Main Historical Events Research Articles

TO THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

In the third part of the article, the main historical events in dates, facts and personalities of the formation and development of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from the time Ukraine gained independence in 1991 and until now are considered in chronological order. The most important achievements of the scientists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, who were awarded the State Prizes of Ukraine in the field of science and technology, as well as the prizes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine named after outstanding scientists of Ukraine – V.I. Vernadsky, P.A. Tutkovsky, S.I. Subbotin. In the early 1990s, in the conditions of complex social transformation, there was a significant quantitative reduction in personnel potential, but the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine managed to get out of the crisis. At the expense of internal reserves, the network of its institutions and scientific units was reorganized. After the declaration of Ukraine’s independence, a number of academic institutions were created as part of the Earth Department of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1996, the Ukrainian flag was raised in Antarctica – Ukraine, according to an agreement between the British and Ukrainian governments, officially took possession of the “Faraday” research station, which became the property of Ukraine and received the name “Akademik Vernadsky”. Information provided regarding the Targeted comprehensive programs of resource-oriented scientific research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: “Mineral resources of Ukraine and their extraction” (2004–2008), “Comprehensive bio-resource, hydrophysical and geological-geophysical research of the marine environment, promising oil and gas structures and mapping of the distribution of gas hydrates in the water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov” (2007–2009), “Strategic Mineral Resources of Ukraine” (2009–2015), “Comprehensive Assessment of the State and Forecasting of the Dynamics of the Marine Environment and Resources of the Azov-Black Sea Basin” (2010–2012), “Comprehensive Monitoring, Assessment and forecasting the dynamics of the state of the marine environment and the resource base of the Azov-Black Sea basin under conditions of growing anthropogenic load and climate change” (2013–2015), “Mineral and raw material base of Ukraine as the basis of state security” (2016–2020), “Critical and strategic mineral resources of Ukraine under the conditions of globalization and climate change” (2021–2025). In a difficult time for the country, scientists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the conditions of war continue their activities aimed at maintaining the functioning of the branches of the economy of Ukraine, monitoring the state of the environment and ensuring counteraction to the aggressor and adverse natural phenomena.

The problem of identification in Ch. N. Adichie’s “Half of a Yellow Sun”

The article deals with the novel “Half of a Yellow Sun” (2006) by the African-American writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The writer shows different components of the identification process in the modern multicultural world. The main historical event of the novel is the Civil War of 1967-1970, which took place due to political and ethnic struggle. It was caused by numerous attempts by the southeastern provinces of Nigeria to secede and form the Republic of Biafra. The novel shows how the interethnic conflict between the Hausa and Igbo peoples, and later the war, influence not only the fate of the characters, but also the peculiarities of their identification process. This process is represented by three components: ethnic, national and gender. Kainene and Odenigbo, whose ethnicity is formed and recognized with the emergence of a new republic, feel, first, not as Nigerians, but as Igbos. Therefore, they take an active part in the Civil War. British interest in the war is shown through the characters of Susan and Richard who demonstrate typical colonial attitudes towards Africans. However, Richard’s interest in African culture contributes to the process of realizing the ethnic identity of Ugwu who chooses a member of the African community for his role model. Olanna, representing a new generation of Nigerian women, destroys the traditional forms of gender relations in Nigerian reality.

