Main Locus Research Articles

Genre dynamics in teletandem chats

This paper explores the use of chat in Teletandem (TTD) activities (Telles; Vassallo, 2006) on the UNESP-SJRP campus from 2006 to 2020, focusing on possible genres materialized in chats, in English <> Portuguese partnerships. Two main questions guided the study: firstly, to identify the genres materialized in chats; and secondly, to examine how the use of chat has evolved along with synchronous communication tools. The research adopted a qualitative and longitudinal approach (Wagner et. al, 2018; Dörnyei, 2007) and investigated whether textual genres (Bazerman, 1994, 2006; Miller 2012a, 2012b, 2016, 2017; Miller; Shepherd, 2009) emerged in chat interactions. Through this analysis, the use of chats over the period was verified. The data was collected from publications related to TTD, including master's dissertations and doctoral theses, and from MulTeC (Lopes, 2019; Aranha; Lopes, 2019). Once collected, the data was integrated into the technical, ontological and epistemological dimensions (Ferro, 2021). The analysis was conducted based on predefined thematic axes, considering the particularities of the textual genres identified and based on the quantitative results obtained by analyzing the data in the Voyant Tools® tool. The final analysis revealed evidence of the materialization of the Initial Teletandem Oral Session (iSOT) genre (Rampazzo, 2017) in the initial period, which did not carry over into the second period due to advances in synchronous communication tools. However, this possible genre persisted in another form within the tool, indicating potential survival in the new environment. In addition, there was a change in the use of chat from being the main locus of interaction to a supporting role for oral interaction, in line with the evolution of synchronous communication tools over time. Despite these findings, limitations were found, including insufficient data from the initial period. Future avenues of research could explore additional genres within the TTD genre system, investigate the possible migration of genres and analyze the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic consequences of the materialization of genres in chat and vice versa. These new investigations may offer valuable insights for further research into TTD and related linguistic issues.

Characterization of Bila Tserkva winter common wheat cultivars with respect to marker loci

Aim. We studied special features of the sample of Bila Tserkva winter common wheat cultivars with respect to storage protein loci and some disease resistance genes. Methods. To identify alleles at gliadin and high-molecular-weight glutenin loci, acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-electrophoresis of grain proteins were carried out. Alleles of markers for the disease resistance genes Lr34, Tsn1, and TDF_076_2D were identified using PCR. Results. The composition and frequencies of alleles at the Gli-1, Glu-1, and Gli-A3 loci were studied in samples of Bila Tserkva cultivars released before 2011 and after 2010. For the latter group of cultivars, alleles of the disease resistance gene markers were identified. We observed a significant increase in the frequency of the allele Gli-A1x(9) and a decrease in the frequency of Gli-A1c, as well as a tendency for an increase in the frequency of Gli-A3c. In the total sample of Bila Tserkva cultivars, nonrandom associations of pairs of certain storage protein alleles were revealed. Conclusions. The group of Bila Tserkva cultivars is similar to the previously studied groups of the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine with respect to allele set and frequencies of the main prolamin loci, but differs in the frequencies of the disease resistance genes. A special feature of the group of Bila Tserkva cultivars is a high frequency of the allele c at the minor locus Gli-A3, as well as the allele association Gli-A1x Gli-B1l Gli-A3c.

Improving complex agronomic and domestication traits in the perennial grain crop intermediate wheatgrass with genetic mapping and genomic prediction.

