Main Plate Research Articles

EDUKASI BENCANA KEKERINGAN DAN KESIAPSIAGAAN WARGA MASYARAKAT DALAM MENANGGULANGI BENCANA KEKERINGAN DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

Geologically, Indonesia is located at the confluence of three of the world's main plates, namely the Indo-Australian Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Pacific Plate, which often cause disasters, for example drought. Central Lombok Regency is one of the regencies in West Nusa Tenggara, with these two seasons, most often hit by drought disasters, considering that the rainfall in Central Lombok is very small. So that disaster education and preparedness are needed for residents. This article uses qualitative research methods. The results of the study show that climate field schools have an important role in disaster education. Climate field school is a form of education for farmers that is very useful especially in understanding the weather and climate combined with new agricultural techniques that will allow farmers to plant different crops at different times of the year. Meanwhile, for preparedness, it is carried out through several programs in the form of urging and asking farmers to be disciplined in carrying out cropping patterns according to the zoning in which they are located (rice-padi-palawija or padi-palawija-palawija), mapping of land related to cropping patterns, planting rice parity that requires little water, namely the Situpagendit variety, and urges farmers to insure their rice plants, which is Rp. 36.000/ Ha for one planting season at PT. JASINDI.
 
 Keywords: Indonesia's geological location, disaster, disaster education.

Response of Yield Components of Some Black Rice Cultivars to Spraying With The Amino Acid Phenylalanin

Three rice varieties (Goura, Chakhao and Local) were grown during two seasons 2019-2020, aimed to assessment of different levels of spraying of phenylalanine on performance of the grain yield components in different rice varieties. The selected three varieties (sub plots) were grown under the influence of four levels of phenylalanine spraying (main plots), included amino acid treatments occupied the main plates 50, 100 and 150 mg.L-1 as well as the control treatment (spraying distilled water only), the experiment applied in split plots arrangements in RCBD with three replications. The results showed a significant superiority of the Goura genotype selected by giving the highest averages in plant height, total grains number per panicles, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, Biological yield, percentage of harvest index and tillers number plant, that reached to 118.47 cm, 144.25 grains.panicl-1, 23.44 g, 6.70 tons.hectare-1, 12.06 tons.hectare-1,54.82% and 18.40 tillers.plant-1 respectively, while the genotype significantly superior to Local Selected by giving the highest averages in the leaves content of total chlorophyll pigments SPAD, which amounted to 39.13 SPAD. The spraying of the amino acid phenylalanine at a concentration of 50 mg.l-1 was significantly superior by giving the highest averages in the indicators of vegetative growth, yield and its components.

Reverse Faulting Within a Continental Plate Boundary Transform System

AbstractContractional deformation is common along transform plate margins where plate motion is oblique to the plate boundary. While faults that accommodate this deformation are often inferred to be subsidiary to the main plate boundary fault, we typically lack direct geometric or kinematic information. Here we investigate the timing of faulting relative to changes in the orientation of the North American‐Pacific plate boundary. Coeval with development of an oblique plate boundary segment (i.e., the “Big Bend” of the San Andreas fault), active shortening is inferred to have initiated at ∼5 Ma in the Western Transverse Ranges (WTR). However, new low‐temperature thermochronometric data yield Miocene to Pleistocene apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He cooling ages and partially reset zircon (U‐Th)/He ages. Inverse thermal modeling indicate that reverse faulting initiated as early as 10 Ma, several million years prior to our current understanding of the timing of the Big Bend. Reverse faults in the WTR also propagate from west to east, toward the San Andreas Fault, rather than outwards from it. New and existing thermochronometry data delineate the WTR as the locus of rapid post‐Miocene exhumation, and demonstrate that similar exhumation is not present in the broader region surrounding the Big Bend. We posit that reverse faulting is localized in the WTR because of a weak underlying lithosphere and predates the more recent geometric anomaly of the restraining bend in the transform margin.