TO THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

In the second part of the article, the main historical events in terms of dates, facts and personalities of the formation and development of the institutions of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR from its foundation in 1963 to Ukraine’s independence in 1991 are listed in chronological order. The course of events related to name changes is given: Department of Earth and Space Sciences (1963–1972), Department of Earth Sciences (1972–1980), Department of Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry (1980–1983) and Department of Earth Sciences (1983–1991). Considerable attention is paid to the significant contribution of the specialists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in eliminating the consequences of the largest technogenic and environmental disaster that occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant. It is considered the most important achievements of the institutions of the Department of Earth Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in the period of formation and active development. In particular, scientific substantiation of the search for industrial oil and gas accumulations in the crystalline foundation of the sedimentary basins of Ukraine, volcanic and volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks of Transcarpathia and the Dnipro region, in the zones of active water exchange on the regional monoclines of Precarpathia, the Black Sea region. The doctrine of the formation of deep fault structures has been developed, and a technique has been developed for forecasting of combined traps of hydrocarbon accumulations in deep-seated Devonian and Carboniferous horizons of the Dnipro-Donetsk Basin. Significant results were obtained regarding the geological structure of the earth’s crust and the upper mantle of the lithosphere within the framework of international projects during regional seismic research within limits of Ukraine, Southeast Europe and India. The general regularities of the structure are established for various geostructures: shields, platforms, depressions, transition zones from continents to oceans, deep-sea depressions, structures of the ocean floor. The theoretical principles, methods and technical means of remote ocean research using artificial Earth satellites were developed, and the country’s first system for collecting, transmitting and processing information about the ocean’s physical fields was created. This is a kind of report of the most significant events and facts from the life of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and personal information and scientific achievements of the members of the Academy elected in the considered period.

The Calendar, Religion and Politics. Discussion on Calendar Reform in the Sikh Community

In the article the introduction of the Nanakshahi calendar in 1998 (accepted in 2003, amended in 2010) is considered as an attempt of unification of the Sikh community, and formation of single-form Sikh identity. The evolution of a Sikh community is a long process and the result of the combination of different trends. The community of Sikhs started as the sect in Hinduism in time of Guru Nanak (1469–1539) but developed as a new religion under the leadership of his successors, all of whom are known as the Gurus. Dates of main historical events of the Sikhs together with agricultural and New Year celebrations (Diwali, Holi) became main festivals of the Sikh year. The matter is complicated by the emergence of significant Sikh diaspora. Recently Sikh religious authorities have introduced moral code of the Sikh and the Sikh calendar Nanakshahi to strengthen differences and to create religious boundaries between the Sikhs and the Hindus. In 2003 this calendar was put in force. However, some Sikh festivals are still celebrated in old manner according to the old Vikram (Bikrami) North Indian calendar and the new version (2010) of the Nanakshahi Calendar. The calendar reform aiming at the unification of the Sikhs resulted in rise of differences between them.

Российская история в зеркале геральдики

In 2022, a team of specialists in the field of special historical disciplines completed the research stage of work on the project of the fundamental generalizing publication "Russian Heraldry: Encyclopedia", which was highly appreciated by the RFBR expert community.
 Methodically, the project is based on micro- and macro-historical approaches to the study of the past that are fundamental for modern science. In this case, the micro–level is realized through the analysis of the genesis, iconographic evolution and semantics of the heraldic space, and the macro-historical – through their integration into the context of the main historical events and processes. The heraldic history of the country is presented as a complex, multidimensional process caused by a combination of political, social, cultural and other factors. The encyclopedia is a complete body of knowledge about Russian heraldry, contains articles on the theoretical concepts of this discipline, special terminology, heraldic figures, the history of state, territorial and ancestral coats of arms, the main sources (including material – banners), state institutions, heraldic scientists, artists, etc. The chronological boundaries of the publication are from the end of the XV to the present.
 For the first time, a comprehensive encyclopedic study of the history of scientific and practical heraldry of one country (Russia) was undertaken in a broad general historical context, using the latest methods of historical analysis and theoretical experience accumulated by world herbology.

