Main Institutions Research Articles

The role of inernational institutions of destination countries in the formation of Moldovan diaspora in the European Union

The following article analyzes the involvement of international organizations and EU states in the consolidation and development of the Moldovan diaspora in the European Union; the article also investigates the primary forms and mechanisms of stimulating these processes. The main international institutions participating in the implementation of programs and projects are the UN, the International Labor Organization, the International Organization for Migration, the OSCE, the ICMPD, and others. On a regional level Moldova is the participant of many specialized organizations and platforms in the field of migration: Eastern Partnership, FRONEX, EUBAM, Mobility Partnership, the Prague Process, the Budapest Process, the Söderköping Process, and others. Among the donors that provide Moldova with financial aid in the field of migration and diaspora are many EU states, the USA, and several other countries. The Moldovan government regulates the institutional framework and the mechanism of coordination of external aid provided by the international organizations and donor-countries. Moldova receives different kinds of financial, legal, and logistical aid from the EU for the regulation of migration, integration of migrants in the EU. The article lists European conventions that influenced the development of Moldovan policy in the field of migration and diaspora. Diasporas are viewed as agents of change. European institutions begin to focus in their policies on diasporas only starting with 2011. The EU insists on close collaboration between the diasporas and the countries of origin, considering that migrant integration is more effective by way of diasporas. It is necessary for civil society institutions to participate in the process of integration. Moldova adopts the positive practices of diaspora attraction, its support for the country’s sustainable development. Practice shows that it is necessary to make agreements not only in the field of labor migration and social protection, but also in the field of labor migrants’ legal protection. The increasing role of the diaspora is tied to the deepening collaboration with the civil society of the destination countries, the participation of labor migrants in the destination countries’ political life. It is important for every level of administration participate in the development and implementation of strategies for migrant integration.

‘Stick to the status quo’? A conjoint experiment with German adolescents on democratic designs

AbstractWhile representing the next generation of democratic citizens, research on process preferences of adolescents is in its infancy. To analyse what institutional designs adolescents favour, we conducted a conjoint experiment with a unique, representative sample of 1,970 German pupils between the age of 14–17. We find that adolescents in general are ‘status quo’– democrats, preferring a parliament (representing the central institution of the existing representative system) to alternative institutions, namely citizen forums and an assertive leader. However, support for the status quo comes with several qualifications, namely expert input, slow and considerate political processes and a final referendum. Furthermore, we find differences between subgroups, whereby dissatisfied adolescents are more open to citizen forums and an assertive leader than satisfied adolescents. By contrast, more sophisticated adolescents have stronger preferences for the parliament as the main institution. Overall, our results suggest that a major overhaul of the democratic infrastructure does not seem to be a priority for the next generation of citizens, although there is some desire for innovation, namely the ‘blending’ of representative institutions with more citizen participation.

Perspektif Psikologi Pendidikan Islam terhadap Perceraian: Implikasi, Pencegahan, dan Penanganan

Divorce is a complex phenomenon and has a broad impact, including on the psychological aspects of individuals, families and society. In the perspective of Islamic educational psychology, divorce is seen as the result of an imbalance in the husband and wife relationship which is influenced by various psychological, social and spiritual factors. This paper explores the psychological views of Islamic education on divorce, as well as its implications in efforts to prevent and handle divorce. The psychological view of Islamic education emphasizes the importance of the family as the main educational institution in shaping individual character and values. Divorce is considered a disruption to the educational process and formation of children's personalities, which requires serious attention from the perspective of Islamic educational psychology. In addition, Islamic educational psychology emphasizes the importance of good communication, openness, and individual responsibility in building healthy and harmonious relationships. Implications in preventing and handling divorce include pre-marital education which prepares prospective partners to understand roles, responsibilities and commitments in marriage. Family counseling programs and communication skills development are also important tools in helping married couples improve and maintain their relationships. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive understanding of divorce from the perspective of Islamic educational psychology, and highlights the importance of efforts to prevent and handle divorce based on Islamic values to create healthy and harmonious relationships between individuals, families and society.