Increasing vegetables purchase with a descriptive-norm message: A cluster randomized controlled intervention in two university canteens

Exposure to social norms is a popular way to foster healthy food behavior. Testing the robustness of this effect, we report a field study assessing the impact of a vegetable-related descriptive norm message on vegetables purchase. The first contribution was to rely on a cluster randomized crossover design: Two canteens were randomly selected to display either a vegetable-related or a neutral-behavior norm message. After a first period of data collection, the displays were reversed for a second period: The number of vegetable portions on the main plate were recorded before, during and after the message display (N = 12.994). The second contribution was to test the impact of a message describing vegetables as the normative choice beyond the mere selection of vegetables, on the quantity of vegetables purchased in lunches containing some. Results indicated that the vegetable-related norm message led to a sustained probability of choosing vegetables, contrary to a decrease observed in the control condition. Moreover, students who ordered vegetables ordered a higher quantity when exposed to a vegetable-related message than before whereas quantity declined in the control condition. By treating both canteens as experimental and control and by analyzing both the presence and the amount of vegetables, these results extend and strengthen those previously observed, bringing support for the effectiveness of a descriptive norm message in eliciting healthier food behavior.

HAZARD SEISMIC ZONATION ANALYSIS OF WEST SUMATRA REGION USING PROBABILISTIC HAZARD SEISMIC ANALYSIS (PHSA) METHOD

Indonesia is one of the countries that is prone to high intensity seismicity, where Indonesia is located between three main plates, namely the Eurasian plate in the north, the Indo-Australian plate in the south and the Pacific plate in the northeast. As a result of the meeting of the three plates, Indonesia has a high level of seismicity both on land and at sea. One of the provinces with a high level of earthquake hazard is West Sumatra. Seismic hazards are useful in designing earthquake-resistant buildings and can describe the effects of earthquakes at a location which will help in anticipating community preparedness and earthquake disaster mitigation efforts. This type of research is descriptive, namely by collecting catalog data for the NEIC / USGS earthquake with the period 1969-2019 with M ≥ 5 S.R. Seismic hazard data processing uses the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) method. PSHA is based on earthquake parameters that produce the greatest ground motion. The magnitude of the intensity at a location due to an earthquake in the earthquake source area with a magnitude M and a distance of R can be used as an attenuation function. The attenuation function used in this study is Joyner-Boore (1997) and Young et al (1997). The results show that the largest seismic hazard occurs in the PGA with a maximum range of 1.28 g - 3.69 g in the Mentawai Islands region. The seismic hazard level is in the Bukit Barisan area with a maximum PGA value of 1.72 g - 2.12 g.

Effect of sulfur and the nutrient Super Docson Fertilization on the leaves content of the mineral elements of two grape varieties, Vitis vinifera L.

The study was conducted during the two growing seasons (2019 and 2020) on grape vines in the Lubnanian Halawani and Kamali varieties in the orchard of grapes cultivated in 2016 inthe Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design - College of Agriculture- University of Tikrit,. An experiment was including three factors, the first was considering the varieties (Halawani and Kamali), and the second factor was the addition of Agricultural Sulfur (S )to the soil, at three levels, S0 (no sulfur added), S1 (250 g. Grapevine-1), S2 (500 gm. Grapevine-1). The third factor was spraying the leaves withSuper Docson nutrient at three different concentrations: P0 (spraying with distilled water), P1 (spraying with the Super Docson nutrient with three concentrations: P0 (spraying with distilled water), P1 (at a concentration of 1.2 ml. L-1 water), and P2 (at a concentration of 2.4 ml. L-1 water), and the Super Docson nutrient sprays which contains the diffuser (Tween 20) was applied in early morning and until complete wetness A factorial experiment was carried out with the split plot system according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), where the varieties took the main plates, while the sulfur and nutrient treatments and their interactions were randomly distributed on the sub plot by three replications and the results showed: The Halawani variety superiority in most of the studied traits at the level (250 g. Vine-1) and the concentration (1.2 ml. L-1), except for the concentration of the element phosphorus in the leaves, where the Kamali variety was superior in this characteristic as perfection at the same level and concentration. The double interaction between sulfur and nutrient exceeded the level (250 g. Vine-1) and the concentration (1.2 ml. L-1) in most of the studied traits and for both seasons. As for the triple interaction between the variety, sulfur and nutrient, the Halawani variety was superior at the level (250 g. Vine-1) and concentration (1.2 ml. L-1) in most of the studied traits for both seasons.

