Main Orientation Research Articles

Combining experiments and modelling to predict the competition between liquid spreading and impregnation in porous media for Metal Binder Jetting applications

A predictive model accounting for binder spreading and impregnation in powders during Metal Binder Jetting was set. Presintered cylindrical samples were 3D printed considering main printing orientations and two types of wetting tests were carried out on samples : imbibition or wicking tests using a tensiometric method and spreading-impregnation tests using a sessile drop method with a goniometer. Tensiometric tests showed results on impregnation rate in powders and goniometric tests gave the impregnated volume of the binder drop into the powder. Both those experiments allowed to identify physical parameters depending on the binder and powder bed interaction. All parameters injected in the model have been identified in the present study. The proposed model accurately described experiments and showed the dependence of impregnated volume on wetting parameters but also on printing orientation.

Go Deep into Super-Resolution: A Systematic Review Based on Problem Decomposition and Classification

Super-resolution (SR) has been attracting research attention in recent decades because of the growing demand for higher resolution. A large variety of algorithms in the computer vision field was applied to improve this issue. In this paper, we provide a problem-based analysis for the SR problem by dissembling the original issue into several subproblems. We broadly bring these problems under three main levels, information augmentation, mapping, and orientation and control. Furthermore, we elaborate on various research perspectives under each level, summarizing typical and advanced algorithms improved on related processes. Besides, we discuss the similar ideas and evolutionary relationships revealed in different methods. We also arrange some popular datasets and competitions in the SR field. By doing this, we aim to inspire deeper investigation and enlighten possible research sites of SR problems in the future.

Institutional systems of public administration of personal security

The issue of ensuring personal security has always been the focus of researchers around the world in the face of continuous manifestations of crises. That is why the aim of this article was to clarify the constituent elements of institutional systems of public administration of personal security, to define the methods and tools of public administration, as well as their main orientations. The research involved the following scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, economic and statistical analysis, classification methods, correlation analysis. As a result of the research, the main strategies and tools of public administration of personal safety were established. The process of institutionalization of sustainable development and its role in ensuring personal safety was delineated. The extent to which Ukraine has achieved each of the seventeen sustainable development goals was determined, as well as the number of tasks and measures introduced by the government to achieve each of the goals. The conclusions highlight the need to emphasize, in terms of public policy, the problem of personal security and to separate it from other types of security.

Exemplarity of the State for the Energy Efficiency of Buildings Institutional - Case of Morocco

Engaged for many years in a strategy to control climate change, Morocco is committed to leverage on sustainable development as a new development model and as a true project for society. This commitment resulted in implementing several reforms targeting the consolidation of a developed economy, improving social conditions, and accelerating positive environmental changes. The public administration developed the Administration Exemplarity Pact (AEP) as a concrete action to lead by example in implementing the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. Developed in accordance with the main stake of the National Strategy of Sustainable Development, its goal is to promote sustainable development governance in our country through several strategic focus areas. This document presents the experience of a Moroccan administration that has implemented the guidelines described in the AEP. The approach and results are detailed and could be used as an example for other Moroccan companies. The first step of the methodology consists of a diagnostic phase to establish the current situation. The second step is related to the strategy to define the approach’s main orientations and the action plan. These key steps allow us to identify areas of improvement and build a roadmap adapted to the current context and constraints. One of the best practices for this approach is to define the main orientations to act by positive contagion on the ecosystem. In conclusion, the AEP axes deployed in a dynamic improvement logic give convincing results. By acting with partners (subcontractors and suppliers), the Moroccan administration can act on the whole value chain and induce an essential change in the Moroccan economic fabric.