The perennial grass Thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate wheatgrass [IWG]) is being domesticated as a food crop. With a deep root system and high biomass, IWG can help reduce soil and water erosion and limit nutrient runoff. As a novel grain crop undergoing domestication, IWG lags in yield, seed size, and other agronomic traits compared to annual grains. Better characterization of trait variation and identification of genetic markers associated with loci controlling the traits could help in further improving this crop. The University of Minnesota's Cycle 5 IWG breeding population of 595 spaced plants was evaluated at two locations in 2021 and 2022 for agronomic traits plant height, grain yield, and spike weight, and domestication traits shatter resistance, free grain threshing, and seed size. Pairwise trait correlations were weak to moderate with the highest correlation observed between seed size and height (0.41). Broad-sense trait heritabilities were high (0.68-0.77) except for spike weight (0.49) and yield (0.44). Association mapping using 24,284 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers identified 30 main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across all environments and 32 QTL-by-environment interactions (QTE) at each environment. The genomic prediction model significantly improved predictions when parents were used in the training set and significant QTLs and QTEs used as covariates. Seed size was the best predicted trait with model predictive ability (r) of 0.72; yield was predicted moderately well (r=0.45). We expect this discovery of significant genomic loci and mostly high trait predictions from genomic prediction models to help improve future IWG breeding populations.

A Sustainable Strategy for Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) Applied in Grapevine (Vitis spp.) Breeding for Resistance to Downy (Plasmopara Viticola) and Powdery (Erysiphe Necator) Mildews.

Plant breeders utilize marker-assisted selection (MAS) to identify favorable or unfavorable alleles in seedlings early. In this task, they need methods that provide maximum information with minimal input of time and economic resources. Grape breeding aimed at producing cultivars resistant to pathogens employs several resistance loci (Rpv, Ren, and Run) that are ideal for implementing MAS. In this work, a sustainable MAS protocol was developed based on non-purified DNA (crude), multiplex PCR of SSR markers, and capillary electrophoresis, and its application on grapevine seedlings to follow some main resistance loci was described. The optimized protocol was utilized on 8440 samples and showed high efficiency, reasonable throughput (2-3.2 min sample), easy handling, flexibility, and tolerable costs (reduced by at least 3.5 times compared to a standard protocol). The Rpv, Ren, and Run allelic data analysis did not show limitations to loci combination and pyramiding, but segregation distortions were frequent and displayed both low (undesired) and high rates of inheritance. The protocol and results presented are useful tools for grape breeders and beyond, and they can address sustainable changes in MAS. Several progenies generated have valuable pyramided resistance and will be the subject of new studies and implementation in the breeding program.

Initiation and evolution of an epicontinental shelf‐slope margin in an actively contracting deep‐water basin: The Eocene Aínsa Basin, southern Pyrenees (Spain)

AbstractThe shelf‐slope margin is a geomorphic zone with a change in gradient between subaqueous shelves and slopes, which extends towards the submarine basin‐floor. It is important because it partitions distinct sedimentary and biogenic processes between the shallow and deep‐water realms. The initiation of a shelf‐slope profile from pre‐existing conditions, and the evolution of shelf margins in space and time has been the focus of numerous studies, particularly from seismic data sets on passive margins, although markedly less‐so from active tectonic settings. This study documents the initiation and evolution of a shelf‐slope margin in the well‐studied Eocene Aínsa Basin (Spanish Pyrenees) through the segmentation of a mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic ramp via contractional tectonics and differential subsidence. The basinward propagation of a series of thrusts through the ramp allowed the maintenance of shallow‐water, predominantly carbonate sedimentation on their uplifted hanging wall anticlines. Conversely, the deepened foot wall synclines became muddy slope environments, and their axes became the main loci of siliciclastic turbidity current bypass and deposition. The deflection of turbidity currents around uplifted areas towards the synclinal lows allowed for the continuation of carbonate production at the bathymetric highs, which kept pace with subsidence. The interface between shallow‐ and deep‐water sedimentation (i.e. the shelf‐slope margin) was an erosional and composite submarine scarp surface generated by several phases of large‐scale mass wasting of the aggrading shelf carbonates, and healing by onlap of slope turbidites against the scarp. Continued thrust propagation and basin deepening led to the progressive headward degradation of the surfaces, resulting in an apparent retrogradation of the shelf‐slope margin and onlapping slope deposits. This model for the tectonically controlled conversion of a submarine ramp into a shelf‐slope profile contrasts with conventional models that consider shelf‐slope margins to be inherently progradational after initiation. This study also challenges the notion that large‐scale degradational surfaces and thick successions of submarine landslides are inherently diagnostic of canyons and their fill.