Historical and legal characteristics of the Act of Unity of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic and its state-building potential

The article is devoted to the study of the prerequisites and procedural aspects of the conclusion of the Act of Unity of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic on January 22, 1919, which was the culmination of centuries-old efforts of Ukrainians to unite their historical national lands within the boundaries of a single sovereign and independent state of Ukraine. The process of affirming the unity of the Ukrainian lands historically began with the search for support for the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic among the political elites of Trans-Dnieper Ukraine. The pre-accession agreement concluded between representatives of the Western Ukrainian political elite and the newly formed Directorate of the Ukrainian People’s Republic provided for the procedure for ratifying the union of the two parts of Ukraine. The aspirations of Western Ukrainian People’s Republic representatives regarding equal representation in the highest bodies of state administration, which they previously discussed with the Management, were not realized. In fact, the Directory recognizes the autonomous status of Western Ukrainian People’s Republic as one of the regions of Ukraine under the name Western Region of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The management of the Directory was aware of the declarative nature of the connection. The paradigm of the historical perspective and parallels through the centuries brings us back to the need to constantly study the strengths and positive experiences of the past, study mistakes in order to avoid them in the future. The period of Ukrainian national development studied in the article went through many difficult trials, but this encouraged Ukrainians to raise national liberation ideas to a new level - awareness of the need for national and territorial unity. The leaders of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and Western Ukrainian People’s Republic failed to realize the positive aspirations that were laid down in their positive movement towards the unity of the state. The main drawback was that the main institutions of power of the Ukrainian People’s Republic remained formed according to the imperial model. There was a lack of professional and at the same time nationally conscious personnel. An important historical experience of the relationship between the two parts of Ukraine, which must be taken into account in the current conditions of Ukraine, is the development of a common national policy, the vector of which is national interests, sovereignty and protection of the independence and territorial integrity of the state.

Global research progress of gut microbiota and epigenetics: bibliometrics and visualized analysis.

Gut microbiota is an important factor affecting host health. With the further study of the mechanism of gut microbiota, significant progress has been made in the study of the link between gut microbiota and epigenetics. This study visualizes the body of knowledge and research priorities between the gut microbiota and epigenetics through bibliometrics. Publications related to gut microbiota and epigenetics were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Vosviewer 1.6.17 and CiteSpace 6.1.R2 were used for bibliometric analysis. WoSCC includes 460 articles from 71 countries. The number of publications on gut microbiota and epigenetics has increased each year since 2011. The USA, PEOPLES R CHINA, and ITALY are at the center of this field of research. The University of California System, Harvard University, and the University of London are the main research institutions. Li, X, Yu, Q, Zhang, S X are the top authors in this research field. We found that current research hotspots and frontiers include short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) play an important role in gut microbiota and epigenetic mechanisms, gut microbiota and epigenetics play an important role in host obesity, diet, and metabolism. Gut microbiota and epigenetics are closely related to colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. At the same time, we found that gut microbiota regulates epigenetics through the gut-brain axis and has an impact on psychiatric diseases. Therefore, probiotics can regulate gut microbiota, improve lifestyle, and reduce the occurrence and development of diseases. This is the first comprehensive and in-depth bibliometric study of trends and developments in the field of gut microbiota and epigenetics research. This study helps to guide the direction of research scholars in their current field of study.

Bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited articles on adhesive systems in dentistry

The literature on magnetic adhesives is extensive, with a wide variety of publications. This study aimed to identify and analyze the characteristics of the 100 most cited publications in the literature on magnetic systems. The bibliometric analysis was carried out in the Web of Science database, with MeSH terms related to adhesive systems. The initial search deals 16,013 articles. The most cited article in the top 100 was by Van Meerbeek B et al. in 2003. The author with the most publications was Pashley DH. Ninety different institutions related to the studies were discovered, with Med Coll Georgia being one of the most prominent. The studies originated in 14 different countries, with Belgium and Japan leading in number of publications. The 100 most cited articles were published in 15 different journals, with the Journal of Dental Research coming first. The most present publisher was Elsevier. The most used keywords in the top 100 articles were: Dentin, Adhesion, Resin, Bonding Strength, Strength and Enamel. The greatest concentration of publications occurred in 2003 and 2005. The studies highlighted the main authors and institutions involved, highlighting the academic impact of studies on subtitles.