Professional value orientations of university students in the specialty «Foreign language» (based on the results of a sociological study)

Profound changes in modern society and the development of market relations in it have led to a change in the system of life values of citizens of any country. Changes in value orientations have a sig-nificant impact on the professional self-determination of the new generation, which requires other types of career guidance work with young people that differ from previous forms, taking into account their worldview attitudes, and unstable labor market conditions. The purpose of the research is to determine the spectrum of the main value orientations of students, the role and significance of the labor values of students majoring in «Foreign Languages» at universities in Kazakhstan, Russia and China for successful self-realization in the labor market. The main empirical part of the sociological research is a survey conducted by the method of questioning students studying at full-time departments of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Kazakhstan), Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky (Russia) and Dalian University of Foreign Languages (China). The total number of respondents is 300 people. The article comprehensively analyzes the value structure that has changed under the influence of external causes, and the views of young people on professional preferences, their attitude to the pro-fession being mastered and its role in the implementation of individual life plans. The factors of socio-professional self-determination of students are revealed. According to the results of the sociological  research, for the youth of Kazakhstan and Russia, the importance in future work is an interesting job, and for Chinese students – the opportunity to develop skills in work. It was revealed that graduates who participated in the research of three countries in the specialty “Foreign language” have such common values as: “achieving their interests, goals”, as well as “conscious choice of profession” and “work only in their chosen specialty”. Key words: youth, values, value orientations, foreign language, choice of profession.

Why are hedonists less happy than eudaimonists? The chain mediating role of goal conflict and mixed emotions.

Human motivation for happiness involves two main orientations of hedonia and eudaimonia. Numerous studies have shown that hedonic motivation has a much smaller effect on happiness outcomes than eudaimonic motivation, but little is known about the reasons for this. According to the Self-Determination Theory and the Levels of Valence Model, this may be related to the different goal conflicts and mixed emotions elicited by the two motivations. To demonstrate this, the study examined the mediating effect of the above two variables between happiness motivation and life satisfaction. Furthermore, it explained why hedonists are less happy than eudaimonists by comparing the two happiness motivations in terms of their respective path effects. The study randomly selected 788 college students from 13 different provinces of China to examine the relationships between hedonic motivation, eudaimonic motivation, goal conflict, mixed emotions, and life satisfaction. The result showed that (1) the direct effect of hedonic motivation on life satisfaction was marginally significant, and the effect size was much smaller than that of eudaimonic motivation. (2) The direct and indirect effects of hedonic motivation were the opposite, with a large suppressing effect. In contrast, all paths of eudaimonic motivation positively affected life satisfaction. (3) Hedonic motivation negatively influenced life satisfaction through mixed emotions and the chain mediating effect of goal conflict and mixed emotions, whereas eudaimonic motivation positively influenced life satisfaction through these two mediating paths. (4) The effects on all paths of hedonic motivation were significantly smaller than those of eudaimonic motivation, except for the path mediated by goal conflict. This study explains why hedonists are less happy than eudaimonists from the perspective of goal pursuit, emphasizes the critical role of differences in goal pursuit state and experience between happiness motivation and life satisfaction, and provides new ideas for the study of the influence mechanism of happiness motivation. At the same time, the deficiencies of hedonic motivation and the advantages of eudaimonic motivation presented by the study provide directions for cultivating happiness motivation for adolescents in the practice field.

Upper Mantle Anisotropy beneath Northern Algeria from Shear-Wave Splitting: Anisotropy beneath Northern Algeria

