Main Oil Pipelines Research Articles

A technology for monitoring the onset of malfunctions in oil field reservoir pressure maintenance equipment

Existing control and management systems of oil field reservoir pressure maintenance equipment do not warn of the beginning of the latent period of accidents. At the same time, accidents are preceded by the emergence of certain defects, followed by their latent period, after which they develop. Only after that they begin to affect the readings of measuring instruments of control and management systems. The duration of the latent period depends on the dynamics of defect development. Because of the above, control systems detect the beginning of an emergency when it becomes explicit. This leads to unreasonable costs, since elimination of the defect at the moment of its origin requires much less funds and time than after-accident pump repairs. It is shown in the paper that as a result of continuous rotational motion under high pressure, a vibration process is inevitably formed in this equipment, and the beginning of the latent period of malfunctions makes a clear impact on their noisy vibration signals, with a correlation emerging between the noise and the useful component. To control the beginning of malfunctions in reservoir pressure maintenance equipment it is proposed to use the estimates of noise variance and cross-correlation functions between the useful signal and the noise, which allow forming informative attributes for warning and control of the beginning of the latent period of malfunctions. The proposed technologies can also be used to improve accident-free operation at compressor stations of main oil and gas pipelines, at drilling rigs, at artesian wells, in transport, etc.

Prediction of strength of multi-support overground segment of main pipeline

A problem of strength of a main pipeline in its zone of rectilinear overground passage through an obstacle is considered in the given case. In the given case. It is not the overground multi-support segment alone that is included in the calculation, the adjacent underground parts which are situated at a certain distance from the ground are also taken into account here. The pipeline is described by a beam model with piece-wise constant rigidity, i. e. each segment of the pipeline i of constant rigidity. This allows us to more accurately characterize different thicknesses of pipes of the overground segment of the main pipeline in its construction. There is also assumed that the overground segment of the pipeline is freely positioned and rests on the corresponding supporting elements. The latest can be mutually adjusted for the given altitude. This allows us to evaluate the strength in repairing lifting the pipe over supports. The supporting elements can also experience elastic deformations. Their case is the mechanical compliance of component parts of the supporting assembly and, especially that of the ground under the support. The entrance and the exit of the overground segment into the ground are also considered as supporting elements. Here, they can have vertical displacements and turns. They also take into account the weight of the ground over the pipeline. The calculation of a main oil pipeline with its overground segment resting on two supports has been carried out. There are taken real conditions of operational loading caused to be the following factors: internal pressure, temperature difference, and the weight of the product transported. It has been established that the maximal values of stresses are observed in support sections and between the supports. It is shown that the stresses caused by bending moment can amount to up to half the total value. The influence of altitudes upon the value caused by bending moment stresses in the pipeline is investigated. The change of stresses caused by mechanical compliance of elements of the supports and by adjusting vertical displacements of the supports during repair was studied.

Analytical solution of the boundary value problem of mathematical modeling for non-stationary oil flows through the trunk pipeline in the presence of internal pressure sources

The main oil pipeline, due to its spatial extent, can be considered as a control object with distributed parameters (ODP). The dependences on time and coordinates of the flow velocity and pressure in the pipeline are considered as controlled output values of the ODP. The boundary value problem of mathematical modeling of the process of pipeline transportation of oil in the standard form is presented in the form of a linear partial differential equation of the second order. The paper presents a solution to the boundary value problem of mathematical modeling of unsteady oil flow through a trunk pipeline in the presence of internal concentrated pressure sources in the form of functions describing the dependences on time and spatial coordinates of pressures and average cross-section pipeline oil flow rates. To represent the solution of the boundary value problem in the form of convolution integrals, Green's functions and standardizing functions are obtained, which makes it possible to use non-smooth (discontinuous) dependencies to describe programs for changing the values of internal concentrated pressure sources over time. The solutions obtained make it possible to use the methods of the theory of optimal control of systems with distributed parameters to solve the problems of optimal control of the process of pipeline transportation of oil.