New Observations of the Effects of the Cytoplasm of Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. in Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.

The cytoplasm of Aegilops kotschyi is known for the induction of male sterility and haploidy in wheat. Both systems originally appeared rather simple, but manipulation of the standard chromosome constitution of the nuclear genome revealed additional interactions. This study shows that while there is little or no allelic variation at the main fertility restorer locus Rfmulti on chromosome arm 1BS, additional genes may also be involved in the nuclear-mitochondrial genome interactions, affecting not only male fertility but also the growth rate, from pollen competition for fertilization and early endosperm divisions all the way to seed size and plant maturity. Some of these effects appear to be of a sporophytic nature; others are gametophytic. Induction of parthenogenesis by a rye inducer in conjunction with the Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm is well known. However, here we show that the cytoplasmic-nuclear interactions affect all aspects of double fertilization: producing maternal haploids from unfertilized eggs, diploids from fertilized eggs or synergids, embryo-less kernels, and fertilized eggs without fertilization of the double nucleus in the embryo sack. It is unclear how frequent the inducers of parthenogenesis are, as variation, if any, is obscured by suppressors present in the wheat genome. Genetic dissection of a single wheat accession revealed five distinct loci affecting the rate of maternal haploid production: four acting as suppressors and one as an enhancer. Only when the suppressing haplotypes are confirmed may it be possible to the identify genetic variation of haploidy inducers, map their position(s), and determine their nature and the mode of action.

Turbulence Over Camarinal Sill and Its Impact on Water Mixing—Strait of Gibraltar

AbstractStraits and narrows are the place of intensified turbulent mixing. Deep understanding of the turbulent dynamics at these locations is of crucial importance as it conditions the properties of the water masses flowing in the open ocean. A new extensive field experiment, PROTEVS GIB20, with high frequency measurements has been conducted in the Strait of Gibraltar. It allows us to infer dissipation rates of the turbulent kinetic energy, ϵ, from two consistent methods. The range of ϵ is depicted for the different processes which developed in the vicinity of Camarinal Sill, the main topographic feature of the Strait of Gibraltar. It evidences that the bottom boundary layer, hydraulic jumps and large overturns are the main loci of intensified turbulence reaching 10−3W.kg−1. The variability of the turbulence is mainly controlled by semi‐diurnal, diurnal and fortnightly tidal oscillations. Spatially, the western flank of Camarinal Sill is evidenced as the hotspot for turbulent mixing. We confirm a weak variation of the spatially averaged vertically integrated turbulent dissipation rate. This result needs to be qualified in view of the differentiated impact of the various processes on adjacent water masses. The dynamics of the spring tide directly mix Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, resulting in a large spreading of the T‐S diagram.

Репрезентация образа локуса в рекламном туристическом нарративе

The aim of the study is to define the features of locus image representation in a tourist advertising narrative. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the consideration of locus image in a tourist advertising narrative has not been undertaken before. The novelty is also determined by the fact that for the first time loci have been singled out, that is, spaces actualized by geographical factors and natural and cultural landscapes. For the first time it has been indicated that loci represented by texts of a tourist advertising narrative simulate its sense-forming space and also construct a system of meanings. The article considers the different interpretations of the term “locus” by scholars and gives the author’s understanding of this concept. As a result of the research, the main loci in a tourist advertising narrative are singled out, namely: the locus of refuge and salvation, the locus of Paradise and absolute happiness, the locus of dreams, the locus of harmony, the locus of hope, the locus of relaxation and activation, the locus of new life, the locus of freedom, the locus of discovery, the locus of adventure, the locus of a fairy tale and a dream, the locus of mystery, the locus of returning to childhood, the locus of initiation. The text-forming potential of the locus image in a tourist advertising narrative is noted, as well as its dominance in focusing and holding the attention and interest of the text’s recipient. The ability of the locus image to potentially influence the consumer of the service by representing the topic of the text and the subsequent development of its structure is emphasized, which actualizes the topic and accumulates markers of valuable information.