Northern Algeria is a large region in the north-western of Africa, lying on the collision boundary between the African and Eurasian plates. Few studies on Lithosphere and Mantle deformation have been conducted in this region. To better understand the seismic anisotropy patterns beneath this area, we used data from 17 broadband stations installed in Tellian and the Saharan atlases using the SKS shear wave splitting method by processing hundreds of teleseismic events. To estimate the seismic anisotropy, two parameters were calculated, the fast polarization direction and the delay time for each station-event pair. The results show that the seismic anisotropy can be described by two main orientations, ENE-WSW follows the general trend of the Saharan Atlas, particularly in the central and western parts, and ESE-WNW follows the Hodna Mountains in south-eastern Algeria. Our results show that the anisotropy can be explained by single and heterogeneity in the anisotropic structure, where the measurements are very scattered, and the delay time and fast direction changed with the events backazimuth. In the ABSD, CBBR and CDCN stations, which lie in the arc between the Sahara Atlas and the Aurès Mountains, the origin hypothesis of the seismic anisotropy can be linked to the existence of a detached slab. Moreover, in ABZH, OKGL and EARB stations located in the Kabylide and Western regions, it can be associated with the Gibraltar slab. Both slabs sinking in the African margin mantle were previously imaged by seismic tomography. For the remaining stations, the single-layer best explains the observed seismic anisotropy from their regular fast polarization direction. The comparison of the obtained fast directions with GPS measurements shows that anisotropy fast axes are nearly perpendicular to the convergence direction between the African and Eurasia plates.

Trasformazioni sociopolitiche a destra. L’evoluzione da Alleanza Nazionale a Fratelli d’Italia: primi risultati di una ricerca empirica

The article examines the evolution of the Italian right framed in the broader phenomenon of the European right. The theoretical framework of reference comforts us in analysing the ideological configuration of the galaxy of the new right, which presents itself in its substantial homogeneity and in the affirmation of a new policy that, founded on the call to the people, claims the demand for an essential modification of the current socio-economic reality and of the prevailing socio-cultural conformation. The Italian Right contains specific peculiarities outlining a path that has led it to abandon legacies, appeals, echoes of the old ideological baggage. The path has not been linear. At first it accelerated in a moderate direction, then it saw a discontinuity in the direction of the recovery of certain radical traits. Our investigation into the right and the path that today sees Fratelli d’Italia as the main political formation of the Italian right is mainly based on research that sees local administrators and the Party on the Ground in general as the object of analysis, which we will use here to infer the main orientations and relevant confirmations on important ideological aspects. All this formed the basis of a broader research project involving much of the local and national ruling class, the conclusions of which will be offered in a subsequent publication. Here, the initial results and the analysis of official documents have been extremely useful in tracing the path taken by the Italian right.

Strong {411}<148> Recrystallization Texture in Fe–Si–Ni–Al–Mn High‐Strength Non‐Oriented Electrical Steel

This study is focused on, elucidating texture evolution during the different process stages of a new Fe–Si–Ni–Al–Mn high‐strength non‐oriented electrical steel and the formation of the {411}<148> grains whose formation reduces the γ texture content and improves the magnetic properties. The strongest texture component of the new of high‐strength non‐oriented electrical steel type is {111}<110> in the grain nucleation stage. Nevertheless, the {411}<148> orientation is the main orientation component in the grain growth stage. The {411}<148> grains nucleate at the γ oriented and {001}<110>‐{223}<110> grains boundaries or intracrystalline shear bands of γ‐fiber grains. There is a competitive relationship between the nucleation of {411}<148> grains, Cube, Goss, and γ‐fiber grains at the beginning of recrystallization. The combined effect of the size advantage of {411}<148> grains, the influence of orientation pinning on other major oriented grains, and the high mobility of {411}<148> grain boundaries generate a significant {411}<148> recrystallized grain after the annealing process. The key mechanism of {411}<148> texture formation is attributed to the selective growth theory in Fe–Si–Ni–Al–Mn high‐strength non‐oriented electrical steel.