TO THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE. Part 1. Historical outline of the development of natural sciences from the founding of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to the establishment of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1918–1962)

The history of the formation and development of Earth sciences since the founding of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS) contains a significant amount of factual material. Taking into account the limitation of the volume of the journal publication, the authors divided the chronological review of the history of natural sciences in the system of the Academy dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine into three parts. In the first part, the main historical events in dates, facts and personalities of the formation and development of the natural sciences of Ukraine from the founding of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in 1918 to the organizational and structural formation of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in 1963 are listed in chronological order. In the second and third parts, the formation and development of scientific institutions of the Department of Earth Sciences are considered in accordance with (1963–1990) and after (1991–2023), i.e., the acquisition of independence by Ukraine, as well as brief information about the achievements of the members of the Academy. Scientists-naturalists from the moment of establishment of UAS and during its first 45 years passed all stages of its formation and development. Among the outstanding achievements, which became a unique contribution to the development of natural sciences during this period, the following should be included: (a) the substantiation of a new theoretical direction in geological science – tectoorogeny, the doctrine of the Earth's tectonosphere, (b) the beginning of the creation of the concept of the abiogenic (inorganic) origin of oil and gas at extremely high temperatures and pressures in the Earth's upper mantle, (c) studying the deep structure of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle of the territory of Ukraine by geophysical methods. The above list of key achievements includes only breakthrough ideas and theories. In the text of the article, the content and significance of the main achievements of natural scientists of the Academy are considered in the given biographical references about their authors.

Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the United States of America

At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania started migrating to new lands and countries including England, Argentina and America. They were looking for work and the USA became their preferred country. Many Tatars returned back to homeland, but most of them stayed in America and succeeded.
 Tatars from Ivje, Navahradak, Mir, Kleck, Tavsiuny, Milkuny, Śviańciany, Dokšycy, Uzda, Śmiłavičy, Minsk, Vilnia and other settlements of Russian Empire before the World War I founded their registered society in New York in 1907. It was the first Muslim organization in the USA. They also founded the Muslim mizars in the Maple Grove and Cedar Grove cemeteries in New York. They started teaching children and bought a building for mosque in 1930. Tatars provided the annual dances and picnics, organized the funding (dues, fees, fines, loans, donations) for payment of expenses, helped the Society members (death and illness benefits) and Muslims in other countries including the former homeland (Ivje in 1922, Niekrašuncy, Warszawa in 1945 and etc.). They published a newspaper, the prayer books. They took part in the main historical events in the USA: the World War I, the World War II, Korean and Vietnam wars, post-war occupation of Germany, etc. Unfortunately, the Society had been developed until 1960s (member quantity was more than 300) and now it is in decline due to assimilation and migration.
 This article is devoted to the Tatar society of the USA. It is based on the results of study of family collections, oral stories, archival documents (Ellis Island cases, certificates of birth, death, marriage, draft) and pictures. The organization structure, the names of the famous Tatars and the Society board members (presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries, treasurers, imams, teachers, bank account holders, funeral committee members, etc.), the information about two cemeteries are re- vealed and provided.

Main stages in the formation of residential areas in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye

The present work is part of the author’s series of articles that analyze historical conditions for the formation of residential areas in the cities of the Irkutsk Oblast, their social and spatial environment, as well as the possibilities of an integrated territorial development. The study into the stages of residential development in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye will contribute to prioritizing their modernization and preserving the historically valuable areas. In the work, the ontogeny of residential areas was determined by a retrospective analysis and a clustering method in accordance with the key periods of historical development. Further, using empirical research methods and stratified sampling, residential types were revealed, the dominant characteristics were identified, and their description was given. An analysis of residential types was carried out with the provision of absolute and relative indicators. The performed study identified the four main stages of residential development. A generalized analysis of 17 residential development types was carried out. The data is tabulated. The results of the study in the form of a report were presented at the 24th session of the International Baikal Winter Urban Planning University in 2023 at the Irkutsk National Research Technical University. During the study of the living environment in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, the relationship between the main historical and political events and the state of the society, which were reflected in the formation of a particular residential development type, was established. Guided by the materials of the article, urban planners and architects will be able to focus on the most valuable fragments of existing buildings and take them into account during further planning of integrated territorial development. The article contains the schemes and results of the conducted research.

