Main Marker Research Articles

PROSODIC MARKERS OF THE SPEAKER'S SOCIAL STATUS

Diversity of forms and kinds of speech communication and variability of national and regional accents in contemporary English define the necessity of phonetic variation study of oral speech and clearing up its sources. The speaker's accent indicates his social status (social class, education, religious, ethnic, professional affiliation). The present article is dedicated to the study of the speaker's social status prosodic markers. Complex prosodic investigation of speech behavior of the Australian native speech representatives of different professions has been conducted in the paper. The comparison of the revealed data allowed to state that the highest prosodic index is registered in the actress's speech and the lowest in the speech of the politician. Frequency range is correspondingly the widest in actress's speech, which can witness the high tonetic explication of female voice. The received by acoustic method intonograms allowed to speak about maximum frequency localization on the terminal tone in the speech of all the investigated informants. Corresponding to the aim and tasks of the paper prosodic markers of various professions of Australians have been defined. Prosodic markers of Australian politician are the following moderate pausation, which is revealed in speech delimitation average frequency range, and low tonetic variation. Main prosodic marker of the architect's speech is very insignificant syntagmatic division, prevalence of non-pausation means of utterance delimitation, monotonous character of speech due to low tonetic variation. Real estate agent and actress's speech can be defined as emotional on account of high tonetic level, wide frequency range, low recurrence of non-pausation delimitation and heightened level of tonetic utterance completion.

Covid-19: perspectives and initiatives in older adults health context in Brazil.

This article provides information about COVID-19, contextualizing the national and international scenario, with an emphasis on the health of the elderly. Perspectives and initiatives for this risk group are presented, reinforcing the need to consider the aging process and not just age as the main marker in the approach of this population.

СЕМІОТИКА ПОЛТАВСЬКИХ ЗМІ В ГЕНДЕРНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article studies the problem of interconnection and interpenetration of semiotic and gender discourses. The main linguistic level of gender representation is the lexical level in combination with the semantic one because the semantic parameters of the linguistic picture of the world are verbalized in the vocabulary. It is proved that with the help of feminine words the online newspaper Kolo solves a number of problems due to the institutional parameters of media discourse, which determine its context and represent four groups: social, cultural, ideological, communicative, semiotic. The general tendencies of the functioning of feminine words both in headings, and in texts are formulated: formation of public opinion (appeal to the formed stereotypes); subordination of plans of expression and content to the conditions of the mass communication environment (the question of interaction of language signs with signs of other types); establishing and maintaining trust in the sender of information by the recipient in order to ensure the reputation of mass media (compliance with the requirements of a gender-sensitive environment); preservation or violation of legal, cultural, ethical norms, worldview paradigm and picture of the world (correspondence and influence on the conceptual paradigm of the world). Gender discourse is presented in materials about the historical past, political, socio-economic, socio-domestic, cultural, sports, family life, criminal chronicle, health. Explicitly marked elements of gender form mainly the following lexical and semantic groups: names of persons by professional activity, occupation, names of persons by ethnicity, nationality, religion and belief, a territory of residence, position, rank, belonging to political groups, parties, character relationships with people of the opposite sex. Modern media realia make new demands on the online newspaper as: the publication of news in the form of a post, so it should be visible in the news feed. This task is realized by influencing through two channels of perception simultaneously: visual (image) and verbal (text). The course of all information processes takes place with the use of signs and sign systems. The visual content of the issues of the online newspaper Kolo includes illustrations – photos of men and women, as well as shared photos, gender accents are shifted to the female component. It is determined that the Ukrainian word-forming formant (-к-, -иц-, -ин-) in nouns of female names is the main feminine marker.