Functional mechanism of hypoxia-like conditions mediating resistance to ferroptosis in cervical cancer cells by regulating KDM4A SUMOylation and the SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway.

The discovery of ferroptosis has unveiled new perspectives for cervical cancer (CC) management. We elucidated the functional mechanism of hypoxia-like conditions in CC cell ferroptosis resistance. CC cells were subjected to normoxia or hypoxia-like conditions, followed by erastin treatment to induce ferroptosis. The assessment of cell viability/ferroptosis resistance was performed by MTT assay/Fe2+, MDA, and glutathione measurement by colorimetry. KDM4A/SUMO1/Ubc9/SENP1 protein levels were determined by Western blot. Interaction and binding sites between KDM4A and SUMO1 were analyzed and predicted by immunofluorescence/co-immunoprecipitation and GPS-SUMO 1.0 software, with the target relationship verified by mutation experiment. SLC7A11/GPX4/H3K9me3 protein levels, and H3K9me3 level in the SLC7A11 gene promoter region were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot/chromatin immunoprecipitation. H3H9me3/SLC7A11/GPX4 level alterations, and ferroptosis resistance after KDM4A silencing or KDM4A K471 mutation were assessed. Hypoxia-like conditions increased CC cell ferroptosis resistance and KDM4A, SUMO1, and Ubc9 protein levels, while it decreased SENP1 protein level. KDM4A and SUMO1 were co-localized in the nucleus, and hypoxia-like conditions promoted their interaction. Specifically, the K471 locus of KDM4A was the main locus for SUMO1ylation. Hypoxia-like conditions up-regulated SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression levels and decreased H3K9me3 protein level and H3K9me3 abundance in the SLC7A11 promoter region. KDM4A silencing or K471 locus mutation resulted in weakened interaction between KDM4A and SUMO1, elevated H3K9me3 levels, decreased SLC7A11 expression, ultimately, a reduced CC cell ferroptosis resistance. CoCl2-stimulated hypoxia-like conditions enhanced SUMO1 modification of KDM4A at the K471 locus specifically, repressed H3K9me3 levels, and up-regulated SLC7A11/GPX4 to enhance CC cell ferroptosis resistance.

Resistance of apple clonal rootstocks to the fruit bacterial blight pathogen <i>Erwinia amylovora</i>

The review is devoted to resistance of apple clonal rootstocks to bacterial blight of fruit trees considering current data on the biology of its pathogen Erwinia amylovora. The paper provides data on the main known loci of quantitative resistance in Malus species, their genetic markers, and resistance of the main forms of foreign selection. The study collects data on the resistance of Russian clonal rootstocks.

Sulfur isotopes in Archaean crustal reservoirs constrain the transport and deposition mechanisms of nickel-sulfides in komatiites