Местное самоуправление в Конституции и федеральных законах России: опыт 30-летнего сосуществования

Abstract: Introduction. This year marks 30 years since the adoption and entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. During this period, the constitutional and legal framework for the normative consolidation of local self-government in Russia was changed three times, while the text of the country’s Basic Law itself remained unchanged until 2020. Thus, along with invariability of the text of the Constitution, the “substantive” sectoral legal foundations of local self-government were in constant dynamics. According to the author of the study, this phenomenon requires historical and legal research to identify the positive and negative aspects of such development of the regulatory framework for their subsequent consideration by the federal legislator when forming the developing regulatory framework of the unified system of public authority.
 Methodology. When working on the text of the study, the author used comparativelegal, historicallegal, analytical, formal legalmethods, statistical data analysis and other methods, which ultimately made it possible to formulate the main results and conclusions.
 Results.On the basis of the author’s analysis of certain provisions of federal laws, the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, main historical events over the past 30 years, the conclusion is made that the federal legislator does not have a complete understanding of what local government is, on what substantive, organizational, economic and other foundationsthe constitutional and legal model of local self-government in the Russian Federation must be implemented. All previously used legislative models for the enforcement of constitutional provisions on local self-government in Russia did not have any continuity and each time represented a new, to a great extent “revolutionary” approach to the organization of local self-government in the territories, moving citizens away from direct participation in its implementation, with simultaneous strengthening of the “state”,primarily of regional influence on the order of local selfgovernment in specific municipal territories.

The attenuation of macroseismic intensity in the volcanic island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy): comparison between deterministic and probabilistic models and application to seismic scenarios

In this paper, we tackle the problem of the intensity attenuation at Ischia, a critical parameter in a high seismic risk area such as this volcanic island. Starting from the new revised catalogue of local earthquakes, we select a dataset of 118 macroseismic observations related to the four main historical events and analyse the characteristics of the intensity attenuation according to both the deterministic and probabilistic approaches, under the assumption of a point seismic source and isotropic decay (circular spreading). In the deterministic analysis, we derive the attenuation law through an empirical model fitting the average values of ΔI (the difference between epicentral intensity I0 and intensities observed at a site IS) versus the epicentral distances by the least-square method. In the probabilistic approach, the distribution of IS conditioned on the epicentre-site distance is given through a binomial-beta model for each class of I0. In the Bayesian framework, the model parameter p is considered as a random variable to which we assign a Beta probability distribution on the basis of our prior belief derived from investigations on the attenuation in Italy. The mode of the binomial distribution is taken as the intensity expected at that site (Iexp). The entire calculation procedure has been implemented in a python plugin for QGIS® software that, given location and I0 (or magnitude) of the earthquake to be simulated, generates a probabilistic seismic scenario according to the deterministic or probabilistic models of attenuation. This tool may be applied in seismic risk analyses at a local scale or in the seismic surveillance to produce real-time intensity shake-maps for this volcanic area.

Probing Italy: A Scanning Probe Microscopy Storyline

Starting from the late 1980’s, scanning probe microscopy has progressively diffused in Italy until today. In this paper, we provide a brief account of the main historical events and a current picture of the distribution of the active groups. A survey was prepared by LimeSurvey, made of six sections asking for personal and institutional data, human resources, equipment available, fields of interest, research projects, educational/dissemination activities, and two relevant publications in the last six years. It turns out that the Italian community includes more than seventy groups and two companies. It is widely diffused, although mostly concentrated near large academic and research institutions, often in locations where prominent Italian researchers have operated. This community is active in many scientific fields and can produce research of high international quality. It shows a wide competence, as proven by the list of research works published in journals ranked within the top 20% class. The diffusion of SPM microscopes in industry is still sporadic, possibly due to extensive collaborations between the research institutions and industries themselves. The authors hope that this work might be useful to the community and beyond, and that it might stimulate the formation of a more structured network.

ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПАТТЕРНОВ РСФСР (НА ПРИМЕРЕ г. МОСКВЫ)

The article discusses the regularities of urban planning development in the RSFSR, their relation to the main historical events, as well as the influence of these events on each stage of the periodization and generation of urban factors. Key factors in the transition from local-urban planning to regional planning were: the transition of private property to the status of the state, the development of industry, the transfer of all production from the frontline areas to the east during wartime, the rapid development of new sources of strategic raw materials and energy, increased trends in population growth.

Национальная история в зеркале литературы: к 240-летию заключения Георгиевского трактата

В современной политической обстановке возникают многочисленные дискуссии по поводу значимости для Грузии заключения Георгиевского трактата о добровольном вхождении в Российскую империю. Статья обращается к творческому наследию видных грузинских политических и культурных деятелей XVIII–XIX вв. – Д. Гурамишвили, Г. Орбелиани, Н. Бараташвили, И. Чавчавадзе – современников происходящего, отразивших в литературных текстах свою позицию по этому вопросу. Рассмотрены особенности исторического развития Грузии в конце XVIII–XIXвв., проанализированы знаковые произведения и факты из жизни поэтов, свидетельствующие об их образовании и социальном положении, о возможности наблюдать историю своей родины и участвовать в ней. Исследование взаимоотношений двух государств через призму грузинского литературного наследия выявило положительную оценку современниками покровительства России, принесшего мир на разоряемые соседними государствами земли, экономические и культурные блага для Грузии. The study is intended to determine the views of the iconic Georgian political and cultural figures of the 18th–19th centuries on the assessment of the reasons for the conclusion of the Treaty of Georgievsk and its results through their literary heritage. The work is based on the literary works of Georgian authors (David Guramishvili, Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilya Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli) translated into Russian and the results of research by Russian and Georgian historians and literary critics. The methodological basis of the study was mainly the cultural-historical method, which contributes to the perception, analysis and evaluation of literary works in terms of their correspondence to the facts and events that took place in the 18th–19th centuries in Georgia. The biographical method was used to determine the links between literary texts and the realities of Georgian poets’ life. Literary texts were analyzed using the corpus of literary methods. In the course of the study, the main historical events concerning the relations between Russia and Georgia in the period under study were identified, certain aspects of the biographies of Georgian poets that influenced their creative heritage were considered; significant literary works expressing the opinions of contemporaries, their reflection on the political, economic, social and cultural changes that took place in Georgia after the conclusion of the Treaty of Georgievsk were analyzed. The studied works characterize the level of education and social status of their authors, as well as their ability to observe the history of their homeland and participate in it. The authors of the article draw attention to the directness and clarity of expression of the convictions of Georgian writers, who were at the same time public figures. In their works, they pointed out that the choice made by King Heraclius II at the conclusion of the Treaty of Georgievsk was one of the forms of struggle for national unity and the preservation of the people in the face of a threat to the existence of the country. The authors conclude that the Treaty of Georgievsk and the consequences of its signing for Georgia were positively assessed by the classics of Georgian literature, exponents of the Georgian national spirit. Their assessment of the historical events connected with the interethnic relations of the two states seems to be quite objective. The authorsemphasize that the literary heritage of the great Georgian political and cultural figures helps to understand the complex realities of our time.

Очерк о вековом пути кафедры инженерной геодезии Санкт-Петербургского горного университета

The authors mark the main historical events of the St. Petersburg Mining University’s Department of Engineering Geodesy hundred-year work. A great experience in Surveying theory and practice started in the times of Peter the Great was accumulated. The beginning of Russian Surveying skills forming dates at 1701 with foundation of “Navigation and Mathematic Sciences school” in Moscow. Beside engineers and gunners, surveyors were trained there. In 1715 navigation classes moved to St. Petersburg; on their base the Nautical academy was founded. In the first technical higher educational institution of Russia, St. Petersburg Miming University (at that time Mining School), the basic subjects were land- and underground Surveys. In the USSR industrializing of the country was started, so the part of Geodesy in it was among the main ones. Well-trained technical personnel were required. The Department occurred to be one of the first in the country. The history of its creating, establishment and development is given in brief. The main attention is paid to the Chairmen of the department, their achievements, scientific interests, tasks they were facing and solutions. The results of the research work which made a significant contribution in Geodetic science are also shown.

