Main Path Research Articles

Transaction costs, crop-livestock integration participation, and income effects in China

The crop-livestock integration model is the main path for the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry in China, and farmers' participation behavior is critical to the formation of this model. So this paper based on a field survey data of 615 farmers in 10 pilot counties of Crop-Livestock Integration (CLI) in the dairy industry in the east, middle, and west of Inner Mongolia, the relationship among transaction costs, farmers' decision-making of participating in the CLI model, and income effects was analyzed using the Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model in this paper. The results show that under the current market environment, the proportion of farmers participating in the CLI model is 37.56% of the farmer surveyed. The high costs of information searching, negotiation, and execution are the critical factors to inhibit farmers from participating in the CLI model. The results of the counterfactual test of the ESR model show that the effect of the CLI model on the income of participated farmers is not noticeable, while the effect is more significant on the income of non-participating farmers. Moreover, there is no obvious heterogeneity in the effects of the farmer level and “farmers-to-farm” level CLI models on farmers' income. Based on these conclusions, this paper proposes that the government should actively promote the establishment of the information-sharing platform and training mechanism about the CLI model, reduce farmers' costs in information searching and negotiation, optimize the incentive policy of the CLI model, incorporate the farmers planting forage into the subsidy scope of the CLI model, improve the economic benefits of farmers participating in the CLI model, and stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers participating in the CLI model, so as to effectively promote the realization of the CLI model in the animal husbandry industry.

Research on Main Innovations and Implementation Path of the New Chinese Higher Education Financial Regulation

The recently introduced Financial System for Institutions of Higher Learning, hereinafter referred to as the "new system," represents a significant stride towards reform and efficiency in China's higher education sector. Crafted with precision, this system aims to blend the unique characteristics of higher education institutions with the principles of reform while keeping a problem-oriented perspective at its core. One of the core goals of this initiative is to boost operational efficiency. This is achieved by seamlessly integrating the new System with updated budget management regulations, the government accounting system, and state assets management procedures. This alignment with financial guidelines for public institutions is a strategic move towards fostering greater financial stability and sustainability. The genesis of these financial and economic reforms can be traced back to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over time, these reforms have evolved in four key dimensions, signaling a profound transformation in how financial management and governance operate within the higher education realm. The effective implementation of the new system is poised to elevate the standards of financial management and governance efficiency within higher education institutions, thereby furnishing a dependable foundation for the pursuit of high-quality developments in the realm of higher education.

Research on the Path and Effectiveness of Mixed Ownership Reform of State-Owned Enterprises

The theme of this article is how enterprises carry out Enterprises of the Composite-Ownership System and investigate it from three aspects: development history, reform path, and reform effect. The article argues that a mixed ownership economy is the core content of Chinas economic system, which aims to improve the productivity and competitiveness of Chinese capital and prompt the unified and mutual development of the state-owned economy and private economy. The article reviews the four stages of the revolution from 1978 to today and introduces the characteristics and policy measures of each stage. The article also discusses two main paths of mixed ownership reform: whole listing and private enterprise participation, and analyzes their impact on the financing, governance, brand, innovation and other aspects of state-owned enterprises. The article finally evaluates the effect of the reform, taking some state-owned listed companies and mixed-ownership enterprises as examples, proving that mixed-ownership reform can improve the management productivity and innovation deficiency of enterprises.

NormAUG: Normalization-Guided Augmentation for Domain Generalization.

Deep learning has made significant advancements in supervised learning. However, models trained in this setting often face challenges due to domain shift between training and test sets, resulting in a significant drop in performance during testing. To address this issue, several domain generalization methods have been developed to learn robust and domain-invariant features from multiple training domains that can generalize well to unseen test domains. Data augmentation plays a crucial role in achieving this goal by enhancing the diversity of the training data. In this paper, inspired by the observation that normalizing an image with different statistics generated by different batches with various domains can perturb its feature, we propose a simple yet effective method called NormAUG (Normalization-guided Augmentation). Our method includes two paths: the main path and the auxiliary (augmented) path. During training, the auxiliary path includes multiple sub-paths, each corresponding to batch normalization for a single domain or a random combination of multiple domains. This introduces diverse information at the feature level and improves the generalization of the main path. Moreover, our NormAUG method effectively reduces the existing upper boundary for generalization based on theoretical perspectives. During the test stage, we leverage an ensemble strategy to combine the predictions from the auxiliary path of our model, further boosting performance. Extensive experiments are conducted on multiple benchmark datasets to validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Preparation of Titanium Carbide by Carburisation of Titanium Dioxide