The status and trends of mitochondrial dynamics research: A global bibliometric and visualized analysis

BackgroundMitochondria are remarkably dynamic organelles encapsulated by bilayer membranes. The dynamic properties of mitochondria are critical for energy production.AimsThe aim of our study is to investigate the global status and trends of mitochondrial dynamics research and predict popular topics and directions in the field.MethodsPublications related to the studies of mitochondrial dynamics from 2002 to 2021 were retrieved from Web of Science database. A total of 4,576 publications were included. Bibliometric analysis was conducted by visualization of similarities viewer and GraphPadPrism 5 software.ResultsThere is an increasing trend of mitochondrial dynamics research during the last 20 years. The cumulative number of publications about mitochondrial dynamics research followed the logistic growth model mathrm{f}(x)=mathrm{a}/left[1+{e}^{(b-cx)}right]. The USA made the highest contributions to the global research. The journal Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Cell Research had the largest publication numbers. Case Western Reserve University is the most contributive institution. The main research orientation and funding agency were cell biology and HHS. All keywords related studies could be divided into three clusters: “Related disease research”, “Mechanism research” and “Cell metabolism research”.ConclusionsAttention should be drawn to the latest popular research and more efforts will be put into mechanistic research, which may inspire new clinical treatments for the associated diseases.

Two Verticals, or the Paradox and Tragedy of Soviet Atheism

The object of the study is atheism and theism as important ideological components of two opposing solutions to the "main question of philosophy" – materialism and idealism – forming two systems of human life navigation. The subject of the study is two ideological paradigms – Soviet atheism and Orthodox Christianity. Materialism and atheism are the fundamental elements of the Marxist doctrine underlying the philosophy and culture of the Soviet period of Russian history, opposing theism, creationism and providentialism of the Christian understanding of the world and man, characteristic of the ideological paradigm of pre–revolutionary Russia. The purpose of the study is to clarify and substantiate the ideological intersection of these seemingly incompatible ideological positions. One of the objectives of the study is to substantiate their vertical semantic and value orientation. The novelty of the research, in particular, lies in the substantiation of the statement that two incompatible ideological poles represent varieties of the classical philosophical tradition with its vertical value-semantic orientation, and together oppose the main orientation of non-classical philosophy based on a horizontal scale of meanings and values. One of the main conclusions is that the vertical of Soviet materialism and atheism is a paradox and at the same time its tragedy: surprisingly, due to the vertical orientation of Soviet culture – formally atheistic – it is actually permeated with religious intuitions, questions, problems, ideas and plots disguised as secular concepts and terms, which finds its manifestation in various works of Soviet artistic culture.

Structure and morphology of the Red Sea, from the mid-ocean ridge to the ocean-continent boundary

The diversity and complexity of existing models on the structure of the Red Sea is the result of a mobile sedimentary cover that not only hides most of the basement and oceanic structures but also hamper the geophysical signals. In this study, we combined published with new unpublished geophysical data to propose a revised interpretation of the structure of the lithosphere between the Hanish Islands (ca. 13.5°N) and the Dead Sea Fracture Zone (ca. 27.5°N). The recognition of allochthonous salt and overburden allows to propose a structural model with simple geometries that are consistent with the present-day kinematic constraints (GPS velocities and Euler Poles) and with the rules of plate's motion on a sphere (Euler Theorem).We mapped a continuous Mid Ocean Ridge segment parallel to the main rift orientation in the southern Red Sea that becomes highly discontinuous and more oblique towards the north as it gets closer to the Euler Pole. These segments all point towards the Euler pole and are consistently offset to the right by transform faults in the central and northern Red Sea cumulating an offset of 400 km. The transform faults are accommodating seafloor spreading in the Red Sea and cluster in three main fracture zones: (1) the Ikwan Fracture Zone near the Ikwan (or Brother) Islands, (2) the Zabargad Fracture Zone in the vicinity of the Zabargad Island and (3) the Jeddah Fracture Zone offshore the Jeddah/Port Sudan area (central Red Sea). Based on a new seismic reflection dataset and published data we propose an interpretation of the Ocean Continent Transition (OCT) in the Red Sea. We bring new evidence (magnetic lineaments, distance of the OCT to the ridge, basin stratigraphy) to support a Middle Miocene (ca. 14 Ma) age for the initiation of seafloor spreading throughout the Red Sea, and we discuss this event with the initiation of strike-slip motion in the Aqaba-Dead Sea transform zone. Finally, compiling all available data and literature, we propose a regionally coherent geodynamic reconstruction using two different poles of rotation for the rifting and seafloor spreading phases.