Civil identity and cultural-historical memory of the young generation of Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics

Introduction. Modern socio-political realities, priorities of Russian educational policy, and strengthening of the role of education actualize the issue of forming civil identity and cultural-historical memory of the young generation of Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics, which is a crucial condition for their integration into the Russian space. The study aims to theoretically and empirically analyze the civic identity and cultural-historical memory of the aforementioned population group. Materials and methods. The empirical research involved 185 students aged 14-17, 60.5% female and 39.5% male, living in Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics. The following methods were applied: theoretical – analysis of the research subject based on philosophical, psychological and pedagogical literature review, generalization and systematization of the data obtained; empirical – questionnaire, survey, and conversation. Results. Based on the analysis and generalization of scientific literature, the essence and specificity of civic identity and cultural-historical memory was identified, the relationship between these phenomena was established, indicators for their assessment were selected, and a questionnaire “Civic identity and cultural-historical memory of the young generation” was developed. The empirical study determined that more than a half of the young people in Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics associate themselves with Russians and Russia (64.3%), indicating the Russian Federation as their place of birth and residence (87.3%). More than 80% know state symbols, main historical events, are ready to act for the benefit of the Motherland (49.7%) and feel proud of the country (69.2%). At the same time, less than half of the respondents are not fully aware of the cultural heritage of Russia and of outstanding figures of culture, science and art. Less than 50% are characterized by fairly low social activity (participation in social projects, events, volunteer activities); 82.6% of survey participants are ready to leave the country if they are offered a well-paid job abroad. These contradictory results indicate the insufficient formation of civil identity and cultural-historical memory of the young people of Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics. Conclusion. The results of the empirical study can serve as basis for developing a model of civic identity and culturalhistorical memory formation, for creating pedagogical conditions to implement this model in educational practice, and for making methodological recommendations for the civic-patriotic education of the young generation in Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics. Prospects for further work are related to expanding the empirical base of the study and increasing the sample of respondents, as well as developing an adaptive system for the formation of civic identity and cultural-historical memory of the above-mentioned population group.

Srpski narodonosni sloj u savremenoj Republici Severna Makedonija (teritorija Stare Srbije i Makedonije)

The paper presents a historical cross-section of social, military, ethnic, and political conditions in Southeastern Europe, i.e. Balkans, more precisely in the area of Old Serbia and Macedonia, parts of today's Bulgaria, Turkey and neighboring areas. The historical course of a long duration was followed, from the pre-Nemanjic period to the Balkan wars of 1912/1913. years. Special attention is given to the Serbian ethnic group in the area of Old Serbia and Macedonia, which today covers the territory of North Macedonia. The paper lists the main historical events that connect the Serbs and their state with this area, and it primarily mentions the Serbian people, i.e. the Serbian ethnic stratum, as well as important events that speak of the history of Serbian statehood, such as the fact that the Serbian king Milutin chose Skopje as the Serbian capital, and Dušan was crowned Serbian emperor in Skopje (1346). Special attention is devoted to the depiction of the struggle between Serbs and Bulgarians who, after receiving the Exarchate (1870), worked intensively on the Bulgarianization of these Serbian areas with the use of terror, violence and murders of prominent Serbian priests and individuals from Serbian society.