Хроника научной жизни: 2023 год

The review material "Chronicle of Scientific Life" presents the main events of 2023 on the topics of Russian philosophy: all-Russian and international conferences, dissertations for the degree of candidate of philosophical sciences. Events are listed by month - thus, the reader is presented with a calendar of scientific work of the main institutions: RAS Institute of Philosophy, Orthodox St. Tikhon University for the Humanities, Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian State University for the Humanities, House of A.F. Losev and many others.

Based on the Molecular Mechanism of CiteSpace Sanqi Total Saponin and the Prevention and Treatment of Renal Fibrosis, Hot Spot Visualization Analysis

This study aims to study the current situation, hot spots and development trends of Sanqi total saponins in the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis through a visual map, in order to provide a direction and trend for the research of traditional Chinese medicine on the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis. Method: By using CiteSpace visualization software, the relevant literature on the use of Sanqi total saponins in the CNKI database for the treatment of renal fibrosis was visually analyzed, including posting trends, authors, institutions and keywords, and the corresponding knowledge map was generated. Results: From 2005 to 2022, a total of 1,533 documents were included in the research results. From 2008 to 2017, an average of 99 articles were published every year, accounting for 67.5% of the total number of articles published. Among them, the number of articles published in 2010 and 2013 reached 114, the highest in previous years. At the same time, Yang Min is the author who has published the most articles, with a total of 29 papers. Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the main research institution in this field. Through cluster analysis of research hotspots, ten clusters were obtained, including rats, left ventricular reconstruction, oxidative stress, drug interaction, astragaloside, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase-9,oleoside, lipopolysaccharide, atherosclerosis, etc. Future research focuses include oxidative stress, autophagy process, Sanqi total saponins, inflammatory response, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and pharmacokinetics. Conclusion: The knowledge map reveals the research status and research hotspots of Sanqi total saponins in the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis, including oxidative stress, inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, which will become the focus of research on the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis in traditional Chinese medicine in the future. However, the collaboration between research authors and scientific research institutions lacks closeness, lacks core authors, and has not yet formed an influential research organization. The depth and breadth of research need to be further enhanced.

Hospital care direct costs due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions related to diabetes mellitus in the Mexican public healthcare system

BackgroundHospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) incur substantial costs on the health system that could be partially avoided with adequate outpatient care. Complications of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are considered ACSC. Previous studies have shown that hospitalizations due to diabetes have a significant financial burden. In Mexico, DM is a major health concern and a leading cause of death, but there is limited evidence available. This study aimed to estimate the direct costs of hospitalizations by DM-related ACSC in the Mexican public health system.MethodsWe selected three hospitals from each of Mexico’s main public institutions: the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), the Ministry of Health (MoH), and the Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE). We employed a bottom-up microcosting approach from the healthcare provider perspective to estimate the total direct costs of hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC. Input data regarding length of stay (LoS), consultations, medications, colloid/crystalloid solutions, procedures, and laboratory/medical imaging studies were obtained from clinical records of a random sample of 532 hospitalizations out of a total of 1,803 DM-related ACSC (ICD-10 codes) discharges during 2016.ResultsThe average cost per DM-related ACSC hospitalization varies among institutions, ranging from $1,427 in the MoH to $1,677 in the IMSS and $1,754 in the ISSSTE. The three institutions’ largest expenses are LoS and procedures. Peripheral circulatory and renal complications were the major drivers of hospitalization costs for patients with DM-related ACSC. Direct costs due to hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC in these three institutions represent 1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) dedicated to health and social services and 2% of total hospital care expenses.ConclusionsThe direct costs of hospitalizations for DM-related ACSC vary considerably across institutions. Disparities in such costs for the same ACSC among different institutions suggest potential disparities in care quality across primary and hospital settings (processes and resource utilization), which should be further investigated to ensure optimal supply utilization. Prioritizing preventive measures for peripheral circulatory and renal complications in DM patients could be highly beneficial.