Titanium carbide has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent properties. This study investigates the process of carbon thermally reducing TiO2 to prepare TiC through a combination of thermodynamic analysis and experiments. The effects of temperature, TiO2/C molar ratio, and time on the phase transformation and morphology evolution of the products are investigated. The synthesis of titanium carbide involves the main reduction path of TiO2–Magnéli–Ti3O5–Ti2O3–TiCxO1−x. With the increase in reaction temperature and TiC content, the microstructure transitions from a smooth disc-like structure to a loose and porous layered structure, while the particle size decreases significantly. The carburisation rate of the reduced product is more affected by temperature, according to chemical analysis. The carburisation rate increased from 18.37% to 36.09% for 2 h–10 h of holding time at 1400 °C, and from 51.43% to 77.57% for 2 h–10 h of holding time at 1500 °C. The quantification of the carburisation rate provides a valuable reference for the preparation of titanium carbide by TiO2.

Research on the Present Situation and Countermeasures of Technoloy Trading in China Based on Technology Contract Analysis-Take pudong new area, Shanghai as an example

Abstract Technology trading is the main path for the transformation of scientific and technological, and it can connect the integration of science and technology with the economy. It plays an important role in the scientific and technological innovation chain. This article mainly focuses on the current situation of technology contract in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, analyzes the difficulties and problems faced in the development of the technology market in the new area, and puts forward policy suggestions to promote the development of the technology trading market. In order to promote the efficiency of Pudong's scientific and technological transformation, enhance the technological competitiveness of enterprises, accelerate the in-depth integration of science and technology with industry, and strengthen the ability of regional independent innovation.

The Technological Trajectory of LEO Satellites: Perspectives From Main Path Analysis

The Technological Trajectory of LEO Satellites: Perspectives From Main Path Analysis

Hydrogen sensing towards palladium-based nanocomposites: A review

Hydrogen energy as the main path to accomplish the goal of carbon neutrality, sensors for hydrogen leak detection will become an essential component of the entire hydrogen industry chain. Among the various types of H2 sensors, palladium-based chemiresistive sensors are one of the most promising sensing systems due to their process simplicity and low cost. In this review, we first outline the latest technological advances made to improve hydrogen selectivity and response and identify Pd-based nanomaterials as the most promising candidates. The second part discusses the effects of different types of Pd nanomaterials and Pd alloy nanomaterials on hydrogen sensing. In addition, a comprehensive review of key advances and strategies for hydrogen sensors based on various Pd-based complexes, including metal oxides, carbon-based materials, Mxene, metal-organic framework, and others, is presented. The discussion of each material elucidates smethodologies in the pursuit of manufacturing high-quality hydrogen sensors. Finally, the outlook and future directions for the development of Pd-based hydrogen sensors is provided.

Analysis of Smoke Control System Performance of High-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings Using Transient Simulation

In Korea, the general floor plan structure of multifamily residential buildings is such that the vestibules of stairs and fire service-access elevators are typically used together. The lobby of the emergency elevator faces the vestibules of the fire service-access elevators. The smoke control system supplies air for pressurization, and the inlet air discharge device for the exhaust can be exempted from this system. In a 49-story multifamily residential buildings with this structure, the smoke control system is operated at an outside temperature of −10 ℃ and indoor temperature of 20 ℃, and the fire room door is open. The possibility of the vertical spread of smoke owing to changes in the open areas of windows and escape elevator doors was analyzed. When the windows are closed, the vertical spread of smoke through the emergency elevator shaft and staircase may occur under both upper and lower fire conditions of the neutral zone. In particular, the flow path through the emergency elevator door is the main vertical spread path in the case of a fire below the neutral zone.