Assimilation and prolonged suspension of crust-derived sulfide liquid in komatiites are essential to form Ni-rich mineralisation. Evaluating the spatial relationship between komatiite-hosted Ni mineralisation and crustal S sources may thus provide insights into mechanisms of transport, metal enrichment and deposition of assimilated sulfide liquid. This study applied facies analysis and S isotopes to sulfides in Ni-mineralised komatiites and stratigraphically underlying bimodal volcanic-volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks, which formed during rifting in the Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belt, Western Australia. The results revealed a lateral variation from rift-distal sedimentary sulfides, through sulfidic BIF, to rift-proximal VMS-style sulfides, the latter of which was predominantly assimilated by komatiites. Both crustal and komatiite-hosted sulfides were overprinted by granite-related skarn alteration during later basin inversion. Spatial S isotopes correlation revealed that Ni mineralisation in komatiites predominantly formed < 5 km from their crustal S sources, excluding long lateral transport as the main metal enrichment mechanism. Rather, metal enrichment likely happened through multiple cycles of sulfide entrapment and entrainment in lava flow vortices that formed in the wake of topographic steps represented by syn-rift faults. These faults were the main loci for pre-existing crustal weaknesses, hydrothermal fluid circulation, and VMS-style sulfide deposition, which were subsequently utilised by komatiites for enhanced thermo-mechanical erosion and crustal sulfide assimilation. This study shows that proximity to the syn-rift faults was the dominant control on the formation of komatiite-hosted Ni–sulfide mineralisation, regardless of substrate lithology. The S isotope signatures of crustal sulfides may be used as a proxy to identify syn-rift faults in highly deformed terranes.

Inheritance and genetic mapping of the first CPMMV tolerance locus in common bean

AbstractAlthough cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) has been reported in Brazil since 1983, it has only become a significant concern for researchers and farmers in recent years. The objective of this work was to investigate the genetic basis of CPMMV tolerance, mapping and reporting the first loci associated with this trait in common bean (cv. BRS Sublime). Phenotypic assays were carried out on 180 individual plants (F2 generation) and 180 F2:3 progenies comprising 12 plants per family and their parents (BRS Sublime, tolerant parent × CNFCT 16207, susceptible parent). CPMMV was mechanically inoculated and symptoms were evaluated at 35 days after inoculation, using a 1–5 scoring scale. A linkage map was constructed using 1695 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SilicoDArT markers that segregated in the F2 and F2:3 generations as expected. Markers were distributed across 11 common bean chromosomes, resulting in a total length of 2864 cM, with an average distance between markers of 1.8 cM. Phenotypic observations revealed that tolerance in cv. BRS Sublime is controlled by a single dominant gene. The main effect quantitative trait locus (QTL; CPMMV.Pv08) associated with CPMMV tolerance was identified in the terminal region on chromosome 8 (Pv08). This QTL explained approximately 77% of phenotypic variation, indicating that the inheritance of tolerance to CPMMV is monogenic, controlled by a major locus. As far as we know, this study represents the first investigation into the inheritance and genetic mapping of CPMMV tolerance in common bean, with potential for the development of elite lines with multiple virus resistance/tolerance.

An Exploratory Bioinformatic Investigation of Cats' Susceptibility to Coronavirus-Deriving Epitopes.

Coronaviruses are highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses for humans and animals. The vast quantity of information collected about SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic helped to unveil details of the mechanisms behind the infection, which are still largely elusive. Recent research demonstrated that different class I/II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles might define an individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 spreading, contributing to the differences in the distribution of the infection through different populations; additional studies suggested that the homolog of the HLA in cats, the feline leukocyte antigen (FLA), plays a pivotal role in the transmission of viruses. With these premises, this study aimed to exploit a bioinformatic approach for the prediction of the transmissibility potential of two distinct feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) in domestic cats (feline enteric coronavirus (FeCV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)) using SARS-CoV-2 as the reference model. We performed an epitope mapping of nonapeptides deriving from SARS-CoV-2, FeCV, and FIPV glycoproteins and predicted their affinities for different alleles included in the three main loci in class I FLAs (E, H, and K). The predicted complexes with the most promising affinities were then subjected to molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to provide insights into the stability and binding energies in the cleft. Results showed the FLA proteins encoded by alleles in the FLA-I H (H*00501 and H*00401) and E (E*01001 and E*00701) loci are largely responsive to several epitopes deriving from replicase and spike proteins of the analyzed coronaviruses. The analysis of the most affine epitope sequences resulting from the prediction can stimulate the development of anti-FCoV immunomodulatory strategies based on peptide drugs.