Land Titling and Microcredit in Cambodia: Examining the Reality of Hernando de Soto’s ‘Three Steps to Heaven’

Starting with the work of Hernando de Soto in the 1980s, the role of land tenure soon attracted the attention of the international development community as a neoliberal-oriented theory of change rooted in the possession and use of private individual land titles by the poor. One of the central mechanisms proposed by de Soto was a three-step process that involves the poor (1) “securing” their tenure with land titles, (2) using their newly acquired land titles as collateral to leverage large amounts of microcredit to be used to establish a functioning microenterprise, and then (3) escaping from their poverty due to the jobs and income associated with founding and running a microenterprise. This paper explores what I call de Soto’s “three steps to heaven” theory of change, a concept that was taken on board with gusto by leading Western governments and virtually all of the main international development institutions, particularly the World Bank. I argue that Cambodia provides the ideal setting for evaluating de Soto’s concept because, since around 2020, it has possessed the largest microcredit sector in the world (on a per capita basis), thanks largely to the obligatory use of land titles as the collateral required to obtain microcredit. While the first two of de Soto’s “three steps to heaven” have been realized, the evidence shows that the assumptions related to step three have proved to be extremely problematic: the ubiquity of microcredit that was achieved since the early 2010s via steps one and two has not, in general, improved the lives and communities of Cambodia’s poor through accelerated microenterprise development. It appears, instead, to have contributed to deeper poverty, insecurity, vulnerability and inequality. I conclude that de Soto’s “three steps to heaven” theory reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of the real institutional drivers of sustainable local economic development and poverty reduction.

Deviance Of Young People In The Era Of Modernization

Young people often find deviant behavior. Deviant behavior is the result of an imperfect socialization process. The most vulnerable groups in the process of deviant behavior are young people. This can be overcome if the function of the family goes well, because the family is a function of socialization for family members, especially children, because the first time a child is born is in the family which is the first and main institution. In accordance with the problems stated earlier, the focus of the research is emphasized to determine the form of deviant behavior among young people in the era of modernization and what is the role of parents in overcoming it. Data collection techniques and data processing in descriptive qualitative research can be carried out in various forms, namely through observations, interviews and documentation. The conclusions of the research results show that: 1) Parental functioning is very influential, because most young people do deviant behavior, namely children who do not receive full attention and affection from their parents, 2) Forms of deviant behavior among young people exist as young people written in the theoretical concept, there are three forms of deviant behavior, namely: a) non-conforming actions: such as going out of the house without saying goodbye, coming home late, smoking, etc .; b) Anti-social or asocial acts such as wild blapan, drinking; and c) Criminal acts such as reading and watching pornographic videos, extramarital sex, narcotics. 3) The factor of cultural shifts and individualistic attitudes also has an influence, this is reflected because people are starting to abandon behaviors and cultures that reflect solidarity and mutual cooperation.

The concept of the Shafi ʻi school in basics of buying and selling

Buying and selling is one of the main economic institutions in Islamic Law. It allows people to exchange goods and services in accordance with the principles of fairness and equality. The article examines the scientific method of making decisions by the founder of the Shafiʻi legal school, the famous thinker of the early Middle Ages Imam al-Shafiʻi (767–820), and analyzes his views in the field of law, which the Shafiʻis refer to in their relationships in the trade transactions. Particular attention is paid to the issue of sources of Islamic Law the Shafiites appeal to. In this article, for the first time in Russian jurisprudence, the author studies and examines in sufficient detail the Shafiʻi approach to purchase and sale. In addition, the authors takes as the focal point the compromise nature of the Shafischool, which, on the basis of exclusively scientific methods, managed to synthesize the most promising provisions of more “liberal” Hanafism and “conservative” Malikism.

