Main Phases Of Development Research Articles

Prison Drugs Policy Since 1980: shifting agendas and policy networks

The 'problems' of drugs and drug users in prisons have become key political and policy concerns in many countries. In Britain, interest in these issues has culminated in various policy initiatives. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with key players in the policy process and an analysis of documentary materials, this article explores the historical shifts within prison drugs policy, locates these changes within a wider policy context, and assesses the role and influence of policy networks in this development. Since 1980, prison drugs policy can be divided into four main phases of development which have hinged upon complex patterns of conflict, contradiction and convergence between 'treatment' and 'punishment'. Throughout the phases, particular 'policy networks' have evolved around drug-related issues within prisons, expanding and becoming more complex in their structure and operation over time. The role of these networks in relation to setting the policy agenda and responding to it has shifted over the various phases. Their power lies in their attempts to contain, balance and negotiate the key contradiction between 'treatment' and 'punishment' within prison drugs policy.

Determination of Uracil Herbicide Residues and Components in Essential Oil of Melissa officinalis L. in Its Main Development Phases

Uracil herbicide residues were studied in the medicinal plant lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. c.v. citra) grown under standard agrochemical conditions. The residues from the uracil herbicides bromacil, lenacil, and terbacil were determined at selected phases of flower development. In addition the main components of the M. officinalis oil were determined by GC/MS at the same stages of development such as bud set, at the beginning of bloom, and at full bloom. TLC on silica gel with selective biochemical detection was used for the determination of herbicide residues in the plant material. It was found that the sample of plant material harvested in full bloom state contained 0.007 mg/kg of bromacil residue, and 0.005 mg/kg of lenacil and terbacil residues. The application of the herbicide at a rate of 2 kg/ha did not affect the quality of the treated plant.

The tolerance of sugarcane to water stress during its main development phases

Sugarcane's annual growth is divided into the three development phases of germination and tillering, stalk growth and maturation. An experiment conducted in Swaziland compared conventional irrigation scheduling and a revised conservative regime in ratoon cane. Within each growth stage two disparate irrigation schedules were adopted. In the germination phase the cane was irrigated after harvest and then either regularly according to Et/Eo ratios based on development of cane canopy or not again until the commencement of rapid stalk elongation. During the period of stalk growth irrigations were scheduled assuming Et/Eo ratios of either 1,0 or 0,8. The cane was dried off in the maturation phase when the predicted accumulated evaporation prior to harvest was expected to be either 1 1 2 or 3 times the total available moisture (TAM). Results showed that there was no reduction in cane yield with the drier irrigation regimes. Withdrawal of irrigation in the tillering phase tended to increase cane and sucrose yield and the longer drying off period marginally improved cane quality in terms of sucrose %. Pest and disease susceptibility was not increased with the dry regimes. Important savings in water applied were achieved.

Style, scale and significance of sand bodies in the Northern and Central Belts, southwest Southern Uplands

Sedimentological and biostratigraphical data from the Rhinns of Galloway and adjacent areas in SW Scotland confirm that deep-water depositional systems consistently operated along, and were sourced from, the northwestern margin of an asymmetrical basin during the late Ordovician and early Silurian, while pelagic facies accumulated simultaneously to the SE, providing a scenario analogous to many modern trench systems. Most of the observed sedimentological anomalies, with regard to this general model, can be explained within the context of the varied styles of trench-filling depositional systems, briefly reviewed here, and the major stratigraphic and sedimentologic features can be best explained in terms of a geotectonically evolving fore-arc region. Two main phases of development are recognized: (a) Llandeilo-late Ashgill: during this time interval the fore-arc trench region was tectonically juxtaposed against an active continental margin arc. Small- to medium-scale, SE-prograding sand-rich fans were formed within a relatively narrow trench, leading to axial diversion of the fans, initially to NE but later mainly to SW. Simultaneously a coarse volcanilithic sediment apron, flanking the arc, migrated gradually northeastwards, probably in response to relative fault displacement of the arc and trench; (b) Llandovery: during this time interval the fore-arc trench region was dominated by a variety of mainly fan-type depositional systems which were exclusively sourced (at least until the uppermost Llandovery) from the northwestern margin. The juxtaposition of coeval depositional systems differing significantly in sedimentological style and composition strongly suggests that the Llandovery sedimentation in this region occurred in several structurally separated sub-basins within the main trench system.