УЗАГАЛЬНЕННЯ МОДЕЛІ ФОЛЬКЕРСЕНА НА ВИПАДОК ОСЬОВОЇ СИМЕТРІЇ

Thin-walled structures may contain defects as cracks and holes that are leftovers of the material the construction, is made of or they occur during the operation as a result of, for example, mechanical damage. The presence of holes in the plate causes a concentration of stresses at the boundary of the holes and ultimately leads to premature failure of the structural element. Repair of local damage of modern aircraft structures can be made by creating overlays that are glued to the main structure. The overlay takes on part of the load, unloading the damaged area. This method of repair provides tightness and aerodynamic efficiency to the structure. The calculation of the stress state of such glued structures is usually performed by using the finite element method. The classic models of the stress state of overlapped joints are one-dimensional. That is, the change of the stress state along only one coordinate is considered. At the same time, the connections of a rectangular form are also considered. The purpose of this work is to create a mathematical model of the stress state of circular axisymmetric adhesive joints and to build an appropriate analytical solution to the problem. It is assumed that the bending of the plates is absent; the deformation of the plates is even by thickness. The adhesive layer works only on the shift. The main plate and the overlay are considered isotropic. The solution is built on polar coordinates. The stress state of the connection depends only on the radial coordinate, i.e. one-dimensional. The solution is obtained in analytical form. This mathematical model is a generalization of the classical model of the adhesive connection of Volkersen to a circular or annular region and is considered for the first time. Boundary conditions are met exactly. The satisfaction of marginal conditions, as well as boundary conditions, leads to a system of linear equations with respect to the unknown coefficients of the obtained solutions. The model problem is solved and the numerical results are compared with the results of calculations performed by using the finite element method. It is shown that the proposed model has sufficient accuracy for engineering problems and can be used to solve problems of the design of aerospace structures.

Mitigasi Bencana untuk Daerah Rawan Longsor

Natural disasters are natural occurrences that have an impact on the environment, which can be in the form of damage, causing casualties, loss of property, damage to infrastructure and life facilities and infrastructure. Avalancheor often called ground movement is an event geology that happens because of the movement of the masses rock or soil with various types and types such as falling rocks or large lumps of soil. In general, there are two factors that can cause landslides, namely driving factors and triggering factors. Driving factors are factors that influence the condition of the material itself, while trigger factors are factors that cause the movement of the material. However, the main cause is gravity which affects a steep slope, but there are other factors that trigger it. Indonesia is located on the three main plates of the world, namely the Pacific, Australian and Eurasian plates which cause Indonesia to experience frequent disasters. In addition, Indonesia is geomorphologically a country that has a complete land form. Starting from mountains, slopes, savanna, marine or coastal areas. Diverse topography and land use change will be one of the causes of landslides. Various topographical conditions and the many different land functions that occur in Indonesia are one of the factors causing landslides, so knowledge of landslide disaster mitigation in landslide-prone areas is absolutely necessary to realize disaster preparedness, namely to reduce losses and casualties due to disasters. This can be done in three stages, namely before a landslide disaster occurs, during a landslide disaster and after a landslide disaster occurs. Hence, knowledge of landslide disaster mitigation in landslide-prone areas is absolutely necessary to realize disaster preparedness, namely to reduce losses and casualties due to disasters. This can be done in three stages, namely before a landslide disaster occurs, during a landslide disaster and after a landslide disaster occurs. Hence, knowledge of landslide disaster mitigation in landslide-prone areas is absolutely necessary to realize disaster preparedness, namely to reduce losses and casualties due to disasters. This can be done in three stages, namely before a landslide disaster occurs, during a landslide disaster and after a landslide disaster occurs.

