing nutrient content and nutrient uptake followed by conventional tillage with residue. Conventional tillage without residue showed lowest values of on nutrient content and uptake by crop. While in case of weed management practices hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) had a significant impact on maximizing nutrient content and nutrient uptake followed by post-emergence application of Clodinafop propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron methyl 1% (60 g + 4 g a.i. ha-1).

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.) DENGAN KONSENTRASI DAN INTERVAL WAKTU PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR KOTORAN AYAM

Pak choy is a vegetable that content high nutrition, beneficial for health, and the price is higher compared to other types of mustard greens, so that pak choy cultivation has bright prospects. One effort to get quality pak choy is by providing chicken manure liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). The research was conducted to study: the interaction; concentration of LOF; and time interval for applying LOF that provides the best growth and yield of pak choy. The experiment was conducted from June to August 2021 in Sumber Sari Village, Sebulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The experiment was arranged in a Split Plot Design with six replications. The concentration of LOF as the Main Plot, consisting of four levels, namely control (0), 25, 50, 75 mL L-1; and time interval for applying LOF as Subplots, consisted of every 2 and 4 days. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 5% level. The relationship between plant dry weight and LOF concentration was determined using polynomial orthogonal regression and correlation analysis. The results showed that the interaction and the time interval for applying LOF was not significantly different on all variables; while the efffect of LOF concentration is significantly different on all variables. A concentration of 25 mL POC L-1 is able to meet the nutritional needs of pak choy. The shape and strength of the relationship between dry weight of pak choy and POC concentration is linear and very strong with the regression equation ŷ = 3.263 + 0.0615x; correlation coefficient (r) 0.8344; and the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.6963.

Study the Effect of Animal Manure, Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth, Yield and Yield Components Traits of Mungbean

The field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different fertilizers sources such as animal manure (AM), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) during 2019 The applied levels of mentioned sources were (0, 30 ton ha­1), (0, 25 & 50 N kg ha-1) and 0, 50 & 70 P kg­ ha­-1) respectively. The experiment was laid out at the research farm of, Badghis University in factorial split-plot design (SPD) with 3 replications. Each replication consisted of (18) plots with (2m x 2m) size. Animal manure was applied to the main plots while, N and P fertilizers were applied to the subplots of the experiment. The results revealed that, animal manure significantly affected all characteristics of Mungbean except total dry matter, yield, and harvest index. The Interactive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was found significant for all characteristics of Mungbean, while the interactive effect of AM x N and AM x P was found non-significant for recorded parameters.

Seed invigoration to improve viability, seed vigour and growth of porang seedlings

Abstract The porang planting area is increasingly expanding. Providing seeds from seeds is considered better, but has problems with the dormancy period so efforts need to be sought to overcome them. This research aims to determine the increase in viability and vigor of porang seeds soaked in a functional microbial solution and to obtain the best growing medium for the growth and yield of porang plants. The research was carried out in Pontianak City from April to November 2021. This research consisted of two experiments. The first experiment used a non-factorial completely randomized design (immersion in functional microbial solution) with nine treatments. The variables observed included: vigor index, growth simultaneity, germination capacity, growth speed, plumule and radicle length. The second experiment used a split plot randomized block design, where the main plot was soil type and the subplot was soaking in a functional microbial solution (same as the first experiment). The variables observed included: plant height and tuber weight. The research results showed that SE21 isolate was the best in increasing seed viability and vigor. All functional microbes were equally good at producing plant height in the two growing media. Alluvial soil growing media: cow manure: roasted husks enriched with WH31C isolate produces the heaviest weight of porang tubers.

Seed invigoration to improve viability, seed vigour and growth of porang seedlings

Abstract The porang planting area is increasingly expanding. Providing seeds from seeds is considered better, but has problems with the dormancy period so efforts need to be sought to overcome them. This research aims to determine the increase in viability and vigor of porang seeds soaked in a functional microbial solution and to obtain the best growing medium for the growth and yield of porang plants. The research was carried out in Pontianak City from April to November 2021. This research consisted of two experiments. The first experiment used a non-factorial completely randomized design (immersion in functional microbial solution) with nine treatments. The variables observed included: vigor index, growth simultaneity, germination capacity, growth speed, plumule and radicle length. The second experiment used a split plot randomized block design, where the main plot was soil type and the subplot was soaking in a functional microbial solution (same as the first experiment). The variables observed included: plant height and tuber weight. The research results showed that SE21 isolate was the best in increasing seed viability and vigor. All functional microbes were equally good at producing plant height in the two growing media. Alluvial soil growing media: cow manure: roasted husks enriched with WH31C isolate produces the heaviest weight of porang tubers.