Fabric evolution and strain localisation in inherently anisotropic specimens of anisometric particles (lentils) under triaxial compression

Inherent anisotropy is often observed in natural soils and other granular materials formed during gravity deposition. Fabric characterisation and evolution have been mainly studied using numerical simulations, given the difficulty of retrieving the contact network and the kinematics of particles in physical experiments. This work presents the results of five triaxial compression tests on inherently anisotropic lentil specimens imaged with x-ray tomography. Each specimen is prepared in a way such that all the particles present a unique mean orientation, as results from gravity in natural soils deposits - this can be called “bedding effect”. Particles are identified and tracked from the first image all the way through the test using a novel tracking algorithm, enabling the measurement of particle and contact fabric evolution, as well as strain localisation within the specimens. The results reveal that the deformation processes take place essentially in a planar scenario, both at a micro and mesoscale. Additionally, it is observed that under deviatoric loading two mechanisms are responsible for fabric evolution: rotation of the main orientation of the fabric tensor, and increase of the anisotropy. Finally, the orientation of the shear band is found to be independent of the initial orientation of the particles.Graphical abstract

Inclusive anisotropy and texture analyses of AZ91 Mg sheets subjected to various passes of elevated-temperature constrained groove pressing

Constrained groove pressing (CGP) is a kind of sheet severe plastic deformation method suitable for enhancing the strengths of light alloys for various applications such as aerospace and automotive industries. In this research, the annealed AZ91 Mg alloy sheets were subjected to three CGP cycles at 300°C. Subsequently, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and tensile tests for various directions were performed. Initially, there was a basal texture with a maximum intensity of 3.4 multiple random distribution and several β-Mg17Al12 particles as the second phase in the annealed sheet. As an important achievement of employing the CGP operation, the 1-passed sample represented a superior elongation of 35.7%, maximum yield strength of 141.0 MPa, and maximum ultimate tensile strength of 231.0 MPa in the rolling direction. These were mainly due to, the grain refinement, enhancing the fiber texture in the transverse direction, and controlling the basal texture. However, the experimental results revealed that the basal texture during the second and third passes of the operation could not be controlled. The main preferred orientation was changed from [Formula: see text] fiber for the annealed sheet to [Formula: see text] fiber for the CGPed sheets. It is also interesting to note that based on an anisotropy analysis, the 1-passed sample was the most isotropic worksheet, making this specimen a suitable blank for secondary metal forming processes, in comparison with the other CGPed samples. Fractography also indicated that the fracture mechanism varied among ductile, brittle, and mixed modes for workpieces subjected to different passes of the process.

Velocity Vector Estimation of Two-Dimensional Flow Field Based on STIV

As an important part of hydrometry, river discharge monitoring plays an irreplaceable role in the planning and management of water resources and is an essential element and necessary means of river management. Due to its benefits of simplicity, efficiency and safety, Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV) has attracted attention from all around the world. The most crucial component of the STIV is the detection of the Main Orientation of Texture (MOT), and the precision of detection directly affects the results of calculations. However, due to the complicated river flow characteristics and the harsh testing environment in the field, a large amount of noise and interfering textures show up in the space-time images, which affects the detection results of the MOT. In response to the shortage of noise and interference texture, a new non-contact image analysis method is developed. Firstly, Multi-scale Retinex (MSR) is proposed to pre-process the images for contrast enhancement; secondly, a fourth-order Gaussian derivative steerable filter is employed to enhance the structure of the texture; next, based on the probability density distribution function and the orientations of the enhanced images, the noise suppression function and the orientation-filtering function are designed to filter out the noise to highlight the texture. Finally, the Fourier Maximum Angle Analysis (FMAA) is used to filter out the noise further and obtain the clear orientations to achieve the measurement of velocity and discharge. The experimental results show that, compared with the widely used image velocimetry measurements, the accuracy of our method in the average velocity and flow discharge is significantly improved, and the real-time performance is excellent.