Mechanical Performance Analysis and Parametric Study of a Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge with Ultra-Wide Double-Sided Steel Box Girder

A sufficient understanding of mechanical performance of self-anchored suspension bridge with double-sided steel box girder is essential for design and normal use as such bridges are widely built in urban bridge. Using the Yunlongwan Bridge which is a suspension bridge with ultra-wide double-sided steel box girder as an example, this paper investigates its deformation and mechanical performance under vehicle load. Firstly, based on the field test results, the deformation performance of the bridge and the stress distribution of the main girder are analysed, with emphasis on the shear lag effect of double-sided steel box girder. Then, a multiscale model of the bridge was built, and the accuracy of the model was verified by comparison with the test data. Finally, the influence of design parameters on the mechanical behaviour of double-sided steel box girder is studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the deformation of the bridge has good symmetry, there is obvious shear lag effect on the main girder, and the U-rib thickness, diaphragm spacing, and vehicle load could significantly affect the stress of the main girder top plate. The obtained analytical results lead to a better understanding of the mechanical performance and provide reference for the design of self-anchored suspension bridge with double-sided steel box girder.

Investigation of Internal Flow in Centrifugal Pump Diffuser using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and Computational Fluid Dynamics

An unshrouded impeller is being developed for high head pumps to reduce costs and disk friction losses. On the other hand, research of internal flow in a diffuser did not clearly reveal flow structure. In this experiment, we measured the velocity distribution at the diffuser inlet and outlet plane using laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) to capture the flow from the unshrouded impeller. The relation between the total pressure and velocity distribution was evaluated. The circumferential velocity and meridian velocity were measured by short-focus LDV (Diode Laser, 74mW) about the circumferential and the height direction of the vane direction. Operating conditions in this steady measurement are at the design point flow rate. The result was compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations carried out in steady conditions at the previously defined operation points. In this experiment, a phenomenon that the streamline moved toward the shroud side was confirmed. There was also a region where the static pressure increased on the shroud side at the diffuser inlet. This phenomenon was caused by the influence of the tip leakage flow of the unshrouded impeller downstream and the gap of the impeller’s main plate. Furthermore, two high velocity regions on the hub and shroud side at the diffuser outlet were observed because of the secondary flow in the diffuser. From the above studies, it was clarified that the ununiform flow in the diffuser was caused by the influence of the secondary flow in the unshrouded impeller.

The migration of the crustal deformation peak area in the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis inferred from present-day crustal deformation and morpho-tectonic markers

The present-day Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity field shows that the Indian Plate is not a complete rigid block, as its northeastern corner has been torn off and clockwise rotating relative to the main part. With the updated GPS velocity data, the Euler vector of the northeastern corner of the Indian Plate relative to the stable main plate is deduced as (89.566 ± 0.06° E, 26.131 ± 0.05° N, 1.34 ± 0.11°/Myr). The peak area of the present-day crustal deformation is located in the Chayu deformation belt with the compressional dilation strain rate over 160 nanostrain/yr. However, the Namche-Barwa Syntaxis with the massive crustal thickening and intense surface erosion is generally considered to be the previous locus of the strongest compressional stress in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis over long geological timescales. Thus, there is a discrepancy between the previous and present-day crustal deformation peak areas. We argue the migration of the crustal deformation peak area with a total distance of about 120 km and ascribe it to the variation of stress conditions caused by northeast India's clockwise rotation.

母板に 1°テーパーを有する高力ボルト摩擦接合継手を用いた鋳鉄床版モジュール－主桁間のすべり挙動

母板に 1°テーパーを有する高力ボルト摩擦接合継手を用いた鋳鉄床版モジュール－主桁間のすべり挙動

Research on Penetration Performance of Tandem Damage Elements to Oblique Reactive Armor

In order to study the penetration performance of the tandem warhead against the oblique reactive armor target, ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element simulation software was used to simulate the penetration process of the tandem warhead against the oblique reactive armor target when the front liner of the tandem warhead was made of different materials. The results show that when the front liner material is copper, the formed jet penetrates the reactive armor and will detonate it. The rear jet is greatly affected by the reactive armor, and the final penetration depth is 550 mm; when the front liner material is material is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the formed low-density jet penetrates the reactive armor and does not detonate it. The rear jet directly penetrates the main target plate along the low-density jet penetration hole, and the final penetration depth is 646 mm, compared with the tandem warhead As far as the front liner uses copper jet, the penetration depth is increased by 17.45%.

