Main Mode Of Transport Research Articles

Modes of Transport to School and Their Associations with Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Students in Shanghai, China.

Background: Over the past two decades, both transport modes as well as overweight/obesity have changed dramatically among students in China, but their relationships are not clear. This study aimed to investigate modes of transport to school and their associations with the weight status of Chinese students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with non-resident students aged 6 to 17 years from all 16 districts across Shanghai, China in October and November 2019. Information about sociodemographic characteristics and the models of travel to school among students was investigated using an online, self-administered, structured questionnaire (or those assisted by their parents). Weight and height were measured by school health workers, and the Chinese standard age adjusted BMI (weight/height2) was used to classify students’ weight status. Cumulative logistic regression modelling was used to examine the relationships. Results: The main mode of transport to school was an active mode (46.5%, defined as walking, bicycling, or public transport), followed by an inactive mode of transport (30.5%, defined as a car or bicycle as a passenger), and a combination of both modes (23%). About one-third of the students were overweight or obese and 5% were underweight. No statistically significant association between transport modes and weight status was found in this study. Conclusions: In Shanghai, close to one-third of children travel to school by an inactive mode of transport. The findings of this study did not support the notion that an active mode to school could be beneficial for preventing overweight/obesity in students in China.

Population density and basic reproductive number of COVID-19 across United States counties.

The basic reproductive number (R0) is a function of contact rates among individuals, transmission probability, and duration of infectiousness. We sought to determine the association between population density and R0 of SARS-CoV-2 across U.S. counties. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using linear mixed models with random intercept and fixed slopes to assess the association of population density and R0, and controlled for state-level effects using random intercepts. We also assessed whether the association was differential across county-level main mode of transportation percentage as a proxy for transportation accessibility, and adjusted for median household income. The median R0 among the United States counties was 1.66 (IQR: 1.35-2.11). A population density threshold of 22 people/km2 was needed to sustain an outbreak. Counties with greater population density have greater rates of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, likely due to increased contact rates in areas with greater density. An increase in one unit of log population density increased R0 by 0.16 (95% CI: 0.13 to 0.19). This association remained when adjusted for main mode of transportation and household income. The effect of population density on R0 was not modified by transportation mode. Our findings suggest that dense areas increase contact rates necessary for disease transmission. SARS-CoV-2 R0 estimates need to consider this geographic variability for proper planning and resource allocation, particularly as epidemics newly emerge and old outbreaks resurge.

Modelling context-specific relationships between neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and private car use

Car use generates negative externalities, which are responsible for many health, environmental and economic problems. To tackle this issue, more work is needed to identify better the correlates of car use, especially at the contextual level. In this study, a mobility-focused questionnaire involving 1722 working French adults living in the Paris area (France) was used to explore gender-stratified relationships between residential socioeconomic deprivation and car use as the main transport mode against public transport, after controlling for potential confounders. While the vast majority of similar studies have assumed linear and global statistical relationships, the present work involved a random slope hierarchical generalised additive modelling framework, which revealed both non-linear and territorially-varying relationships. Among women, living in a more deprived neighbourhood was associated with an increase in the odds of reporting car use up to a certain threshold, after which the relationship plateaued, while among men, this relationship is linearly negative. In the most deprived department of the Paris region (Seine-Saint-Denis), living in a more deprived neighbourhood was associated with a lower odds of car use among men while a more complex nonlinear bell-shaped relationship was observed among women. The opposite was found in the wealthiest department (Yvelines), with a negative relationship among women and a U-shaped one among men. In Paris inner city, again a strong opposite trend was distinguished according to sex, with a negative relationship among women. These findings suggest that spatial contexts, characterised by complex interactions between socioeconomic factors, the built environment and the distance to Paris, play the role of moderators in the relationship between residential deprivation and car use. In conclusion, this study reinforces the idea that environment-transport relationships should be understood through local analyses (e.g. random slope multilevel or spatially-varying coefficients models) rather than global ones only, in order to guide specific public policies more effectively.