Protected Zones and Minimum Distances to Main Oil Pipelines (Petroleum Product Pipelines): The Concept, Legal Regime and Meaning for Secure Operation of Main Pipeline Transport Facilities

A significant risk faced by oil pipeline companies in operation of main pipeline transport facilities is violation by third parties of the regime of protected zones and minimum distances to oil pipelines and petroleum product pipelines (collectively referred to as “oil pipelines”). No regulations establishing the legal regime of protected zones and minimum distance zones have been adopted yet. Absence of any regulations triggers law enforcement problems including origination of court disputes. This paper studies the main provisions on protected zones and minimum distances within the framework of their impact on the security of operation of main oil pipelines, life and health of people, analyzes concepts and regimes of the protected zone and minimum distances from the standpoint of the goal of their introduction, brings forward recommendations and proposals for minimization of legal risks.

Fuzzy decision-making problem for controlling operating modes of technological systems and method for their solution

Statements of decision-making problems for managing fuzzy technological objects have been formalized and obtained. and methods for solving them are proposed. The object of study is a heating station for a “hot” main oil pipeline. Since such objects are often characterized by multi-criteria and often operate in conditions of unclear initial information, the tasks are formalized in the form of multi-criteria decision-making problems in a fuzzy environment. Based on the modification of various optimality principles, new mathematical formulations of the problems to be solved were obtained and interactive heuristic algorithms for solving them were developed. The novelty of the proposed approaches to solving formalized fuzzy problems from well-known methods for solving fuzzy problems lies in the fact that problems are posed and solved without first converting them to equivalent deterministic options, which does not reduce the loss of original fuzzy information and makes it possible to obtain more adequate and effective solutions. An example is given of the practical application of the proposed approach to solving decision-making problems by implementing one of the developed algorithms when solving the problem of choosing an effective operating mode for the oil heating station of the Uzen-Samara oil pipeline at the Atyrau point.

Проблемные аспекты правового регулирования зон с особыми условиями использования территорий, возникающих в связи размещением магистральных нефтепроводов и нефтепродуктопроводов

Since 2018, there has been a large-scale reform in the legal institution of restricted use areas (hereinafter referred to as RUAs). The Land Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Land Code) was supplemented by Chapter XIX (Restricted Use Areas) (Articles 104 to 107). The established RUA types related to the placement of main oil and oil product pipelines (hereinafter collectively referred to as oil pipelines) include: (1) exclusion zones (Article 105, Clause 6, of the Land Code), (2) zones in close proximity to main pipelines (Article 105, Clause 25, of the Land Code), (3) sanitary protection zones (Article 105, Clause 18, of the Land Code). The complex legal writing of the RUA laws, poorly developed and monotonous judicial practice gives rise to many controversial situations. This paper examines problems that arise with legal regulation of main oil pipeline RUAs. There are currently no legal studies that comprehensively address the problems of exclusion zones, close proximity zones, or sanitary protection zones of main oil pipelines. Therefore, conducting legal research in order to develop proposals for improving the regulation of RUAs of main oil pipelines is extremely important and urgent.

Исследование влияния различных факторов на тиксотропные свойства бузачи-мангышлакской нефтяной смеси, перекачиваемой по магистральному нефтепроводу Узень – Атырау – Самара

Исследование влияния различных факторов на тиксотропные свойства бузачи-мангышлакской нефтяной смеси, перекачиваемой по магистральному нефтепроводу Узень – Атырау – Самара

Improving the Method of Replacing the Defective Sections of Main Oil and Gas Pipelines Using Laser Scanning Data