Influence of the Steel Channel Shaped Shear Connectors on the Stability of the Simply Supported Steel Bridge without the Intermediate Bracing System in the Construction Stage

Steel bridge structure without intermediate bracing system (IBS) has been widely used in several countries and one of them is Japan. In this type of structure, the main steel girder is not reinforced by the stiffeners. The stiffness of the main girder is enhanced with steel plate directly welded to the top flange of the main girder, forming the “beams–system”. The reinforced concrete deck slab with the set of main girder and steel plate works compositely through steel shear connectors whose shape is C (channel) or I character. As for steel bridge structures, the main role of shear connectors is shear resistance between the concrete deck slab and steel girder plate in the exploitation stage. However, previous research has shown that the density of shear connectors influences on the stability as well as the stiffness of the bridge structure. Therefore, it has approved that this appurtenance is able to not only have the ability of shear resistance but also enhance the stiffness of the steel bridge structure which is particularly surveyed with the type of especial bridge structure – the steel bridge structure without IBS. Hence, the shear connectors in this kind of bridge structure are deliberately researched as an extra role in the construction stage. The following factors of the channel shape shear connectors would be researched for evaluating their impacting level on the stability of the special steel bridge structure: the properties (the length and the moment of inertia of the cross-section) and the density on the steel plate. Through the analysis of impacting level to the stability of three mentioned factors (the length and density of the shear connectors; the moment of inertia of the cross-section), the expected result is as following: 1) The minimum density of shear connectors is proposed. 2) The influence of the moment of inertia of the cross-section, the density, and the length on the stability is quite clear. 3) As for the economy, the optimal designed range among three factors is also suggested.

Disaster mitigation in Indonesia: between plans and reality

Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the risk of natural disasters from the standpoint of geography, geology, climatology and demography. The geographical position of Indonesia is located at the confluence of 3 main tectonic plates and includes the Pacific Ring of Fire, and has more than 500 volcanoes, of which about 128 are still active. Some of the disasters that caused severe damage, large casualties and high losses included the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh (2004), the earthquake in Yogyakarta (2006), the earthquake in Padang (2009), the earthquake in Lombok (2018) and earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction disasters in Palu (2018). For this reason, it has become a necessity for the Indonesian people to learn from this disastrous experience of disaster by identifying all aspects related to risk and vulnerability to improve the ability of communities to cope with disasters. This study, which is based on the results of a study of a number of disaster studies, seeks to revisit several disaster events in Indonesia with a special review of the concept of disaster mitigation and its application to minimize disaster risk in urban areas. The results of the study show that the concept of disaster mitigation has been planned in several cities in Indonesia but there are still weaknesses in its application when a disaster occurs. This result is expected to be one of the references in improving the quality of urban disaster mitigation planning in Indonesia.

A reanalysis of fatigue test data for longitudinal welded gusset joints in as-welded and high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)-treated state

This study aims at clarifying the combined effect of different geometric parameters on the fatigue strength of longitudinal welded gusset joints. Statistical reanalyses with an up-to-date database for this detail were thus carried out on larger parameter ranges, first on as-welded joints, including also loading, weld detailing, steel grade, and R-ratio. The results showed that the combined effect of gusset length, main plate width and thickness significantly affects the characteristic values and a relationship is proposed. With this basis, analyses are then performed on high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)-treated joints and an accurate assessment of the improvement effect is proposed.

Stress Concentration Factors for Welded Plate T-Joints Subjected to Tensile, Bending and Shearing Loads

The paper deals with the problem of stress concentration at the weld toe of a plate T-joint subjected to axial, bending, and shearing loading modes. Theoretical stress concentration factors were obtained from numerical simulations using the finite element method for several thousand geometrical cases, where five of the most important geometrical parameters of the joint were considered to be independent variables. For each loading mode—axial, bending, and shearing—highly accurate closed form parametric expression has been derived with a maximum percentage error lower than 2% with respect to the numerical values. Validity of each approximating formula covers the range of dimensional proportions of welded plate T-joints used in engineering applications. Two limiting cases are also included in the solutions—when the weld toe radius tends to zero and the main plate thickness becomes infinite.