Design of Bus Depot Terminal Element Consideration for Safe and Effective Infrastructure

Bus transport in India is the main mode of transport in the 21st century for both intercity and interstate services. NUTP (National Urban Transport Policy) 2006 focussed the development of bus transport in Indian cities. They developed JNNURM policy for improving intercity bus services. Large part of bus transport is catered by private sector in 2020 than government sector in India. Without improving the level of service in depot areas, the bus accessibility and operational efficiency cannot be achieved. In order to improve the LOS certain strategy has to be followed in depot elements such as depot infrastructure improvement, planning guidelines for platform infrastructure, and design elements for achieving the increased LOS. This paper explains the standards for individual element in Bus depot to be followed for effective utilisation and functioning of facilities provided. The specific guidelines, standards and toolkits are the most effective format for capacity building in an organisation. It also facilitates low cost with rapid sharing of knowledge and experience. Additionally, no stake holder requirement is overlooked and ensures the minimum standards of development.

Aerodynamic Analysis of VOLVO Intercity 9400 Bus Using CFD

Now a days most of the peoples are using public transport. The main mode of public transport in our country is bus. The availability and price of the fuel are making the public transport to be inefficient and we get only 40% of overall efficiency from any vehicle. It is mainly due to friction. But, friction plays the major role in the stability of the bus. However, we can reduce some unwanted friction like drag and so on., Our main target is to reduce the drag force and to increase the fuel efficiency, which can be done by choosing the best aerodynamic design of the exterior of the bus.The prototype of the bus body has been modelled by modelling software and CFD analysis is done by using analysis software (ANSYS)and it is remodeled to reduce the drag force. These models are named as model 1 and model 2. Model 1 is existing Volvo intercity 9400 bus model and model 2 is modification of existing Volvo intercity 9400 bus. Model 2 is to modify and analyse by using CFD to reduce the drag force, which results in increased performance and reduced fuel requirement.

Дослідження впливу різних факторів календарного планування вантажної роботи на підвищення переробної спроможності сортувальної станціі

В статті проведено аналіз існуючого стану переробної спроможності маневрових пристроїв і наведені перспективні показники, одержувані за рахунок оптимізації планів навантаження. Показано, що одним з основних напрямків розвитку державних сортувальних станцій є перегляд основних підходів та методів планування роботи станцій. На основі проведеного дослідження впливу різних факторів календарного планування вантажної роботи надані рекомендації щодо оптимізації роботи сортувальних гірок в сортувальному парку магістральної станції.

Estimation of transportation service quality for selected groups of users using customer satisfaction index

The supply of effective and efficient public transportation services is important and essential for society and environment. This can encourage people to use public transit and reduce the usage of private cars which have roles in achieving sustainable goals that related to providing sustained modes of transportation. This, in turn, leads to avoid or reduce the effect of the most important global issues such as, traffic congestion, air pollution, fuel consumption, and other environmental consequences. Therefore, there is a need to identify the attributes that enhance the satisfaction and increase the usage of public transportation which are various across the different cultures, demographics, and purposes. In Iraq, there are a few studies that considered the demand for public buses as it is the main mode of public transportation. The aim of this paper is to measure to what extent the supplied public transportation service is satisfied through identifying the factors that enhance the choice of public transportation by road users and measure the quality service of public transportation. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire method was used to collect the needed data for a specific group of people which are students and academic staff. The study areas, which were selected according to the purposes of trips which are education and work trips, are the area around Al-Essra University and Al-Mansour University in Al-Karadah sector in Baghdad City. The collected data was analyzed to describe the attributes that passengers based on in selecting the mode of transportation and to determine an aggregated index which can be used to quantify the quality of the public transportation service in the selected area. The results show that about 44% of people who prefer to use their private cars have decided this because of the long waiting time at bus stops and inside the buses. While about 42% of passengers who prefer to use public buses have decided their mode of transport based on the cost criteria. Regarding the transit service quality, it has been found that the safety indicator is the most important criterion that passengers based on in assessing the quality of service. This can be considered in further studies or transportation projects.