Sharia Yes, Sharia State No: Negosiasi dan Akomodasi Syari’ah di Indonesia

Syafiq Hasyim. 2023. Shariatization of Indonesia, the Politics of the Council of Indonesian Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI). Leiden: Brill. Wael Hallaq. 2013. The Impossible State, Islam, Politics, and Modernity's Moral Predicament. New York: Columbia University Press. The two works discussed in this book review examine how Sharia norms are negotiated and accommodated in modern nation-states. This process is inevitable as Muslims are confronted with the persistence of the nation-state and the theological obligation to apply Sharia norms in their lives. Although Hallaq's work is very pessimistic in saying that paradigmatically the two systems are impossible to reconcile, his work can serve as an important background for understanding Hasyim's work which discusses in detail how Sharia is accommodated in the legal order and public life in Indonesia, highlighting the role of the MUI as the main institution of this accommodation process. Hasyim's work tries to answer three important questions: how and in what way MUI plays a role in the process of sharization; what its implications in law and public life in Indonesia are and how the process came about; and how the state and society respond to this sharization.

Development and trends in metabolomics studies in psoriasis: A bibliometric analysis of related research from 2011 to 2024

BackgroundPsoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune characteristics. Recent research has made significant progress in the field of psoriasis metabolomics. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis on metabolomics of psoriasis. The objective of this study is to utilize bibliometrics to present a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge structure and research hotspots in psoriasis within the field of metabolomics. MethodsWe conducted a bibliometric analysis by searching the Web of Science Core Collection database for publications on metabolomics in psoriasis from 2011 to 2024. To perform this analysis, we utilized tools such as VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix". ResultsA total of 307 articles from 47 countries, with the United States and China leading the way, were included in the analysis. The publications focusing on metabolomics in psoriasis have shown a steady year-on-year growth. The Medical University of Bialystok is the main research institution. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences emerges as the prominent journal in the field, while the Journal of Investigative Dermatology stands out as the highly co-cited publication. A total of 2029 authors contributed to these publications, with Skrzydlewska Elzbieta, Baran Anna, Flisiak Iwona, Murakami Makoto being the most prolific contributors. Notably, Armstrong April W. received the highest co-citation. Investigating the mechanisms of metabolomics in the onset and progression of psoriasis, as well as exploring therapeutic strategies, represents the primary focus of this research area. Emerging research hotspots encompass inflammation, lipid metabolism, biomarker, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and arthritis. ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that metabolism-related research is thriving in psoriasis, with a focus on the investigation of metabolic targets and interventions within the metabolic processes. Metabolism is expected to be a hot topic in future psoriasis research.

Research status and hotspots on the mechanisms of liver X receptor in cancer progression: A bibliometric analysis.

The mechanism of liver X receptor in cancer has been gradually revealed in recent years. This study is committed to analyzing the current research status of the mechanism of liver × receptor in cancer progression by using bibliometric methods and to explore the development trend of liver × receptor related research in the future, in order to provide some reference for further exploration in this field. The Web of Science core collection database was used to carry out the original data retrieval. Excel software was used for data statistics. Vosviewer and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication situation, cooperation network, reference co-citation, keyword and term co-occurrence, term bursts, and cluster analysis, and draw visual maps. A total of 631 publications meeting the research criteria were included by December 2022, with an average of 32.5 citations per paper. The main research fields were molecular biology, oncology and cell biology, and the papers were mainly published in journals about molecular, biology and immunology. Cell is the journal with the highest citation. The United States is the most influential country, the University of California, Los Angeles is the main research institution, and Gustafsson, Jan-ake is the author with the highest output. In reference co-citation clustering, cluster#2 "cancer development" is the main cluster, and the period from 2014 to 2018 is an important stage of relevant theoretical progress. "Tumor microenvironment" with high burst and novelty became the most noteworthy term in term burst. Using bibliometric methods to reveal the current status of LXR and cancer mechanisms, and making predictions of possible future hotspots based on the analysis of the current situation, the translation of LXR anti-cancer research to clinical applications, the impact on the tumor microenvironment as a whole and more immune pathways, and the formation of a systematic cognition of the effects of more cancer cell lines and oncogenic signaling crosstalk, which is a possible direction for future research.