Research on load bearing performance recovery method of a RC simply-supported beam bridge

The load-bearing performance of a RC simply supported beam bridge was comprehensively detected and evaluated. The appearance detection results show that there is a large area of damaged and exposed reinforcement in the main girder and diaphragm plate of the bridge. The detecting results of material condition and state parameters show that the durability of the bridge is insufficient, the risk of steel corrosion is large, and the strength condition of concrete material is poor. The load test results show that the bearing capacity of the bridge does not meet the requirements. In view of the current situation of the bridge, a comprehensive reinforcement treatment scheme was proposed, in which modified epoxy mortar is used to repair the main beam and diaphragm of the whole bridge, steel plate is pasted to reinforce the main beam of the whole bridge, and anticorrosive coating is applied on the main beam and diaphragm.

Peculiarities of morphogenesis of the bones of skull base at an early period of human ontogenesis

The aim is to find out the chronological sequence of appearance of germs and peculiarities of development of bones of the skull base at an early period of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. 17 series of consecutive histological sections of specimens of embryos and prefetuses aged from 4 till 12 weeks of intrauterine development (IUD) using a complex methods of morphological examination (anthropometry, morphometry, histological sections, three-dimensional computer reconstruction) were studied.Results. Chondrification of the ectomeningeal capsule begins in the 7 th week of IUD (prefetuses 14.0-16.0 mm of parieto-coccygeal length (PCL)) and there are 3 pairs of cartilaginous sources of the bones of the skull base: parachordal cartilage (behind the pituitary gland); pituitary cartilage (on both sides of the pituitary gland); prechordal cartilage (in front of the pituitary gland) are defined. The bones of the skull base are formed as a result of endochondral osteogenesis, while most skull bones are characterized by membranous osteogenesis. At the 8th week of IUD chondrocranium is defined as a holistic structure, continuous with the anlage of the skull, so the morphogenesis of some skull bones is both cartilaginous and membranous. The first of the cartilaginous anlages of the skull base was found parachordal cartilage behind the pituitary gland. Pituitary cartilages are formed around the rudiment of the pituitary gland. Laterally, the centers of chondrification occur in the anlage of orbitosphenoidal cartilages, which are the sources of the development of small alars of the sphenoid bone. The alar-sphenoidal cartilages are the sources of the large alars of the sphenoid bone. The anterolateral process of the orbitosphenoidal cartilage occurs near the orbital part of the anlage of the frontal bone. At the 7 th weeks of IUD, the skull base contains separate foci of chondrogenesis, and at the end of the 8th week of IUD they merge into a single perforated main cartilaginous plate with primitive vascular-nerve openings.Conclusions. 1. In the development of the base and calvaria of the human skull 3 consecutive stages can be distinguished: 1) the emergence of the mesenchymal source (ectomeningeal capsule); 2) the formation of cartilaginous anlages through the development and fusion of numerous individual foci of chondrogenesis in the mesenchyme; 3) ossification of the cartilaginous anlages of more than 100 foci of osteogenesis. 2. The processes of chondrification of the anlages of the skull base are observed at the beginning of the prefetal period of ontogenesis (the 7 th week of the IUD), and at the end of the 8 th week of the IUD as a whole the cartilaginous base of the human skull is formed.

A study of net-section resistance of high strength steel bolted connections

This article presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the net section resistance of high strength steel (HSS) bolted connections subject to double shear. A total of 22 HSS and 11 mild steel (MS) bolted connection specimens were tested to net section fracture. HSS grades of Q690 and Q960, and MS grade of Q345 were studied. Although the HSS material has relatively lower ductility and a lower ratio of tensile strength to yield strength (fu/fy) than those of the MS material, in general, the HSS connection specimens were able to reach the connection efficiency (i.e. the ratio of the ultimate load of the connection specimens to the calculated net section resistance) of above 1.0. Subsequently, the structural behaviour of the connections was studied by finite element (FE) analysis. The effects of material ductility and fu/fy ratio on the stress development across the net section of the specimens were examined. It was found that HSS materials possess sufficient ductility to allow an efficient stress redistribution across the net section. Besides, the beneficial influence of the ‘reinforcement’ or the biaxial stress effect due to the presence of holes in the connection increases the ultimate capacity of the perforated main plate, and hence the HSS specimens were able to reach the net section resistance. However, the overall deformation capability of the HSS specimens was significantly lower than that of the MS specimens. A reliability analysis was carried out to re-examine the partial factor used in the current design equation for predicting the net section resistance in Eurocode 3.