Road safety situation of electric bike riders: A cross-sectional study in courier and take-out food delivery population

Objective Almost all courier and take-out food delivery riders in China use electric bikes as the main transport mode. This study aims to understand their riding behaviors and road traffic injury information of this population. Methods A cross-sectional field study focused on this population was conducted, including roadside observation and face-to-face retrospective street intercept interviews. Results Six hundred target delivery riders were observed and 480 were interviewed. The rate of overspeeding was 91.3%, and windshield use during winter was 91.2%. Traffic violation behaviors observed included riding in the motor vehicle lane (32.8%), not waiting behind the white line at a red light (23.3%), and using cell phone when riding (21.2%). Helmet use was significantly more common during the day (73.0%) than at night (64.7%; P = .028). About 46.5% of respondents rode an e-bike more than 8 h per day. In addition, 76.5% of interviewees had been involved in a traffic crash at least once. About 13.9% of crashes happened in motor vehicle lanes and 8.2% on sidewalks. Logistic regression analysis indicated that compared with uninjured riders, injured riders showed significantly greater odds ratios of unsafe behaviors for running red lights (odds ratio [OR] = 1.75) and protective factors for wearing a helmet (OR = 0.56). Conclusions The courier and take-out food delivery population is a vulnerable occupational group and road traffic injuries related to e-bike use require more attention.

Analysing Road Traffic Situation in Lilongwe: An Agent Based Modelling (ABM) Approach

A 15, 451 km road network forms the main mode of transport for Malawi with 26 % paved. With increasing number of vehicles and elongated travel times during rush hour the study analysed the traffic situation on the M1 road between Mchinji and Area 18 roundabouts in Lilongwe City using an agent-based model (ABM). The methodology used game theory’s traffic grip model to analyse traffic flow by controlling traffic variables such as lights, speed limits and the number of vehicles. Each intersection was treated as non-cooperative game where each agent tried to minimize its queue resulting into Q−Nash’s equilibrium as the solution. The ABM tested the empirical relationships of traffic flow parameters in terms of density, flow, acceleration, deceleration, speed, time lost in traffic congestion and fuel consumption. The model was calibrated using traffic data collected through observing 1,312 vehicles sampled against 24,977. The observation results from the road junctions reveal that on average, a vehicle takes 20 mins 18 seconds, 37 minutes 6 seconds, 44 minutes 21 seconds and 58 minutes 53 seconds to exit Chitukuko, Bwandilo, Chilambula roads and Area 18 roundabout respectively upon entering the M1 at Mchinji roundabout. This data was then used to calibrate the business-as-usual model for the peak hour scenario for the road junctions. The model results show that a selected vehicle entering Chitukuko junction travels at an average speed of 22.60 km/hr, until it exits that junction. On average the selected motorists spend 2.52 l/km with a traffic density of 72 v/km. If dualized average speeds improved to 41.54 km/hr while the traffic density declined to 54.42 v/km, saving motorists MK 3,921,624.00 annually. The predictive model of the dual carriage informed that by 2021, commuters will spend MK 5,187,168 on fuel more than single-lane business as usual scenario of 2019.

Planning for a neighborhood and city-scale green network system in Qatar: the case of MIA Park

In the past decade, Doha has witnessed fast-urban growth, an increased population rate, and an over-reliance on the automobile as the main mode of urban transportation. These factors caused social and environmental problems related to (1) the loss of a compact urban pattern, (2) an increased level of air pollution (3) high traffic congestions and (4) increasing landscape fragmentation. In consideration of such concerns, The State of Qatar invested large funds into the urban landscape development of Doha, as envisioned by Qatar National Vision 2030. As a result, in the past five years various parks and/or green areas, such MIA Park, a major public green space located around the Museum of Islamic Art (MIA), were planned and developed within metropolitan Doha. The authors argue that this park is currently facing issues and challenges related to (1) accessibility to/from the neighboring districts, and (2) connectivity to/from the neighboring parks. Therefore, this research study aims at assessing the existing conditions of MIA Park, at considering the broader city context and, at recommending strategies for implementing MIA Park’s green network system. It approached the investigative challenge using a multi-pronged comprehensive methodology, that deployed focus groups, semi-structured interviews and a comprehensive network analysis based on graph theory. The findings, revealed through these hybrid research tactics, allowed the researchers to generate a framework to enhance accessibility and connectivity of MIA Park through a green network system, planned at inter-related neighborhood-scale and city-scale levels. While the research examines most notably a single case, it is advocated that the proposed framework represents not just an optional feature pertaining to the case in Doha, but a valuable reference for the sustainable master planning of future cities in the State of Qatar and across the GCC. The paper proffers numerous key contributions, including the critical exploration of manufactured landscapes in Doha Qatar and the delineation of broadly applicable environmental design strategies to improve the fabric and livability of cities.