The Knowledge of Healthcare Professionals Regarding Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B in District Quetta, Balochistan

Background: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are at increased risk of contracting hepatitis B due to frequent exposure to patients with the disease. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can effectively manage this risk. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness of hepatitis B PEP among healthcare workers in the Quetta district. Methodology: Conducted from November 1, 2022, to November 30, 2022, this cross-sectional study targeted healthcare professionals in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Data were collected from three main public tertiary care institutions and various private hospitals using simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire covering demographic information, immunization status, and hepatitis B PEP was administered. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 19, summarizing data with frequencies and percentages. Odds ratio analysis was conducted to identify associations between awareness of hepatitis B PEP and other variables. Results: Of the 263 participants, 181 (68.8%) were female, and 167 (63.5%) were aged 31-40 years. Most participants (88.5%) were doctors, followed by nurses and pharmacists. While 87.1% had heard of hepatitis B PEP, only 11.8% received formal training on it. Awareness of PEP components was lacking, despite familiarity with its existence. Factors associated with awareness included previous PEP knowledge, hepatitis B screening, and perceived job-related risk. Conclusion: Although many healthcare providers were aware of hepatitis B PEP, knowledge regarding its components was insufficient. Training and education initiatives are crucial to improving awareness and understanding among healthcare professionals.

Research on Training of E-Commerce Professionals in Higher Vocational Colleges Under the Background of Digital Economy

In recent years, with the rapid development of the Internet, big data, and cloud computing technology, China has gradually entered the era of the digital economy. E-commerce, as an important product of this era, serves as a powerful driving force to promote national economic and social development. Therefore, higher requirements are being placed on e-commerce talents. Vocational colleges, as the main institutions for training e-commerce talents, need to align with the developmental needs of the digital economic era. They should further optimize the training of e-commerce professionals and cultivate the high-quality talent required by the industry. This paper thus investigates the training of e-commerce professionals in higher vocational colleges against the backdrop of the digital economy, aiming to provide valuable insights for relevant education researchers.

Legal communication of state authorities as a means of interaction in the informational and legal space

In the article, the authors conducted a scientific study of communication as a legal phenomenon, analyzed the national legislation on legal communication in Ukraine, and made a comparative analysis of the features of legal communication in Estonia, Norway, and Sweden. The concept of «legal communication» is also directly clarified, the problems of legal communication in Ukraine are highlighted. The groups of communication in the field of jurisprudence are distinguished into legislative, judicial, and advocacy, foreign experience of legal communication of the specified types is given. It was emphasized that effective legal communication between state authorities and civil society is an important manifestation of the country’s democratic development. It is through such a phenomenon as legal communication that a feedback occurs, when the government can not only better inform the society about its activities, but also learns about the evaluation of these activities by active segments of the population, representing institutions of civil society. The authors conclude that modern legal communication is one of the necessary conditions for successful management and functioning of the state. The result of communicative interaction is the creation of the main administrative-political and management institutions, the formation of interaction between the authorities and the population. Communication between state authorities and society, the introduction of communication standards in the process of information exchange in society, which is based on fundamentally new principles of equal, mutually responsible dialogue - an integral condition for the democratic development of the state, the formation of civil society. It was determined that high-quality and effective legal communication carried out by the state depends on the current legal framework and its compliance with modern challenges and problematic aspects of social life, which such communication is aimed at. It is the state legal communication that is the regulatory and coordinating mechanism in the relations between the state and society, ensuring the stability and efficiency of the functioning of the social organism as a whole.