Photochemical Transformations of Diverse Biologically Active Resveratrol Analogs in Batch and Flow Reactors.

Previous biological tests have shown that some resveratrol analogs exhibited significant antioxidative and cholinesterase inhibitory potential, as evidenced by lower IC50 values compared to the established standards, resveratrol and galantamine, respectively. Photochemical transformations were made in parallel on these compounds in the presence of porphyrin photocatalysts in batch and microreactor, showing the significant advantage of flow photochemistry concerning productivity, selectivity, and yields. In this research, the products of photocatalysis and direct irradiation (photolysis) of resveratrol analogs were compared to elucidate how the types and ratios of the products depend on the excitation energy, to reveal the effects of the substituent on the photoinduced reactions and to rationalize experimentally and computationally the nature and ratio of the obtained products. Thus, two main paths were computed in agreement with the experimental results: isomerization with the participation of triplet state intermediates to yield the experimentally detected cis-isomers and subsequent cyclization following a pathway not available for the trans-isomers. The investigation of five model compounds confirmed the advantages of the flow photoreactor in the photochemical reactions of heterocyclic resveratrol analogs.

Pro-dictatorship memorialization in democratic Chile (1990–2020): How is it maintained?

The article examines the combinations of conditions that explain the maintenance of pro-dictatorship memorialization in democratic Chile, where various pro-dictatorship memory sites, memorials, squares, and street names still positively commemorate the military dictatorship or associated elements (1973–1990). The study used four main explanatory factors and subjected them to a Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The procedure revealed that, in Chile, pro-dictatorship memory sites are maintained through two main paths. On one hand, “Walls” (veto players) block elimination demands and guarantee the pro-dictatorship sites’ maintenance. On the other hand, it is the combination of “Silence” (absence of human rights organizations denouncing the site) and “Local and/or Institutional Support” (protection granted by local communities or state agencies) that explain the maintenance of pro-dictatorship memorialization. These results reflect a unique sociological attempt to understand the phenomenon of pro-dictatorship legacies and their permanence in democracy.

Pulse electrodeposition of a duplex-layer structured composite nickel-based coating with improved corrosion and abrasion resistance

In this study, a dual amorphous/crystalline nanocomposite coating of Ni–P/Ni–Mo–ZrO2 was designed and successfully deposited on pure copper substrates by pulse electrodeposition. The design of the Ni–P/Ni–Mo–ZrO2 dual coating takes advantage of the properties of the different structures and incorporates second phase reinforcing particles resulting in more comprehensive protective coatings. The surface morphology and microstructure were evaluated by SEM, EDS, WLI, XRD and TEM. The mechanical properties and electrochemical behaviors of the coating in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were investigated by wear tests, Tafel and EIS. The results show that the Ni–P/Ni–Mo and Ni–P/Ni–Mo–ZrO2 dual coatings are uniform, dense and crack-free, and the duplex interface is homogeneous. Compared with the Ni–Mo coating, the average friction coefficient and wear rate of the Ni–P/Ni–Mo duplex coating decreased to 0.18 and 5.433 × 10−4 mm3/N·m, respectively. The corrosion potential is positively shifted to −0.43 with a maximum impedance of 308 kΩ cm2. The mismatch of the interlayer defects causes a deviation in the corrosion path, resulting in a transformation from longitudinal pinhole corrosion into extended transverse corrosion, which effectively strengthens the capacity of the coating for corrosion resistance while maintaining the high hardness of its outer coating. Furthermore, the hardness of the dual Ni–P/Ni–Mo coating can be obviously reinforced by nanoparticles from 730 HV to 810 HV, the corrosion potential is shifted to −0.41 V, and the corrosion current density decrease to 7.7803 × 10−7 A/cm2. The improvement in the mechanical properties can be attributed to the ZrO2 nanoparticles, which could carry stress and transfer loads during the wear process. Meanwhile, the ZrO2 nanoparticles can reduce the nodule size by filling the binding boundary which is the main corrosion path, and reduce the number of surface defects, such as pinholes, which leads to a lower corrosion rate. In addition, the corrosion inhibition and nanoparticle codeposition mechanisms of the duplex coatings were further discussed.