An Entrepreneur‘s Character from Professor Musa Asy'arie's Perspective

The unpredictable development of the times has made many people look for solutions in order to have a provision for the future through the role of entrepreneurs. However, not a few of them are still not stable in understanding what the real business goals are for, and what characteristics an entrepreneur must have in order not to take the wrong steps and directions. Thus, this study aims to present the ideal character that can be applied to an entrepreneur. This research includes literature research, because the research was conducted to find, analyze, make interpretations and generalizations from the facts of the thoughts and ideas written by Musa Asy'arie regarding the character of an entrepreneur. This research is descriptive qualitative with a secondary data analysis approach. The results of this study indicate that there are nine ideal characteristics of an entrepreneur. The conclusion from these various characteristics is that an entrepreneur is also a thinker by nature. The results of the thought process must better understand the essence and existence of an entrepreneur, be able to create creative solutions in problem solving and stand the test. That is, for an entrepreneur profit is not always the main orientation, because this is the result of the effect created. This effect must be based on the essence and existence of an entrepreneur as a goal of worship in their entrepreneurial dimension. This study can be used as a formal reference or reference in the academic realm in the field of entrepreneurship

The characteristics of natural open fractures in acoustic borehole image logs from the pre-salt Barra Velha formation, Santos Basin, Brazil

Natural open fractures have been reported in the Barra Velha Formation (BVE) in the pre-salt lacustrine carbonate reservoirs in the Santos Basin offshore Brazil. These fractures contribute to excess permeability i.e., well test permeability is significantly larger than core permeability or log derived permeability, and they are therefore important for the fluid flow in the reservoirs during production and injection. In this paper we summarize the characteristics of natural open fractures in acoustic borehole image logs (BHI) in 19 wells from the BVE reservoirs and discuss their distribution, occurrences and formation. The data quality is overall good and consistent so that results can be compared between wells. The P21 fracture intensity, which is fracture trace length per area (bore hole wall) was used, instead of Terzaghi corrected P10 fracture intensity which do not distinguish between minor and major fractures. Mean P21 fracture density shows a variation of 2 orders of magnitude between interpreted wells. Data binning was used in the analysis of P21 fracture intensity vs petrophysical parameters to reduce the effect of sampling volume being much smaller than the representative elementary volume (REV) of the fracture pattern. P21 fracture intensity shows a positive correlation with silica content, which varies in the carbonates, whereas the porosity is less important for fracture intensity. The occurrence of fractures is also associated with vug-fraction estimated from the acoustic BHIs. Fractures are also frequent in fault damage zones, above and below cavities. The main orientation of the fractures is NNW-SSE, that is in the same direction as the dominating fault trend, and this indicates a structural control on fracture formation. Natural open fractures are rare in high porosity rocks with a shrubby or grainy texture, and also in intervals with a conglomeratic appearance in the BHI image logs.

Investigating the post-yield behavior of mineralized bone fibril arrays using a 3D non-linear finite element unit-cell model