Psychological Dynamics of Unmarried Adult Women in Sandwich Generations Families

Adult women who are old enough but have not yet married in their families or communities in Indonesia are the targets of stigma. There are many factors that make women unmarried, some of which are due to being the breadwinner of the family (sandwich generation), focusing on work and career, continuing education, trauma, either from a partner or from past family experiences, and not having found the right partner. This research aims to explore the psychological dynamics of unmarried adult women in sandwich geenartion families. The research uses a qualitative analysis method with descriptive phenomenology to determine the psychological dynamics of unmarried adult women in sandwich generation families. The data collection method uses interview techniques for in-depth exploration and comprehensive observation of a phenomenon that is the object of research. The data sources in this research use primary data sources and secondary data sources. The psychological dynamics of unmarried adult women in generational sandwich families consists of three main loci, namely cognition, affection and conation which include multiple roles, pressure and social expectations towards them. This can include helping adult women find a balance between their roles, dealing with internal conflicts, and communicating their needs and expectations clearly to their families.

An integrated QTL mapping and transcriptome sequencing provides further molecular insights and candidate genes for stem strength in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).

We detected the major QTL- qSR.A07, which regulated stem strength and was fine-mapped to 490 kb. BnaA07G0302800ZS and BnaA07G0305700ZS as the candidate functional genes were identified at qSR.A07 locus. The stem's mechanical properties reflect its ability to resist lodging. In rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), although stem lodging negatively affects yield and generates harvesting difficulties, the molecular regulation of stem strength remains elusive. Hence, this study aimed to unravel the main loci and molecular mechanisms governing rapeseed stem strength. A mapping population consisting of 267 RILs (recombinant inbred lines) was developed from the crossed between ZS11 (high stem strength) and 4D122 (low stem strength), and two mechanical properties of stems including stem breaking strength and stem rind penetrometer resistance were phenotyped in four different environments. Four pleiotropic QTLs that were stable in at least two environments were detected. qSR.A07, the major one, was fine-mapped to a 490kb interval between markers SA7-2711 and SA7-2760 on chromosome 7. It displayed epistatic interaction with qRPR.A09-2. Comparative transcriptome sequencing and analysis unveiled methionine/S-adenosylmethionine cycle (Met/SAM cycle), cytoskeleton organization, sulfur metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as the main pathways associated with high stem strength. Further, we identified two candidate genes, BnaA07G0302800ZS and BnaA07G0305700ZS, at qSR.A07 locus. Gene sequence alignment identified a number of InDels, SNPs and amino acid variants in sequences of these genes between ZS11 and 4D122. Finally, based on these genetic variants, we developed three SNP markers of these genes to facilitate future genetic selection and functional studies. These findings offer important genetic resources for the molecular-assisted breeding of novel rapeseed stem lodging-resistant varieties.

Genetic analysis of late-maturity α-amylase in twelve wheat populations

Main conclusionGenetic loci, particularly those with an effect in the independent panel, could be utilised to further reduce LMA expression when used with favourable combinations of genes known to affect LMA.Late maturity α-amylase (LMA) is a grain quality defect involving elevated α-amylase within the aleurone of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The genes known to affect expression are the reduced height genes Rht-B1 (chromosome 4B) and Rht-D1 (chromosome 4D), and an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase gene (LMA-1) on chromosome 7B. Other minor effect loci have been reported, but these are poorly characterised and further genetic understanding is needed. In this study, twelve F4-derived populations were created through single seed descent, genotyped and evaluated for LMA. LMA-1 haplotype C and the Rht-D1b allele substantially reduced LMA expression. The alternative dwarfing genes Rht13 and Rht18 had no significant effect on LMA expression. Additional quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped at 16 positions in the wheat genome. Effects on LMA expression were detected for four of these QTL in a large independent panel of Australian wheat lines. The QTL detected in mapping populations and confirmed in the large independent panel provide further opportunity for selection against LMA, especially if combined with Rht-D1b and/or favourable haplotypes of LMA-1.