During the operation of main pipelines, many defects occur in the body of the pipe and on its surface. The main method for eliminating such defects is cutting out the defective section and welding a new one in its place. The cutting process is complicated by the possible sharp displacement of the ends of the pipeline located on both sides of the cutting site, which is dangerous for the lives of workers and can lead to breakage of the cutting equipment. In addition, to weld a new section, it is necessary to center the ends of the pipeline until they reach the alignment position, for which heavy, difficult-to-transport pipelayers are used, which allow centering the ends of the pipeline only by lifting them. Ensuring the possibility of such centering often requires additional digging of the repaired pipeline. Moreover, due to the large dimensions of pipelayers, payment of permits for their transportation is required. In addition, before transportation, pipelayers require their disassembly and assembly before carrying out repair work, which entails additional time and labor costs. To solve the problems described in this article, a developed design of devices for fixing and centering the ends of the pipeline is proposed, which makes it possible to fix the ends of the pipeline from their sharp displacement, and also to center them before welding a new section. A mathematical model was developed to assess the centering forces, the resulting stresses in the pipeline wall and the reaction forces that arise in the hydraulic cylinders of devices when leaving the ends of the pipeline in their sharp displacement. The initial data for the developed model are the coefficients of the polynomial describing the position of the pipeline in the repair trench. To accurately assess the position of the pipeline, a method of its laser scanning is proposed, the result of which is a point cloud of the pipeline. As part of the study, a method was also developed for the obtaining of a polynomial equation describing the bending of its central axis from a pipeline point cloud. As a result of experimental studies, this method has demonstrated sufficient accuracy in determining the position of the pipeline in the repair trench. Thus, the developed repair method makes it possible to increase both the safety of the repair and the technological and economic efficiency of the process of replacing a defective section.

Modal analysis of a hydrogen-damaged pipe as shell inhomogeneous on thickness

Hydrogen corrosion of main gas and oil pipelines often leads to accidents. It is necessary to assess the life of hydrogen-weakened pipes. An inner layer with deteriorated mechanical characteristics is formed in them under pressure of hydrogen-containing medium. In the paper the calculation of free vibrations of such a tube taking into account the degradation of its material is performed. The tube is modeled as a bilayer cylindrical shell according to the classical theory. Influence of hydrogen-impacted layer is taken into account when calculating stiffnesses and displacement of neutral line of the shell. Three variants of averaging of parameters determining the stiffness of the shell are considered, numerical experiments are carried out and the natural frequencies of the shell are found. Comparison with calculations using the method of finite elements in the ANSYS software made it possible to estimate the degree of applicability of each version of averaging. The method of averaging Young's modulus over the thickness of the shell does not "feel" asymmetry of layers relative to the neutral line. The method of adding a correction for the neutral line radius of the shell works satisfactorily for axisymmetric and beam modes. The next more accurate approximation is to average the shell stiffnesses over its thickness with the reduced radius. This method allows us to obtain satisfactory results in a wide enough frequency range and for the modes related to the deformation of the shell cross section. A method for the principle reconstruction of the parameters characterizing the stiffness of the shell using three experimentally obtained fixed frequencies has been proposed. On the basis of these studies formulas are proposed which allow to reconstruct parameters of weakening of pipe material, as a result of hydrogen corrosion, both in thickness and in time from the frequency characteristics of the pipe.

Cathodic protection of main oil pipeline

Corrosion damage to metal is one of the main factors that reduce the safety of operation of main pipelines. It is known that about 70 % of pipeline failures occur due to metal corrosion. Electrochemical protection in combination with non-metallic coatings is currently the main method to prevent aggressive effects of corrosive media on main pipelines. The use of these methods of protecting pipelines has a number of difficulties that can be associated with the use of several protective coatings of different types and conditions on one oil pipeline; use of cathodic stations of different design and efficiency; Lack of a system to monitor electrochemical protection objects; difficulties arising during operation of anode grounding electrodes and comparison electrodes. Under these conditions, bringing the technical condition of the anti-corrosion protection system of the main oil pipelines to the level corresponding to the modern requirement of industrial safety is an important task that allows improving the safety and reliability of pipeline transport facilities. The article provides an analysis of the operation of cathodic protection units of the Kaltasy-Yazykovo main oil pipeline and the results of calculations on optimizing the modes of the cathode stations.