Molecular Mechanism of Nuclear Tau Accumulation and its Role in Protein Synthesis

Several neurodegenerative diseases present Tau accumulation as the main pathological marker. Tau post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation are increased in neurodegenerative patients. Here, we show that Tau hyper-acetylation at residue 174 increases its own nuclear presence and is the result of DNA damage signaling or the lack of SIRT6, both causative of neurodegeneration. Tau-K174ac is deacetylated in the nucleus by SIRT6. However, lack of SIRT6 or chronic DNA damage result in nuclear Tau-K174ac accumulation. Once there, it induces global changes in gene expression affecting protein translation, synthesis and energy production. Tau-K174Q expressing cells showed changes in the nucleolus increasing their intensity and number, as well as in rRNA synthesis leading to an increase in protein translation and ATP reduction. Concomitantly, AD patients showed increased Nucleolin and a decrease in SIRT6 levels. AD patients present increased levels of nuclear Tau, particularly Tau-K174ac. Our results suggest that increased Tau-K174ac in AD patients is the result of DNA damage signaling and SIRT6 depletion. We propose that Tau-K174ac toxicity is due to its increased stability, nuclear accumulation and nucleolar dysfunction.

Comparison of components profile in herbal raw material, extract and pharmaceuticals of Hedera Helix

The aim. To investigate both the profile of components and possible difference among herbal raw materials, semi-products and pharmaceuticals of Hedera helix for determination of main standartisation markers.Materials and methods. Investigation of components profile has been performed using the Shimadzu Nexera X2 chromatographic system coupled with a diode-area detector. The ACE C 18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm with particle size 5 mm) was used for the separation of components. 0.1 % acetic acid and acetonitrile were used as mobile phase A and B, respectively. Studies have been performed on the leaves, dry extract and capsules of H. helix.Results. The determined profile had no significant variation among samples. It has been presented by 19 various components, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene saponins. However, kaempferol, nicotiflorin and t-cinnamic acid were not found in the leaf raw material. Hederacoside C might be highlighted as the main marker of raw materials and products of H. helix due to its significant amount in comparison to other components. Its amount was in the range of 64,80 % up to 71,46 % of the total content of components. Moreover, according to some pharmacological studies, hederacoside C is responsible for pharmaceutical usage of H. helix pharmaceutics. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to standardize the plant-based medicines by one marker, since the pharmaceutical activity of such dosage forms is defined by synergism action of all constituents. Except for hederacoside C significant amounts in comparison to other components were found for chlorogenic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid about 5 % and 3 % respectively. Though the latter was found in small concentrations in leaves (0,058 %). This sample had a much higher amount of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, but in the case of extract and capsules, its content was lower 1,55 % and 0,66 % respectively. Thus, chlorogenic acid has been chosen as a second marker due to its high concentration in all samples and some pharmaceutical activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusions. It was found, that standartisation of H. helix products is preferably to perform with determination both hederacoside C and chlorogenic acid. These components were dominant among all components; besides they possess a wide range of pharmaceutical effects. Hence, quantification of hederacoside C and chlorogenic acid is necessary to ensure the high quality of H. helix pharmaceuticals.

Panorama clínico de pacientes submetidos à dosagem de antígeno prostático específico (PSA)

O antígeno prostático específico (PSA) é o principal marcador para as alterações prostáticas. O aumento do PSA no sangue periférico pode está relacionado com a idade, sendo recomendado que homens a partir dos 40 anos façam o exame. O objetivo do presente estudo é traçar o perfil clínico dos pacientes submetidos à dosagem de PSA e direcionar o atendimento da equipe de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e com abordagens quantitativas, desenvolvido com pacientes masculinos, com idade igual ou maior a 30 anos submetidos ao exame de dosagem de PSA, no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo comprovam que os níveis de PSA aumentam de acordo com a idade, podendo ser indicativo também de Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna, necessitando desta forma, exames complementares para um diagnóstico confiável. Conclui-se que os pacientes entre 61 a 70 anos apresentam os maiores valores de PSA total alterados, e a campanha “Novembro Azul” não influenciou na rotina do laboratório, mostrando que a campanha talvez não esteja sendo efetiva na rede privada.

The SNCA-Rep1 Polymorphic Locus: Association with the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease and SNCA Gene Methylation

Neurodegeneration in Parkinsons disease is characterized by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein, aprotein encoded by theSNCAgene, in neurons. In addition to mutations, many polymorphisms have been identified in this gene, and one of theseis a dinucleotide microsatellite:SNCA-Rep1.The mechanisms by which specific configurations ofSNCA-Rep1 may contribute to the development of this disease have yet to be clarified. Inour study, a relationship between longSNCA-Rep1 alleles and Parkinsons was confirmed in the Russian population. Long allelic variants ofSNCA-Rep1 were shown to be associated with the hypomethylation of the CpG-sites in intron 1 of theSNCAgene. Long variants ofSNCA-Rep1 are supposed to exert their effect through the hypomethylation of atranscriptionally significant region of this gene. Hypomethylation is usually associated with increased expression, which, in turn, contributes to alpha-synuclein accumulation in neuronal cytoplasm, with the latter being the main molecular marker of Parkinsons disease. Further studies are needed to establish a relationship between our finding andSNCAgene expression.

Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule: An Anchor to Isolate Clinically Relevant Circulating Tumor Cells.

In the last few decades, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has received increased attention as the main membrane marker used in many enrichment technologies to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Although there has been a great deal of progress in the implementation of EpCAM-based CTC detection technologies in medical settings, several issues continue to limit their clinical utility. The biology of EpCAM and its role are not completely understood but evidence suggests that the expression of this epithelial cell-surface protein is crucial for metastasis-competent CTCs and may not be lost completely during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the most significant advantages and disadvantages of using EpCAM as a marker for CTC enrichment and its potential biological role in the metastatic cascade.

Comparative study on HPLC fingerprints between crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus

To establish high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprints for crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,and to evaluate their quality through the similarity calculation and chemical pattern recognition. The separation was performed with Syncronis C_(18) column(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), with acetonitrile(A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution(B) as the mobile phase for gradient elution, and a detection wavelength of 280 nm. HPLC was used to detect 22 batches of crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,and the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2012 Edition) was used to evaluate the similarity among 22 batches. The research on pattern recognition was conducted with cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and partial least squares discriminate analysis(PLS-DA). HPLC fingerprints of crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus were established, with similarity ranging from 0.9 to 1.0. The crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus can be obviously distinguished by using CA, PCA and PLS-DA. According to the results of PLS-DA,11 constituents including hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, specnuezhenide and oleuropein were the main marker components leading to the difference. The established fingerprint method is stable and reliable, and can provide method basis for quality control of crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus. Chemical pattern recognition is proved to be helpful in comprehensive quality control and evaluation of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus before and after the process.

Los reformuladores de recapitulación en el corpus Preseea de Granada

La reformulación recapitulativa presenta en un nuevo miembro discursivo una síntesis o resumen de un elemento expuesto previamente o una serie de ellos. Lo más común es que se lleve a cabo mediante la marcación discursiva y esta tiende a variar según el lugar y las características sociales de los hablantes que la emplean. Para comprobar cómo es el funcionamiento de estas unidades y su distribución social en el español de Granada, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio sociolingüístico basado en el corpus Preseea de la ciudad andaluza. Los resultados arrojan que la edad y el nivel educativo se revelan como factores clave en el uso de los recapitulativos, siendo superior cuanto más años y mayor nivel de estudios posee el hablante. Además, en fin es el reformulador preferido para cumplir esta función, abarcando casi un 40% de los casos en que aparece este grupo de marcadores discursivos.

Postmortem diagnosis of ketoacidosis: Levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone and isopropanol in different causes of death

Data from 496 autopsy cases with positive beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetone or isopropanol in blood were investigated. The cases were divided into different groups according to cause of death. Cases with cause of death due to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA, n=54) had the highest levels of BHB (median 1085mg/L) and acetone (median 330mg/L). Cases with cause of death due to alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA, n=57) had high levels of BHB (median 500mg/L) and acetone (median 110mg/L). Cases with cause of death due to hypothermia (n=12) had similar BHB and acetone levels as the AKA group (median BHB 520mg/L and acetone 80mg/L). Cases with cause of death due to isopropanol intoxication (n=17) had high levels of isopropanol (median 430mg/L) and acetone (330mg/L), but undetected or low levels of BHB. Cases with cause of death due to other than the above mentioned (n=349) had median BHB levels of 100mg/L and median acetone levels of 20mg/L.BHB analysis is crucial for the diagnosis of postmortem ketoacidosis, since it is the main marker of ketoacidosis and helps distinguish between different causes of death. Acetone levels correlate with BHB levels in endogenous ketoacidosis, so acetone can be used as an initial screening marker to identify cases where BHB analysis should be performed, but positive acetone threshold should be maximum 20mg/L. Positive BHB is proof of endogenous ketoacidosis, whereas negative BHB indicates isopropanol intoxication or postmortem acetone/isopropanol formation by microorganisms in cases of decomposition. There is no correlation between BHB and the postmortem interval, and no sign of postmortem formation, so BHB analysis is useful even in cases of severe decomposition.