“We Created Ourselves and the city”: Women's Contribution to the Development of Magnitogorsk in the 1950-1960s

The everyday life of Soviet women during the years of the Khrushchev thaw is one of the insufficiently studied issues of Soviet women's history. This article is devoted to its study using the methods of gender anthropology and multi-focal ethnography of urban life. Its analysis is based on: heterogeneous empirical material - published memoirs of contemporaries, their oral stories (recorded by the authors of the article), materials from periodicals, neglected works of fiction, and visual sources. Magnitogorsk was chosen as the main research locus due to it being a large non-administrative industrial center that had appeared even before the war, and in which demographic gender imbalance persisted even after 1945. After analyzing the features of the women’s contribution to the formation of a new image of the city, the authors completed the picture of the lifestyles of urban women, showing several social types that changed the face of the industrial giant: architects, housewives, social activists, workers of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. The collected material showed the success of the Soviet Union’s new social policy, which was an innovative transition of the Soviet state from the harsh methods of management of the 1930s - early 1950s to Soviet democracy, including recognition of the importance of private life, including of Soviet women. However, everyday life of Soviet women from a half a century ago also revealed a number of issues such as: gender inequality and has the exposed the difficulties of organizing everyday women's domestic (family) and industrial life. By proving the importance of gender anthropology as an approach that expands the ability to analyze social idealism and hopes of the political thaw, this approach helps frame the period by showing how gender interacted with the shifting value-normative structures of Soviet thinking and the social image of the female builders of socialism.

The genetic architecture of the adaptive potential of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to Pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from south‐west France

AbstractPhytopathogens are a threat for global food production and security. Emergence or re‐emergence of plant pathogens is highly dependent on the environmental conditions affecting pathogen spread and survival. Under climate change, a geographic expansion of pathogen distribution poleward has been observed, potentially resulting in disease outbreaks on crops and wild plants. Therefore, estimating the adaptive potential of plants to novel epidemics and describing the underlying genetic architecture is a primary need to propose agricultural management strategies reducing pathogen outbreaks and to breed novel plant cultivars adapted to pathogens that might spread under climate change. To address this challenge, we inoculated Pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana populations from south‐west of France on the highly genetically polymorphic TOU‐A A. thaliana population from north‐east France. While no adaptive potential was identified in response to most P. syringae strains, the TOU‐A population displayed a variable disease response to the JACO‐CL strain belonging to the P. syringae phylogroup 7 (PG7). This strain carried a reduced type III secretion system (T3SS) characteristic of the PG7 as well as flexible genomic traits and potential novel effectors. Genome‐wide association mapping on 192 TOU‐A accessions revealed a polygenic architecture of disease response to JACO‐CL. The main quantitative trait locus (QTL) region encompasses two R genes and the AT5G18310 gene encoding ubiquitin hydrolase, a target of the AvrRpt2 P. syringae effector. Altogether, our results pave the way for a better understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of the adaptive potential in an ecologically relevant A. thaliana–P. syringae pathosystem.

Lactate-Mediated Histone H3K9 Lactylation Facilitates Tumorigenesis of T-Cell Lymphoma Via Activation of SFXN1 Expression