Building a Model to Reconstruct the Hellenistic and Roman Road Networks of the Eastern Desert of Egypt, a Semi-Empirical Approach Based on Modern Travelers’ Itineraries

The Egyptian Eastern Desert, the part of the Sahara Desert that connects the Nile and the Red Sea, is rich in natural resources and meshed with multiple networks. The adoption of the camel as the main mode of transportation in the 1st millennium BC, faster and with a greater load capacity than humans or donkeys, dramatically changed the logistics used to cross this difficult terrain. Our objective, therefore, is to understand and reconstruct circulation in the region during Antiquity through location factors and the evolution of roads. For this purpose, a least-cost network specific to camel movements has been created for this arid and mountainous region. The network is based on the reconstructed itineraries of modern travelers (18th and 19th centuries) who crossed the region under similar conditions to ancient ones. These routes and the travelers’ diaries have enabled us to analyze the main travel constraints; they provide a set of data to calibrate the different movement factors of camel caravans and to validate the calculated least cost paths. The modeled network takes into account transport infrastructures, navigation conditions in plain areas, difficulties of the terrain surface, and the topographical constraints specific to camels. This methodological paper details our approach from the description of movement factors, their mapping, and their use in least cost algorithms to the creation of a network covering 253 archaeological sites and 204 desert watering places. It aims to provide the archaeological and GIS communities with the method and tools to reproduce itineraries based on the hypotheses of movement and empirical data. For this purpose, the data is available and documented by a data paper.

On the spatial feasibility of crowdshipping services in university communities

Crowdshipping, i.e. delivering goods via the crowd, aims at combining passenger with freight trips. This concept is particularly useful, especially in urban contexts, since it allows using the spare capacity of vehicles and reducing the negative impacts of urban freight transport. While attractive in principle, a crowdshipping service needs to be appropriately conceived to be effective. In this respect, matching passenger with freight transport demand is one of the main issues to consider. Besides, it is important to promote a sustainable crowdshipping, i.e. perfomed via sustainable transport modes. This paper presents a GIS-based approach to evaluate the spatial feasibility of crowdshipping services using public transport or active modes in the context of a University community. The case study analyzed focuses on e-commerce deliveries and takes into account a campus with venues located in different zones in the city of Catania (Italy). The methodology is designed according to spatial considerations related to the proximity of delivery points and home addresses, students’ flows between origins and destinations and main mode of transport used. Results are useful to design the service in a well-established community, which could be considered more inclined to be involved.

First Study of the Prevalence and Characterization of Brachial Plexus Injuries in Guatemala.

Objective This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of brachial plexus injuries and to characterize clinically and epidemiologically patients with brachial plexus injury. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 2,923 medical records of patients aged 1 to 64 years who presented at outpatient peripheral nerve unit of the Orthopedic Surgery Department of Hospital Roosevelt, Guatemala, from January 2017 to December 2017, were prospectively analyzed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with brachial plexus injuries. Results The prevalence rate of brachial plexus injuries in patients was 5.74%. This injury is more common in men (90.5%) aged 24 to 64 years. Brachial plexus injuries occurred secondary to motorcycle accident in 72% of the cases, with the majority affecting the dominant upper extremity. In addition, 64.28% of the patients took 1 to 6 months to seek consultation, whereas only 16.07% requested medical assistance <1 month from the onset of symptoms, and this result was associated with early diagnosis and adequate recovery during follow-up. Furthermore, 66.67% presented upper brachial plexus injury with no associated fractures or vascular injury, manifesting distress while performing daily activities that required hand, arm, and elbow movements. Conclusion The risk of suffering BPIs in Guatemala increases in economically active male patients that use motorcycles as main mode of transportation. Patients should consult immediately after injury onset to optimize management results. For this reason, hospitals must develop specialized clinical guidelines to speed up the identification and treatment of BPI injuries.

A Probabilistic Methodology to Quantify the Impacts of Cold Weather on Electric Vehicle Demand: A Case Study in the U.K.