Acquisitions for distance education: An Australian experience

This article explores the changing patterns of library service for distance students in Australia, focusing in particular on the experience of one institution, the University of New England. The authors identify the main phases of development in acquisitions policy and practice, resulting from educational and economic changes as well as professional initiatives. They draw on research findings to highlight the problems associated with a distance education program that is based solely on the library resources of the enrolling institution. The article concludes by discussing the shift that is now occurring from a locally based service centered on one institution to a cooperative system of support involving various libraries.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal relationships in man from birth to puberty.

It is believed that the study of gonadal function of the child should be regarded as a whole, beginning with the fetus and ending with the adolescent. Gonadal function depends upon 3 levels of activities: 1) central level (extra-hypothalamic, hypothalamic, and anterior pituitary); 2) an intermediate level (gonadal and plasma), and 3) a peripheral level consisting of the target organs to which the hormonal message is directed. These activities determine both the expression of gonadal function (physical, physiological, or psychological) and the feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion. There are 4 main phases of development of gonadal function: fetal, perinatal, prepubertal, and pubertal. The fetal phase begins with testosterone secretion around the 8th week in utero under the control of the chorionic gonadotropin. Gonadotropin secretion by the pituitary becomes established during the 12th week. During the 2nd half of fetal life, negative feedback becomes gradually established, appearing more rapidly in boys than in girls. In the perinatal phase, the hypothalamic-pituitary activity accounts for the testicular and probably ovarian secretion which has been demonstrated to occur during the 1st 6 months of life. Threshold sensitivity of the gonadostat to steroid inhibition appears high during the 1st 3 months of life, progressively declining to the very low level characteristic of childhood. The gonadostat is least active during the prepubertal phase, subsequently being more active under the influence of adrenocortical steroids. This hypothalamic activity accounts for the gradual increase of the pituitary and gonadal sensitivity to their respective stimuli. In the pubertal phase, the gonadostat threshold rapidly increases and secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive capacity start developing. 2 specific phenomena occur, large nocturnal discharges of luteinizing hormone and testosterone, and the establishment of positive feedback control by estrogens which permits ovulation.

The development of the notochord in the chick embryo, studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy

The notochord of the chick embryo between stages 5 and 23 inclusive has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, supplemented by transmission electron microscopy. Three main phases of development are described, and these have been designated: bilaminar; rod-like, unvacuolated; rod-like and vacuolated. The changes in shape of the organ from bilaminar to rod-like is accompanied by changes in the shape, orientation and position of the cells, an increase in the complexity of the cell contacts, and the laying down of a basal lamina. The change from the unvacuolated to the vacuolated phase is accompanied by increasing complexity within the cytoplasm. Most of the vacuoles are intracellular and appear empty though some contain a granular material. The notochordal sheath appears to be secreted by the notochordal cells and fine fibrillar material has been seen in the intercellular spaces. By stage 23, most of the notochordal cells have become so highly vacuolated that the cytoplasm has become closely packed around the nucleus.

Fruit Ripening in the Oil-palm Elaeis guineensis

Some gross morphological, biochemical, and quantitative size changes of the fruit which occur during the 150 or 80 days from fertilization to ripeness for this species are described. Three main phases of development are discernible. For the first 15 days little activity may be noted. This is followed by a differentiation period of 60 to 70 days during which the fruit develops to almost maximum size and the embryo, endosperm, mesocarp, and epicarp are virtually completely differentiated. The last period of ripening is considered a maturation period during which time the embryo becomes viable, the tissues become consolidated into final forms, and oil formation in the endosperm and mesocarp takes place. These processes are described quantitatively with growth curves.

The Development of the Use of Graphic and Contextual Information as Children Learn to Read

PRESENTS RESULTS from a study of oral reading errors made by 42 children in two first-grade classes from October to May. Errors were analyzed in terms of their contextual constraints (making sense in light of preceding context) and graphic constraints (graphic approximation of error response to printed word). Nonresponse errors were also studied. Three main phases of development were identified. The first is characterized by a predominant use of contextual information. The second phase is characterized by a predominance of non-response errors and a significant increase of graphically constrained errors (39 vs. 19 per cent of response errors.) The third phase is characterized by an increase in co-occurrence of graphic and contextual constraints (30 per cent of graphically constrained errors were contextually constrained in the first two phases; 70 per cent were in the last phase) and in most cases by a reduction of the frequency of nonresponse errors. It was suggested, and some evidence presented, that the early, context-using phase represents an attempt by the child to avoid using graphic information as much as possible. The non-response phase was interpreted as a shift by the child to attending primarily to graphic information. Possible factors involved in changes in phase and educational implications were discussed.