Introduction Lactate-derived histone lactylation is a novel epigenetic modification that facilitates gene transcription. As the Warburg effect is one of the hallmarks of cancer, cancer cells tend to convert glucose into lactate to produce energy even under aerobic conditions. T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) are rare heterogeneous lymphoid malignancies usually associated with epigenetic modifications and dysregulated metabolic activity. Thus, the metabolism-chromatin axis may contain potential therapeutic targets, and the potential function of histone lactylation in TCL oncogenesis deserves further exploration. Methods Lymph node biopsy tissues from 70 de novo TCL patients and 22 reactive hyperplasia cases were collected with informed consent. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG and the LDH inhibitor oxamate were added to the cells to observe changes in lactate and biological processes. Detection of the crucial histone lactylation site was accomplished by western blotting. RNA-sequencing and Chip-seq were performed to detect genes regulated by histone lactylation modifications. Through the construction of SFXN1 stable knockdown and overexpression models, the biological function of SFXN1 was evaluated. This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital. Results A significant enrichment in the glycolytic metabolic pathway was found in the transcriptomic data between normal and TCL patients. A subsequent immunohistochemistry study revealed that de novo TCL patients had a significantly higher level of lactylation modification than normal controls. According to the survival analysis, a high level of lactylation was associated with aggressive disease processes ( Figure 1A). Particularly, lactylation modification levels were positively correlated with LDH levels in patients with TCL. To further investigate the oncogenesis of lactylation modifications in TCL patients, glycolysis inhibitors 2-DG and oxamate were applied to TCL cells. Using glycolysis inhibitors 2-DG and oxamate, we observed a significant reduction in lactate levels in TCL cells. Histone H3 lysine 9 lactylation (H3K9la) was found to be the main downregulated locus after lactate levels decreased. Accordingly, we hypothesized that lactate regulates the progression of TCL cells primarily through the modification of H3K9la levels. Meanwhile, the decreased histone lactylation level efficiently inhibited TCL cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. To further investigate how histone lactylation promotes TCL progression, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq were performed. The results indicated that histone lactylation facilitates transcriptional activation of the gene mainly by modulating the transcription start site of the gene. KEGG analysis showed that the modulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as carbon metabolism and glycolysis. Among these, sideroflexin 1 (SFXN1) is a mitochondrial serine transporter required for one-carbon metabolism. Meanwhile, the genomic position of the SFXN1 promoter has been identified as having a marked enrichment of H3K9la peaks ( Figure 1B). Furthermore, we confirmed that aberrant SFXN1 activation significantly promoted TCL cell progression. Suppression of SFXN1, on the other hand, suppressed cell proliferation and arrested the cell cycle. Our conclusions were also validated in vivo. Taken together, the results of these studies suggested that the histone lactylation process activates the transcription of the SFXN1 gene. Conclusions The present study suggested that abnormal lactylation modifications were widespread in TCL patients and were strongly associated with poor prognoses. Additionally, it highlights the role of H3K9 lactylation in SFXN1 transcriptional activation. Collectively, inhibition of SFXN1 in TCL was anticipated to be a promising therapeutic option.

The main genetic locus associated with the evolution of gamecocks is centered on ISPD.

Chickens were domesticated >4,000 years ago, probably first for fighting them and only later as a source of food. Fighting chickens, commonly known as gamecocks, continue to be bred throughout the world, but the genetic relationships among geographically diverse gamecocks and with nongame chickens are not known. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 44 geographically diverse gamecocks and 62 nongame chickens representing a variety of breeds. We combined these sequences with published genomes to generate the most diverse chicken genomes dataset yet assembled, with 307 samples. We found that gamecocks do not form a homogeneous group, yet they share genetic similarities that distinguish them from nongame chickens. Such similarities are likely the result of a common origin before their local diversification into, or mixing with nongame chickens. Particularly noteworthy is a variant in an intron of the isoprenoid synthase domain containing gene (ISPD), an extreme outlier present at a frequency of 89% in gamecocks but only 4% in nongame chickens. The ISPD locus has the strongest signal of selection in gamecocks, suggesting it is important for fighting performance. Because ISPD variants that are highly prevalent in gamecocks are still segregating in nongame chickens, selective breeding may help reduce its frequency in farm conditions in which aggression is not a desired trait. Altogether, our work provides genomic resources for agricultural genetics, uncovers a common origin for gamecocks from around the world and what distinguishes them genetically from chickens bred for purposes other than fighting, and points to ISPD as the most important locus related to fighting performance.