The wide adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is required for deep decarbonisation of transportation sector. The lithium-ion batteries that power EVs are temperature sensitive and electric ranges reduce under cold weather conditions due to excessive need for heating the battery and the driver's cabin. Therefore, some drivers may need to charge more often during the same day. In this paper, probabilistic modelling and simulation of large-collections of EV charging are presented and the impacts on power generation portfolio is investigated for the case of the UK. Particularly, the extra energy and power demands are quantified across different regions. Extensive simulations reveal that cold weather necessities an additional 630 MW of peak power when compared to optimal ambient temperatures. Simulation results further show that the hourly carbon intensity of the power grids could increase by 25% during cold days with low renewable generation. The problems pertinent to temperature effects on EV charging require greater attention as EVs are becoming the main mode of transport in the next decade.

Research on the Problems Existing in China's Transportation Structure and Optimization Policy

At present, highway transportation is the main mode of transportation in China, but highway transportation has the problem of high cost, energy consumption and pollution. Although China has put forward the development policy of public transit railway, it still needs some time to achieve this goal. This paper studies the traffic structure from the middle level; combined with empirical analysis, it is concluded that railway transport has a greater impact on national income than road transport; the existing problems and causes of China's transportation structure are analyzed and the optimization policies are put forward.

Influence of tire temperature conditions on the capacity of quarry dump trucks operated in JSC "CC Kuzbassrazrezugol"

More than 50-60% of minerals in Russia and the CIS countries are mined in an open-pit or in mining quarry, as it is the most economical and productive. JSC "CC Kuzbassrazrezugol" ranks second in terms of total coal production among the regions of the Russian Federation and first in Kuzbass. Quarry dump trucks are the main mode of technological transport when transporting mined rock. An important task facing road transport is to reduce the cost of transported products. The components of the costs include fuel, tires, maintenance and repair, maintenance of roads and others. It is possible to reduce tires costs by controlling tires life. Most often, thermal damage causes the emergency decommissioning of tires. It is possible to maintain the optimal temperature regime of quarry dump truck tires with the help of operating modes such as load capacity utilization factor and speed, as well as operating conditions such as ambient temperature and longitudinal slope of the road. In turn, the performance of quarry dump trucks directly depends on the operating modes. On the one hand, the growing utilization factor of load capacity and speed increase the productivity of quarry dump trucks, but at the same time this increases the temperature regime and reduces their reliability. This article proposes a methodology for determining the maximum productivity of quarry dump trucks operated in CC Kuzbassrazrezugol taking into account the temperature regime of tires.

Research of the market of transport services of Ukraine during the crisis

The current state of the transport system of Ukraine in terms of passenger and freight turnover in the period of crisis is described in the article. The main focus of the article is on the analysis of the volume of passenger and freight traffic by type of cargo and mode of transport. The article reveals the issues of the transport system of Ukraine and transport, which ensure the effective functioning of the system of economic relations in the country. The growth of both freight and passenger traffic indicates the growth of the country's economy, and the decline in their volume is an indicator of the crisis in the economy. We have identified the main modes of transport that carry passenger traffic in Ukraine, analyzed the passenger turnover in the period from 2018 to 2020, ie we take into account the period before the COVID-19 pandemic and the pandemic period in 2019-2020. The analysis of cargo turnover in Ukraine by types of transport and by types of cargo in the specified period is also carried out. Through the analysis of statistical data in the article, we came to the conclusion about the importance of certain modes of transport for the national economy from the standpoint of freight and passenger traffic. It is concluded that firstly, the pandemic had a significant impact on the transport industry of Ukraine, secondly, the volume of passenger traffic by all modes of transport faced significant losses during the pandemic, and thirdly, the volume of freight traffic pandemic COVID-19 is almost non-existent. At the same time, it is worth paying attention to a number of internal problems, organizational, strategic and economic-technological nature of the transport sector of Ukraine, in particular long-term reform; problems related to strategic management, technical and technological backwardness of infrastructure and rolling stock development and low level of digital transformations in transport.