In this study, we propose a 3D non-linear finite element (FE) unit-cell model to investigate the post-yield behavior of mineralized collagen fibril arrays (FAY). We then compare the predictions of the model with recent micro-tensile and micropillar compression tests in both axial and transverse directions. The unit cell consists of mineralized collagen fibrils (MCFs) embedded in an extrafibrillar matrix (EFM), and the FE mesh is equipped with cohesive interactions and a custom plasticity model. The simulation results confirm that MCF plays a dominant role in load bearing prior to yielding under axial tensile loading. Damage was initiated via debonding in shear and progressive sliding at the MCF/EFM interface, and resulted in MCF pull-out until brittle failure. In transverse tensile loading, EFM carried most of the load in pre-yield deformation, and then mixed normal/shear debonding between MCF and EFM began to form, which eventually produced brittle delamination of the two phases. The loading/unloading FE analysis in compression along both axial and transverse directions demonstrated perfect plasticity without any reduction in elastic modulus, i.e., damage due to the interfaces as seen in micropillar compression. Beyond the brittle and ductile nature of the stress–strain curves, in tensile and compressive loading, the simulated post-yield behavior and failure mechanism are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental observations. Our rather simple but efficient unit-cell FE model can reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively the mechanical behavior of bone ECM under tensile and compressive loading along the two main orientations. The model's integration into higher length scales may be useful in describing the macroscopic post-yield and failure behavior of trabecular and cortical bone in greater detail.

Numerical investigation on the effect of intergranular contact bonding strength on the mechanical properties of granite using PFC3D‐GBM

AbstractIn rock materials, the intergranular structure is more affected by various external conditions than the transgranular structure, and then dominates the macroscopic mechanical properties of rocks. In this paper, an innovative three‐dimensional grain‐based model based on Particle Flow Code (PFC3D‐GBM) for reproducing granite crystalline structures was developed. Based on this model, the Brazilian splitting test was conducted to investigate the effects of intergranular contact (IC) bonding strength on the mechanical properties and micro‐cracking behavior of the granite. Additionally, in this paper, the force chains and the orientation distribution of the force chains are shown in the form of three‐dimensional rose diagrams. The results are compared to the numerical results obtained by an initial particle‐based model to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed PFC3D‐GBM. The results indicate that the stress–strain curve of the sample in the Brazilian splitting test can be classified into four distinct stages: initial compaction, linear elasticity, damage, and splitting failure. ICs fracture at a higher rate than transgranular contacts (TCs) under static loading, as evidenced by experimental results of laboratory tests; during the entire loading process, all force chains uniformly distribute in all directions of a sample. As the external load increases, the number of total force chains decreases and the number of cracks increases. The main orientation of the high‐strength force chains is consistent with the external loading direction and is vertical with respect to the main orientation of the cracks. Furthermore, the number of high‐strength force chains increases with the level of external load. The sample's failure mechanism in the Brazilian splitting test is always a tensile failure, and this characteristic is unaffected by the modeling method or the IC bonding strength. Both the tensile strength and peak strain increase as the IC bonding strength increases. In this process, the number of total cracks in PFC3D‐GBM decreases, the proportion of transgranular cracks (Tcs) increases, and the proportion of intergranular cracks (Ics) decreases. The micro‐cracking behavior described above based on the PFC3D‐GBM can be explained more rationally. As the bonding strength of the IC increases, the particles involved in sample deformation are subjected to a greater stress concentration prior to the sample experiencing macro‐fracture, leading to an increase in the number of high‐strength force chains, which is the fundamental reason for the increase of the sample's tensile strength.

Mental health supported accommodation services in a post-deinstitutionalised era

The movement towards deinstitutionalisation of mental health services has created a space for new and community-based solutions in western countries, but the field still seems to lack coherent ideological and practical features. This is also evident for issues related to housing. The aim of this article is to examine the characteristics of supportive accommodation services for people with psychiatric disabilities in Sweden, according to the experiences of local service providers. The focus is placed on the services’ organizational setting, main orientation, and conceptual content. This article is based on a multiple case study of ten Swedish municipalities, purposely selected regarding size, location, and demographic features. Data mainly consist of interviews with key informants in the social service organisation. The results indicate the emergence of a new generation of service users with complex needs, who challenge both the organisation and the content of the service offered. Group homes and mobile housing support appeared as pillars in the service supply, but several local and pragmatically oriented solutions were also identified, as well as ambitions to scale down the extent of institutional settings. The guiding idea present at most sites is a strive towards increased autonomy among service users.