Importance of Redox Equilibrium in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis-Impact of Antioxidant-Rich Diet.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, hyperproliferative, inflammatory skin disease occurring in most ethnic groups in the world. The disease is hereditary but the process of its inheritance is complex and still not fully understood. At the same time, it has been observed that psoriatic lesions may be triggered by certain prooxidative external factors: using narcotics, smoking, drinking alcohol, physical and mental stress, as well as bacterial infections and injury. Since the main physiological marker of psoriasis relates to disorders in the organism’s antioxidative system, it is necessary to develop a well-balanced combination of pharmaceuticals and dietary antioxidants to facilitate the effective treatment and/or prevention of the disease. The dietary sources of antioxidants must be adequate for chronic use regardless of the patient’s age and be easily available, e.g., as ingredients of regular food or dietary supplements. Diet manipulation is a promising therapeutic approach in the context of modulating the incidence of chronic diseases. Another potentially viable method entails the use of nutrigenomics, which guarantees a multiaspectual approach to the problem, including, in particular, analyses of the genetic profiles of psoriasis patients with the view to more accurately targeting key problems. The present paper pertains to the significance of redox equilibrium in the context of psoriasis. Based on information published in worldwide literature over the last decade, the impact of dietary exogenous antioxidants on the course of this chronic disease was analysed.

Vibrational and structural studies of new Cu2+ and Co2+ complexes based on croconate ion and 5,5’-dimethyl-2,2’-dipiridyl ligands

This work deals with the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of novel complexes involving the coordination of croconate (C5O5)2- and 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (DmBpy) ligands to the transition metal ions Co2+ and Cu2+. Two complexes involving the croconate species with the DmBpy ligand were obtained. The complex [Cu(C5O5)(DmBpy)(H2O)].H2O (1) crystallizes in a monoclinic system, belonging to the P21/c space group and Z equal to four, whereas[Co(C5O5)(DmBpy)(H2O)2] (2) crystallizes in a triclinic system and belonging to the P-1 space group and Z equal to four. The Cu(II) complex presents a slightly distorted square base pyramid geometry, presenting a water molecule at the vertical position, whereas Co(II) compound shows an octahedral geometry with two water molecules at the vertices. In both compounds croconate ions act as a building block, and the nitrogenous ligand is the spacer agent, giving rise to the 3D structure. The vibrational analysis (Raman and infrared) supports the crystallographic data, and several band markers are identified in order to understand the supramolecular interactions, such as the stretching modes νCC/νCN at 1600 and 1498 cm−1, respectively, shifted by the coordination to higher wavenumbers in both compounds (1604 and 1507 cm−1, and 1604 and 1508 cm−1, for (1) and (2) respectively), thus strongly corroborating the coordination of the ligand to the metal site through the nitrogen atoms present in the pyridine moiety. On the other hand, the band at 1718 cm−1, assigned to the (CO) stretching mode from croconate ion, can be used as the main band marker, due to the observed shift caused by the coordination to the metal center.

The contribution of more sensitive hepatitis B surface antigen assays to detecting and monitoring hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) remains the main viral marker for screening and monitoring hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The quantification limit of most current HBsAg assays is around 0.05 IU/mL. The Lumipulse-G-HBsAg-Quant assay (Fujirebio) claims to obtain a tenfold improvement in sensitivity. This study aimed to assess the performance of this assay in detecting low HBsAg levels in clinical samples. Three panels of stored frozen samples were selected on the basis of HBV-DNA and HBsAg values obtained previously with routine techniques. Panels 1 (n=13) and 2 (n=52) consisted of DNA-positive/HBsAg-negative samples from individuals in the window period and with occult HBV infection respectively. Panel 3 comprised 23 samples with low or discrepant HBsAg screening results. All these samples were tested retrospectively with the DiaSorin and Fujirebio HBsAg assays. Sixteen out of 65 samples (25 %), initially screened HBsAg negative, were reactive only with the Fujirebio assay (median value= 0.015 IU/mL; IQR= 0.012): three (23 %) samples from panel 1 and 13 (25 %) from panel 2. Thirteen of these 16 (81 %) had HBsAg values below 0.03 IU/mL with the DiaSorin assay. In panel 3, 22 (96 %) samples were quantified successfully with the Fujirebio assay (median: 0.32 IU/mL; IQR: 1.20) and 19 (83 %) with the DiaSorin assay (median: 0.31 IU/mL; IQR: 0.65). Concentrations obtained with the two assays showed good correlations (r=0.893, Spearman). HBsAg assays with enhanced analytical sensitivity could improve HBV serological profile interpretation with possible consequences on clinical management of infected patients, and on blood transfusion safety.