In-line measurement of multiphase flow viscosity

The transportation modes depend entirely on the viscosity of the oil. To date, none of the viscometric methods are able to provide measurements to meet all the requirements of oil flow, features of main oil pipelines, and trends in the oil industry, such as decarbonization and digitalization. The method of inline viscosity measurement of multiphase flow through a metal pipeline can be based on direct gamma ray measurement. It is stipulated by the ability of gamma-radiation to penetrate through the pipeline material without destroying it, as well as by the ability to work with flows containing free gas and the high capability to be introduced into automatic control systems. The authors consider the physical forces acting on the gas inclusions in the oil flow. They determine the physical dependence between the parameters determined by the radioisotope method and the viscosity of oil in the three-phase flow. These studies show good agreement with the work of other scientists. The prospect of further research will be to clarify the mathematical model of gas-oil flow, to increase the accuracy by reducing the number of assumptions made.

ANALYSIS OF CURRENT STATE AND MAIN TENDENCIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR MEASURING OIL VISCOSITY DURING PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

There are factors that cause the necessity of viscosity measurement on the main oil pipelines. The article presents the principles of various existing viscometers and the latest research in this area. The authors consider the characteristics of oil flow, trunk pipelines and trends in the oil industry. They analyse viscometric methods from the point of view of the control of trunk oil flows. The authors evaluate the methods, on the basis of which they make recommendations for their modernisation for the control of main oil streams. The research showed the absence of a method that meets all the requirements of the main oil flow and the trends of development of the oil industry. According to the authors it is necessary to make further research of measuring methods based on piezoelectric elements and capacitive sensors and possibly implement them in new oil pipelines. Authors believe that the greatest potential for the oil industry has a radical modernization of the bubble pneumatic method to suit the specific features of the control object (main oil flow).

Application of bacterial optimization algorithms for selecting a site to construct a tank park on the main oil pipeline

The oil industry is the leading sector of the Russian economy, that makes the largest contribution to the country’s budget, creates a huge number of jobs and fully meets the domestic needs for oil and its products. In Russia, transportation of crude oil from fields to consumers (primarily refineries) is carried out by 5 modes of transport. Pipeline transport has received the greatest distribution. It provides transportation for 83% of crude oil and 30% of oil products. The most important element of the pipeline system is tank parks, which are used to collect and store oil at the junctions of technological pipeline sections and transshipment to other modes of transport. They are especially dangerous industrial objects. Therefore, they are subject to extremely stringent design and construction requirements. The most important stage in the construction of a tank park is the site selection, which is carried out on the basis of economic criteria and engineering requirements. In order to reduce the number of options for its location, where the survey party will travel, it is proposed to conduct a preliminary selection of the most promising territories by solving the task of multi-criteria optimization. The presence of a huge number of criteria leads to the need to use heuristic methods, among which swarm optimization algorithms based on modeling the collective behavior of various living organisms are widely used. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use bacterial optimization algorithms that allow taking into account both favorable and negative factors. Fuzzy logic elements can be added to the classical algorithm (it is proposed to set the initial positions of bacteria using fuzzy-logical inference systems, where the available statistics and expert assessments will be input parameters). In general, the proposed approach can be used to select sites for the construction of various hazardous industrial facilities, for which a large number of parameters must be taken into account.

Great connections of a small town: Novomoskovsk in the international economic relations of Ukraine in the 1950s – 1980s