К вопросу классификации комплексов добычи торфяного сырья

Ensuring the national security of the state is the main path of its development. One of the priority areas is the efficient extraction of natural resources in combination with rational environmental management within the framework of climateneutral economic activities based on the best available technologies. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation specifies such ways to achieve the desired results in this area as sustainable development of the mineral resource base, ecological regeneration of territories, prevention of aquatic ecosystems pollution, their restoration, as well as replacement of imported equipment with mining and technological machines of Russian manufacturers, development of scientific infrastructure, etc. One of the strategically important resources is peat (Russia has 35% of the world's peat reserves), however, its significant reserves are heavily waterlogged and the drainage of peat deposits negatively affects the state of the environment. This requires the development of new technologies and equipment for their implementation and the development of an expanded classification of peat extraction complexes. The classification presented by the authors structures the existing complexes. It serves as a guideline regarding the relevance of developing new peat mining complexes in relation to the conditions for the implementation of their geotechnology, as well as regarding the type of movement of complexes and the type of product they produce.

Main Paths of Creation of Autonomous (Unmanness) Tractors

The prerequisites, main paths and achievements in the field of creating autonomous (unmanned) tractors, and their development trends are considered. It has been revealed that the use of autonomous tractors makes it possible to create highly intelligent automated production of agricultural products. The purpose of using such tractors is to replace human labor, minimize the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and the environment, and increase the efficiency of agricultural production.

The Road Most Traveled By

Abstract This article applies main path analysis to UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolutions as a novel way to identify what documents and themes have mattered most in the evolution of the organization. Three successive corpora containing all resolutions adopted by the UNGA during its first fifteen, thirty-five, and seventy-three years were analyzed. Results show that the theme of the main path of the first fifteen sessions was Palestine, and peacekeeping/budget for the other two corpora. Three concluding hypotheses are proposed as possible explanations for this finding. Main paths in networks of international norms might be understood as indicators of ongoing issues, as a sign of groundedness, or as residue from preferential attachment. This paper trail reconstructs relevant chapters of the UN’s institutional development and reveals that texts of little fame can nonetheless be at the origin of large bodies of later works, and that jurisprudential density varies across UNGA topics.

The impact of digital economy on green total factor productivity considering the labor-technology-pollution factors

The digital economy provides new impetus for the high-quality development of manufacturing industry. Through the DEA-Malmquist model and panel regression model, this paper confirmed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the development of digital economy and the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of manufacturing industry. The research result is as follows: (1) the development of digital economy can enhance the overall GTFP of manufacturing industry. (2) The green technology progress brought by the development of digital economy is the main path to promote the GTFP of manufacturing industry. (3) The heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of digital economy on GTFP of high pollution manufacturing industry is significantly positive, the impact of labor-intensive manufacturing industry is significantly negative, and the impact of technology intensive manufacturing industry is not obvious. The contributions of this study are as follow. In terms of theory, this study theoretically continues Solow’s classical theory, demonstrating the scientific nature of digital technology progress in promoting GTFP growth. In empirical analysis, this study build a new digital economy development level evaluation index system based on the perspective of manufacturing industry. In addition, this study also add a labor-technology-pollution perspective for the development of relevant policies.