C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: From animal studies to the clinic (Review).

C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have long been important research topics. CRP is an acute phase protein, while CVD is an inflammatory condition. The association between CRP and CVD remains controversial and has been attracting increasing attention. Traditionally, the main marker of CVD is considered to be low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, due to its unique characteristics, CRP may represent a novel marker or a new therapeutic target for CVD. Clinical studies have demonstrated that CRP is a predictor of CVD, but whether it is directly involved in the development and progression of CVD has yet to be fully elucidated. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that lowering plasma CRP levels may reduce the incidence of CVD. The aim of the present review was to investigate the association between CRP and CVD, particularly atherosclerosis, from laboratory animal studies to clinical research.

P0483PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Abstract Background and Aims Connection between active glomerulonephritis (GN) and adverse pregnancy outcomes is well known. The analysis of pregnancy outcomes for patients with different types of GN in remission has not been performed. Aim: to investigate pregnancy outcomes in women with inactive lupus nephritis (LN), IgA nephropathy and unspecified types of GN. Method A retrospective single-center cohort study 11/2014 – 12/2019: 91 patients with GN in remission > 20 weeks of gestation. Proved IgA-nephropathy was observed in 14 patients, proved LN in 26 patients, 4 patients had proved antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to LN and 51 patients had unspecified types of GN (without morphological confirmation). Morphological class of LN was confirmed in 9 patients: 3rd in 5, 4th in 2, 5th in 2 patients. Renal function at conception, during pregnancy and after delivery, pregnancy outcomes, clinical and laboratory parameters were collected. PE was diagnosed by the 2008 WHO criteria. The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was used as the main differential marker to exclude GN exacerbation in cases of increased proteinuria. Results Rate of preterm birth was significantly higher in patients with LN compared to patients with IgA nephropathy (p = 0.002) and patients with unspecified GN (p < 0.0001), and also in patients with APS plus LN compared to patients with unspecified GN (p < 0.0001) and IgA nephropathy (p = 0.004). PE was observed in 24 patients (25%), type of GN did not affect the incidence of PE. Week of delivery was significantly lower in women with LN compared to IgA-nephropathy (p = 0.013) and unspecified types of GN (p = 0.001) and almost significantly lower in patients with LN plus APS than patients with IgA-nephropathy (p = 0.051) and unspecified types of GN (p = 0.06). Birth weight was significantly higher in babies born to women with unspecified types of GN compared to women with LN (p = 0.018) and LN plus APS (p = 0.047). Conclusion Although the rate of PE is similar, the risks of preterm births are high in LN and LN plus APS patients. In this study, laboratory parameters and medical therapy did not significantly affect the pregnancy outcomes.

Traditional culture as the main marker of the ethnic identity of the Arctic peoples (on the example of the Anabar national (Dolgan-Evenki) ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia))

The subject of this research is the content and form of preservation, transmission of traditional culture as the most important marker of the ethnic identity of the Arctic peoples. The article presents the results of field research conducted in 2020 in the Anabar National (Dolgan-Evenki) ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), including in the village of Yuryung-Khaya, which is the only place of compact residence of Dolgans in Yakutia. The cultural landscape of this region, including the ethno- and linguistic cultures of Dolgans, Evenks, Evens, Nganasans, Ents, Nenets, is characterized by the mutual influence of long-term ethno-cultural contacts and their reflection in cultural traditions. В The analysis of the results of the sociological survey showed that the majority of respondents (60.2%) believe that the choice of nationality is determined by: firstly, culture and traditions, secondly, native language (26.9%), thirdly, history and territory (10.4%). Based on the results of quantitative and qualitative sociological research (questionnaires, informal interviews, psycholinguistic experiment) and based on the analysis of modern scientific research, the conclusion is made about the leading positions of culture and traditions as the most important ethnoidentifiers and the determining role of traditional economic and cultural activities in the process of ethnic self-identification of indigenous peoples.