Research on Denoising Method of Metal Magnetic Memory Signal

As the main transportation mode of oil and gas, oil and gas pipelines play an irreplaceable role in energy transportation. Metal magnetic memory detection technology can detect early stress concentration and invisible damage, and can be detected under the action of the geomagnetic field, without the need to magnetize the pipeline in advance. Since the magnetic memory signal is relatively weak, the actual detected signal will be affected by environmental noise, sensor jitter, and pipeline surface deposits. Therefore, the magnetic memory signal needs to be denoised. In this paper, the translation invariant wavelet denoising method, which is improved based on wavelet threshold denoising method, is used to denoise the collected pipeline magnetic memory signals. The experimental results show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained by this method is 4.97 % higher than the unmodified wavelet threshold denoising, and 3.18 % higher than the SNR obtained by the particle swarm optimization wavelet threshold denoising.

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN TRANSPORT OF THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE AND ITS SUBURBS

Problem Statement and Purpose. The modern level of development of the main transport of Kiev and its suburbs is highlighted. It is proved that the topological prop­erties of auto and railways and main gas pipelines and high-voltage transmission lines within the boundaries of Kyiv and its immediate suburbs are identical. Given the high concentration of relevant communications in this part of the Kiev region and on the periphery of the capital of Ukraine, the corresponding properties are not accidental, but manifestation of the emergent properties of the settlement structure of this territo­ry, as an integral system that has not only ecistic but also transport and infrastructure unity. The purpose of the study is to identify the general patterns of modern spatial development of main modes of transport in the capital region of Ukraine.Data &amp; Methods. Kiev became the main transport hub of Ukraine. Thus, a significant part of transit passengers and partly cargoes moves through the city and in its suburbs. As a result, changes occurred in the component-territorial structure - the largest net­work of logistic parks in Ukraine was created, the first multimodal transport complex in the state, the new railway-and-motorway crossing through the Dnipro River was opened, the main railway station Kyiv-Passenger was radically reconstructed. Also, a new type of urban transport, a city train, was introduced for Ukraine. The specific­ity of the topology of the main modes of transport led to the use of the appropriate methodological apparatus of the study. The cartographic, comparative-geographical, graphs are basically put. The research is based on the methods: cartographic, compar­ative-geographical, graphs.Results. The transport system of the capital and its suburbs during the years of in­dependence of the state has become even more pronounced polarization. Kyiv be­came the main transport hub of Ukraine. Thus, a significant part of transit passengers and some cargo moves through the city and its suburbs. The result was changes in the component-territorial structure - the largest network of logistics parks in Ukraine was created, the country's first multimodal transport complex was opened, a new rail­way-road crossing over the Dnieper River, and the main Kyiv-Pasazhyrsky railway station was radically reconstructed. It was found that the topological properties of highways and railways and main gas pipelines and high-voltage power lines within the city of Kyiv and its nearest suburbs are the same. Given the highest concentration of relevant communications in this part of Kyiv region and on the outskirts of the Ukrainian capital, the relevant properties are not accidental, but a manifestation of the emergent properties of the settlement structure of this territory as a whole system with not only ecstatic but also transport and infrastructural unity. Thus, it can be argued that in the future will develop a distribution network of these main modes of transport in the form of special infrastructure in the space between them. Accordingly, the city is focused on increasing development in these areas.

The Relationship between Car Dependency And Use of Public Transport in Duhok City- Barriers Analysis And Recommendations

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between car dependency and the use of public transportation in Duhok city. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that hinder the use of public transportation and the reasons for the absence of public transportation, as well as to determine how to make the young generation change their mobility culture from a passenger car-based system to use public transport. This study was a qualitative study, which consists of Duhok city as a case study for this research, in which purposive, simple random and theoretical sampling was adopted. Two types of Semi-structured interview questions were used one with open-ended questions with governmental experts, the other was open, and the closed-ended question that was used with public people of Duhok city in order to collect the information about transportation situation in Duhok city. This research practiced a qualitative research approach, thus for analyzing data, a thematic coding analysis has been applied. Moreover, for the analysis of close-ended questions, some charts and graphs have been made by utilizing Microsoft Excel Program. This method has been done in order to avoid bias and support data analyzed by other methods of analysis. The study found out that the vehicle or passenger car is the main transport mode in Duhok city, the passenger car provides accessibility and flexibility which public transportation cannot and this is due to the absence of a convenient public transport in Duhok city. In addition, it was pointed out that people can change their minds about favoring the use of public transport over cars, first by developing well-constructed and planned public transport, also with the available of various modes that need to be well integrated with other forms of non-motorized transport, such as pedestrian walkway system, cycling, and taxis.