Legal nature of marital relations: theory and practice

The family is the primary and main center of society. The family is the main institution of society. In turn, the institution of the family includes many more private institutions, namely the institution of marriage, the institution of kinship, the institution of motherhood and fatherhood, the institution of property, the institution of social protection of childhood and guardianship, and others.
 Marriage is an institution that regulates the relationship between a man and a woman. It is marriage in human society that is considered the only acceptable, socially approved and legally established form.
 Marriage is the family union of a woman and a man, registered in the state registry of civil status acts. Persons who have reached marriageable age have the right to marry. Marriage is based on the free consent of a woman and a man.
 The religious rite of marriage takes place now everywhere in Ukraine. The spiritual majesty of the temple or even the smallest church with church singing, crowns on the heads of the bride and groom, kind parting words of the priest - all this makes the wedding an unforgettable event in life. However, the religious rite of marriage has no legal significance. The religious rite of marriage, as before, does not create the rights and obligations of a spouse, remaining a personal matter of a woman and a man. Persons who, after the wedding, live together without registering a marriage have the status of a family, but do not have the legal status of spouses.
 Legal regulation of family relations is the main task of the Family Code of Ukraine, which defines the principles of marriage, personal non-property and property rights and obligations of spouses, the grounds for their origin, the content of personal non-property and property rights and obligations of parents and children, adopters and adoptees, other members family and relatives.
 Family relations are regulated by the Family Code of Ukraine with the aim of strengthening the family as a social institution and as a union of specific persons, establishing a sense of duty to parents, children and other family members, building family relations on the basis of parity, on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual help and support, providing each child with family upbringing, the possibility of spiritual and physical development.
 A marriage is terminated as a result of its dissolution by joint application of the spouses or one of them. A marriage is terminated as a result of its dissolution by a joint application of the spouses on the basis of a court decision. A marriage is terminated as a result of its dissolution at the request of one of the spouses on the basis of a court decision in accordance with the Family Code of Ukraine.

Legal basis for the regulation and functioning of youth sports and educational organizations in Eastern Galicia from 1848 to 1939

The Prosvita Society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries played a key role in the formation and development of the Ukrainian cultural and educational sphere in Eastern Galicia. Its activities were based on historical and legal principles that determined its purpose, tasks and organisational structure. The main goal of Prosvita was to raise the educational and cultural level of Ukrainians. Its activities were based on the idea of national and cultural consciousness and self-awareness. It also promoted the creation of an extensive network of societies covering different segments of the population. This allowed for the formation of a united community that understood national needs and aspirations. She actively worked on the Ukrainisation of the school system and the promotion of the Ukrainian language in the educational process. «Prosvita» initiated and supported the creation of various public, educational, cultural and other organisations, such as «Selskii Hospodar», «Maslosoyuz», «Narodna Torgovlya», «Ridna Shkola», «Ruska Besida», «Union of Ukrainian Women», «Sokil», «Sich», «Plast», «Luh» and many others. It played a prominent role in the national liberation movement, in which Prosvita was considered one of the main institutions that fostered patriotic feelings and national consciousness among Ukrainians. The organisational structure of Prosvita helped to unite Ukrainians into a strong and well-organised community that was ready for self-determination and national revival. It actively worked to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture and identity, supporting Ukrainian traditions and language. A number of student organisations, such as the Ukrainian Student Society Sich, Academic Circle, Druh, Druzhnyi Lichvar, Academic Brotherhood, Vatra, Academic Community, Osnova, and Ukrainian Student Union, demonstrate the diversity and multilayered nature of the Ukrainian student movement. They worked on the basis of the leading higher education institutions of Lviv, such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. On the eve of the Second World War, in the western part of Ukraine, particularly in Galicia, there were a significant number of youth associations that were united into county unions. These associations ranged in size from 10 to 30 local societies and performed various functions in the fields of sports, culture, and education. At the end of May 1933, there were 109 unions in Galicia, uniting 12 county and 254 local societies. Their membership totalled 13,245 people. The societies were actively engaged in various activities such as football, volleyball, skiing, drama, and other types of cultural and educational events.