The purpose of the article is to define the place of Novomoskovsk in the international economic relations of Ukraine in the 1950s – 1980s, and main participants of these relations at the city level, directions, content and features. Research methods: historical-chronological, historical-genetic, comparative, descriptive. Main results. the article reveals the importance of Novomoskovsk, Dnipropetrovsk region, one of the small cities in the development of international economic relations of Ukraine as a part of the USSR. It is defined that the main factor that determined the place of Novomoskovsk in the international economic relations is the Novomoskovsk Pipe Plant activity. The role of the plant in these relations consisted of the production for export, business trips abroad, their admission to study and exchange experiences. The USSR, Ukraine in particular with its powerful industrial complex, played an important role in the reconstruction, formation, and development of the metallurgical industry in the countries of “people’s democracy” in Europe, Asia, countries whose governments were loyal to the USSR. The Novomoskovsk Pipe Plant and its employees contributed to the construction and operation of the first metallurgical complexes in Bulgaria and China. Since 1963, the enterprise has been one of the leaders in Ukraine and the USSR in the production of large diameter pipes for main gas and oil pipelines, which has strengthened its presence in the execution of export orders. The relations of the plant were not limited to the countries of the socialist camp, but also included countries with market economies. These relations were particularly influenced by political and ideological factors, as shown by the example of the USSR’s relations with West Germany, France and Japan. The Novomoskovsk Pipe Plant served as a base for holding international UN seminars on the training of metallurgical specialists, and its employees participated in international exhibitions, presenting the plant’s products. The course of the Cold War and international crises led to the appearance of a peculiar phenomenon of the Soviet era – the inclusion of production in propaganda campaigns, which were joined by groups of enterprises. From the side of the pipe plant, these were rallies in support (of Algeria, Cuba, Vietnam, etc.) and commitments on additional working days, increased production rates, early deadlines for implementation of plans, and the deduction of products in favor of support facilities. The importance of industrial relations for the development of the non-productive sphere is emphasized: contacts with foreigners in the city during business trips served as a window to the world, contributed to the expansion of worldview. In addition, with the help of people’s diplomacy there were formed trustworthy relationships between nations and people, which promoted the positive international image of the USSR in the best way possible. Practical significance: the results of the research can be used to form the theme of scientific research on regional, Ukrainian, world history of the second half of the 20th century implied into the practice of teaching relevant disciplines in higher education institutes, used to create / update museum exhibitions in Novomoskovsk. Scientific novelty: a significant part of published and unpublished sources on the topic of international economic relations of Novomoskovsk is generalized and processed for the first time, some of the sources are introduced into scientific circulation firstly and are interpreted considering the latest research on the history of the Cold War. Type of article: research.

On the use of a network of trunk pipelines to compensate for the shortage of water resources at the expense of the country’s deep Siberian rivers

The paper discusses topical issues and problems of water supply in scarce and arid regions of the country, including the redistribution of water flows from high-flowing Siberian rivers, which are heavily overflowing during the flood period. In particular, an overview of world experience in solving water supply problems is given, both through desalination of sea water and the use of underground sources, and through the construction of canals and main water pipelines, from futuristic ideas to projects that have already been implemented and have many years of positive operating experience. Special attention is paid to the domestic union experience, plans to turn large rivers to supply the Central Asian republics, the world’s first nuclear plants for desalination of sea water and a main water conduit to supply the Mangyshlak Peninsula. Based on the results of the analysis performed, the main disadvantages, areas, limitations and advantages of various water supply options are identified, which make it possible to draw a conclusion about the possibility of involving unclaimed capacities of main oil and gas pipelines to solve the problems of compensating for the shortage of water resources at the expense of the country's deep Siberian rivers.

Technological features of the ducker device for transportation of petroleum products

The efficient operation of main oil pipelines - one of the most important and urgent problems of Russia. Ducker - one of the most technologically advanced stages of construction of the road trunk pipeline. It is important to make the right choice of the method for installing the pipeline, since the speed of construction, economic costs of work, the reliability of the underwater crossing section, and, as a consequence, the uninterrupted operation of the entire main oil pipeline, environmental friendliness of both the installation and further operation will depend on this. underwater passage. Thus, the purpose of this work is to perform a comparative analysis of the methods for the construction of siphons, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The results of the work can be applied in the construction of a new route, as well as in the overhaul of underwater crossings that have worked out their time.