Definiteness markers in theLife of St Petka

AbstractThe following paper addresses the problem of the diachronic development of definiteness markers in Bulgarian as attested in literature. As the previous research focused on the postponed article as the main definiteness marker in present-day Bulgarian, our study compares its use with that of other markers, namely the long-form adjective and the adnominal demonstrative pronoun. The traditional view sees a steady convergence between the literary norm and the dialectal use of the article. To challenge this view, we observe the frequency of use of all definiteness markers on an empirical basis. Оur study uses a sample containing six versions of the hagiography of St Petka of Tarnovo, also known as St Parascheva of Epibates. The text for this study is provided by a historical corpus of pre-standardized Balkan Slavic literature, which is being constructed to enable us comparisons between the dialectal and diachronic data. The samples are chosen to minimalize the effects of genre, structure and content differences on the results. The frequency of individual types of definiteness markers in respective versions of the text shows that the development of the damaskini language was not only different in respect to dialectal developments in the area, but in some respects even contrary to them.

Insights into the Metabolome of the Cyanobacterium Leibleinia gracilis from the Lagoon of Tahiti and First Inspection of Its Variability

Cyanobacteria are known to produce a large diversity of specialized metabolites that can cause severe (eco)toxicological effects. In the lagoon of Tahiti, the benthic cyanobacterium Leibleinia gracilis is commonly found overgrowing the proliferative macroalga Turbinaria ornata or dead branching corals. The specialized metabolome of the cyanobacterium L. gracilis was therefore investigated together with its variability on both substrates and changes in environmental parameters. For the study of the metabolome variability, replicates of L. gracilis were collected in the same location of the lagoon of Tahiti before and after a raining event, both on dead corals and on T. ornata. The variability in the metabolome was inferred from a comparative non-targeted metabolomic using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) data and a molecular network analysis built through MS/MS analyses. Oxidized fatty acid derivatives including the unusual 11-oxopalmitelaidic acid were found as major constituents of the specialized metabolome of this species. Significant variations in the metabolome of the cyanobacteria were observed, being more important with a change in environmental factors. Erucamide was found to be the main chemical marker highly present when the cyanobacterium grows on the macroalga. This study highlights the importance of combined approaches in metabolomics and molecular networks to inspect the variability in the metabolome of cyanobacteria with applications for ecological questions.

Molecular mechanism of c-Myc and PRPS1/2 against thiopurine resistance in Burkitt's lymphoma.

Patients with relapsed/refractory Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) have a dismal prognosis. Current research efforts aim to increase cure rates by identifying high‐risk patients in need of more intensive or novel therapy. The 8q24 chromosomal translocation of the c‐Myc gene, a main molecular marker of BL, is related to the metabolism by regulating phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2). In our study, BL showed significant resistance to thiopurines. PRPS2 homologous isoenzyme, PRPS1, was demonstrated to play the main role in thiopurine resistance. c‐Myc did not have direct effects on thiopurine resistance in BL for only driving PRPS2. PRPS1 wild type (WT) showed different resistance to 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐mp) in different metabolic cells because it could be inhibited by adenosine diphosphate or guanosine diphosphate negative feedback. PRPS1 A190T mutant could dramatically increase thiopurine resistance in BL. The interim analysis of the Treatment Regimen for Children or Adolescent with mature B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in China (CCCG‐B‐NHL‐2015 study) confirms the value of high‐dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine (ARA‐C) in high‐risk paediatric patients with BL. However, there remains a subgroup of patients with lactate dehydrogenase higher than four times of the normal value (4N) for whom novel treatments are needed. Notably, we found that the combination of thiopurines and the phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (GART) inhibitor lometrexol could serve as a therapeutic strategy to overcome thiopurine resistance in BL.