Investigation of gravity influence on EOR and CO2 geological storage based on pore-scale simulation

Gravity assistance is a critical factor influencing CO2–oil mixing and miscible flow during EOR and CO2 geological storage. Based on the Navier–Stokes equation, component mass conservation equation, and fluid property–composition relationship, a mathematical model for pore-scale CO2 injection in oil-saturated porous media was developed in this study. The model can reflect the effects of gravity assistance, component diffusion, fluid density variation, and velocity change on EOR and CO2 storage. For non-homogeneous porous media, the gravity influence and large density difference help to minimize the velocity difference between the main flow path and the surrounding area, thus improving the oil recovery and CO2 storage. Large CO2 injection angles and oil–CO2 density differences can increase the oil recovery by 22.6% and 4.2%, respectively, and increase CO2 storage by 37.9% and 4.7%, respectively. Component diffusion facilitates the transportation of the oil components from the low-velocity region to the main flow path, thereby reducing the oil/CO2 concentration difference within the porous media. Component diffusion can increase oil recovery and CO2 storage by 5.7% and 6.9%, respectively. In addition, combined with the component diffusion, a low CO2 injection rate creates a more uniform spatial distribution of the oil/CO2 component, resulting in increases of 9.5% oil recovery and 15.7% CO2 storage, respectively. This study provides theoretical support for improving the geological CO2 storage and EOR processes.

Study on the Fluctuation Spillover Effect between China's Carbon Market and New Energy Market

This project analyzes the volatility spillover effect of China's carbon market and new energy market, which is crucial to effectively prevent Systematic risk, promote low-carbon transformation of the energy market and ensure stable economic growth. Firstly, based on the spillover index model, we examine the dynamic interdependence between China's carbon market and the new energy market; Secondly, in order to capture market asymmetry, this project decomposes the total volatility into good volatility and bad volatility based on the GJR-GARCH model, and further explores the asymmetric spillover effects between these two types of markets. Finally, the marginal net spillover index (MNS) method is used to explore the main sources and paths of risk transmission in China's carbon market and new energy market under the impact of major events such as the China–United States trade war, the COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Therefore, this project has important practical significance in promoting the establishment of a national carbon market, low-carbon transformation of the energy system, and improving macro risk prevention measures.

Model-based safety analysis with time resolution (MBSA-TR) method for complex aerothermal–mechanical systems of aero-engines

Current aero-engine safety assessments mostly rely on experience-based safety analysis methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) or Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The progressively significant dynamic characteristics of aero-engines during their transition between states render these methods incapable of providing accurate quantitative safety guidance, which is vital for complex aerothermal–mechanical systems. To solve this problem, a Model-Based Safety Analysis with Time Resolution (MBSA-TR) method was established, which included system modeling, fault modeling, and Safety Critical Parameter (SCP) identification. An integrated system model combining the main gas path and air system was built based on dynamics principles, and it was capable of reflecting the dynamic characteristics of aero-engines. The fault model included several time-resolved sub-modules and interacted bidirectionally with the system model at each time step to realize time-sequential fault propagation. SCPs were defined as parametric analysis objectives, and they were identified using an FTA-like identification framework. Finally, a case study of a typical turbofan engine with low-pressure compressor blade fractures as the primary fault was analyzed. The results showed that some hazard risks are incapable of detection without time resolution. Thus, time resolution is indispensable for the safety evaluation of complex aerothermal–mechanical systems of aero-engines.

A multi-objective optimization approach for a fault geothermal system based on response surface method

A fault geothermal system is in operation with a multi-objective optimization for maximum heat extraction, minimum reservoir impedance and minimum construction cost (these are three objectives in this study). Its heat extraction efficiency heavily depends on the interaction of fluid flows in wells and faults. So far, this multi-objective optimization problem is usually solved through single-objective analysis. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization approach for a fault geothermal system based on the geological conditions in Western Anatolia, Turkey and response surface method. First, a numerical simulation model for heat extraction is established by using high permeability faults as main flow paths. Second, a surrogate model is proposed for the prompt response of the three-objective optimization to largely reduce the huge computation load in direct optimization. Third, a reasonable group of simulation runs are designed with an I-optimal method and the surrogate model is determined through the least square fitting on the simulation run results. Finally, the Pareto front of the three objectives is obtained through a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and an optimal operation scheme is obtained. These results show that the experiment design and the response surface method can practically replace the complex numerical simulations in a surrogate model, thus largely reducing the computation load in the multi-objective optimization for a fault geothermal system.