The problem of optimizing pumping units for oil transportation

During pipeline transportation of oil through main oil pipelines, the greater part of the energy consumed is spent on the operation of main and booster pumping units at oil pumping stations. In this regard, the determination of the optimal operating modes of pumping units is an urgent problem for energy saving. The article is devoted to the optimization of the operation of pumping units for energy saving of oil pipeline transport. The operation of pumping units is regulated using removable rotors with different diameters of impellers or a frequency-controlled drive. An optimization criterion has been formulated to minimize the operating costs of pumping units. A technique for determining the energy consumption of pumping units with different diameters of impellers and a frequency-controlled drive is presented. An algorithm for finding the optimal operating mode of pumping units is presented, which was built using the definitions of graph theory and dynamic programming.

АНТИКОРРОЗИОННЫЕ ПОКРЫТИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ВТОРИЧНОГО ПОЛИПРОПИЛЕНА И НАПОЛНИТЕЛЕЙ

The article deals with the issues of obtaining anti-corrosion compositions for corrosion protection of oil pipelines. The purpose of this study was to develop effective compositions of anti-corrosion coatings based on recycled polypropylene (PPrc), cotton soap stock, vegetable filler - guzapay; mineral filler wollastonite and montmorillonite (MMT). The proposed process of chemical interaction of the initial compounds in the prescription modification of the soap stock, in the extruder. The authors obtained a new composite of the following composition (wt. %: vegetable filler - guzapaya - 35; mineral filler - wollastonite: MMT (1: 1) - 5; sevilen - 8; soap stock - 30; PPrc - the rest. The composite composition has high performance indicators on the following positions: breaking stress in bending increased by 15-17%; shear strength increased by 10-12%; tensile strength increased by 6-8%; indentation hardness under a given load of the ball increased by 15- 20% impact strength increased by 15-17%, shrinkage during casting decreased by 30-35%. It to protect against corrosion of the main oil pipeline. This composition of the composite is selected on the basis of available and relatively inexpensive components, polyethylene rich, vegetable and mineral fillers.

Determination of optimal oil pumping plans

This paper presents the results of determining the optimal plans for pumping oil through the main oil pipelines of Kazakhstan. The calculation methodology is based on determining the minimum unit cost of pumping depending on oil flow rate. Oil pumping energy-saving modes are determined under optimal operating conditions of pumping units and heating furnaces at stations. Determination of the optimal pumping plan is implemented as a separate module of the SmartTranPro software. Pumped oil volumes on the oil pipeline sections were determined on the basis of the automated system of control and metering of electrical energy data of KazTransOil JSC. Optimal pumping plans for monthly oil volumes in the Kalamkas – Karazhanbas and Dzhumagaliev – Atasu pipeline sections for cold and warm periods were calculated on the basis of the found dependence of the pumping unit cost. For each range of oil mass flow rate, specific costs for oil pumping and a list of operating pumps at oil pumping stations located along the pipeline section are indicated.

Analysis of the General Stability of Buried Pipelines in the Longitudinal Direction Taking into Account the Peculiarities of Their Construction and Operation

Main oil and gas pipelines should be checked for overall longitudinal stability. In this case, the longitudinal compressive force in the cross-section of the pipeline, leading to the loss of its stability, is determined by the effect of a positive temperature difference in the metal of the pipes and the working pressure in its cavity. The longitudinal critical force, at which the loss of longitudinal stability of the pipeline occurs, is determined according to the rules of structural mechanics in the plane of the least bending stiffness of the system taking into account the constructive solution of its laying. The value of the longitudinal critical force of a buried pipeline depends on the geometric characteristics of the pipe, its weight with the pumped product, the parameters of curvature of the longitudinal axis of the pipeline when it is laid along the terrain, and the resistance of the soil to its longitudinal and transverse displacement. During operation, due to a decrease in the resistance of the soil surrounding the pipeline to its movements for various reasons, a decrease in the critical force occurs. Loss of stability of a buried pipeline occurs in the plane with the least bending stiffness of the system. With the help of theoretical studies of the general stability of buried pipelines, analytical dependences of the longitudinal critical force for a buried pipeline were obtained on the basis of taking into account the curvature of the longitudinal axis of the pipeline during construction and reducing the resistance to displacement of the pipeline during its operation for 5 different design schemes.