Autocracy promotion in Latin America:

The following article will examine the phenomenon of autocracy promotion in Latin America, focusing on Cuba and Venezuela, two countries that have played an active role in the region with the aim of increasing their influence, trying to export the political ideology and extreme left economic institutions that still characterises them. The main historical events of the two countries will be pointed out, which is essential to understand the nature of the close relationship between them. Furthermore, the article will highlight the main consequences of this alliance, both at regional and international level, it will show how the cooperation between Cuba and Venezuela has reached all fields, economic, political, social and military and it will examine the main tools used to achieve common goals and interests. There are many important issues to take into account when we talk about autocracy promotion: this paper focuses on the cases in which this phenomenon was successful, highlighting how the Venezuelan and Cuban influence has transformed many countries. Finally, an analysis of the current Latin American scenario will be carried out.

The State of Public Health Education and Science During and After the Fall of the Soviet Union: Achievements, Remaining Challenges, and Future Priorities.

ObjectivesIn the post–COVID-19 world, when the adequacy of public health workforce education is being critically re-evaluated, this study undertakes a historical analysis of how the educational and scientific field of public health developed during and after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The study intends to historically contextualize public health education and science development in former Soviet Republics. It attempts to document achievements after gaining independence and identify remaining challenges that need to be addressed for advancing public health science and education in Former Soviet Union countries to better prepare them for future pandemics and address current health challenges of the nations.MethodsThe study used a mixed-methods review approach combining both a literature review, information collection from the school's websites, and secondary analysis of the quantitative data available about scientific outputs—peer-reviewed articles.ResultsDuring communist rule and after the fall of the Soviet Union, the main historical events seem to have shaped the public health field of former Soviet countries, which also determined its eventual evolution. The international efforts post-1991 were instrumental in shifting medically oriented conceptualization of public health toward Western approaches, albeit with variable progress. Also, while scientific output has been growing from 1996 to 2019, sub-regional differences remain prominent.ConclusionThe region seems to have matured enough that it might be time to start and facilitate regional cooperation of public health schools to advance the field of public health and research. Regional and country variabilities feature prominently in the volume and quality of scientific output and call for the immediate attention of national governments and international partners.

On Two Viewpoints on the Dramaturgical Conflict Structure: from Hegel’s Aesthetics to the Identity of the Formalists

In Russian humanitarian knowledge, the understanding of the nature of the dramaturgical conflict was influenced by aesthetic ideas about beauty, harmony, the sublime, and the ideal, formulated by Hegel in the Lectures on Aesthetics. In line with classical concepts, the conflict is understood as a necessary condition for maintaining the compositional unity of the work and the action development, leading to the final equilibrium state of all its elements after the separation of the participants in the collision to the maximum distance. In addition to the aesthetic understanding of the conflict as the basis for the harmonic organisation of the text, an idea of the conflict as the primary condition for the development of all systems was formed. This direction is also based on the Hegelian doctrine, which, however, is not connected with his aesthetic views on art but with The Phenomenology of Spirit, explaining historical patterns and the dialectical processes of the formation of the cognising subject, embarked on the path of struggle for recognition and turned out to be an instrument for bringing the spirit to oneself. In the context of the doctrine of the absolute spirit, the concept of conflict is the bases for personality development (Freud, Vygotsky), life cycles (E.Erickson), and textual organisms (M.Bakhtin), where the collision of two forces of the emerging subject of cognition leads a stable state of the system to irreversible changes, a transition to a new quality, to a higher stage of development in the case of a productive resolution of contradictions and the emergence of a new formation that is different from the two participants in the confrontation. Throughout the 20th century, Russian humanitarian thought developed mainly under the influence of the aesthetic paradigm, as evidenced by the definitions of the dramatic conflict offered by literary theorists. Such a history has its reasons, which lie in the plane of understanding the official ideology, art and culture, reflecting the historical meaning of the revolutionary achievements of a classless and, therefore, conflict-free society, which achieved the dialectical removal of all contradictions in the main historical event. However, the Hegelian understanding of the modification of textual organisation due to a catastrophic event, a shift, underlies a theory that has not been fully mastered by the Russian tradition but which has outlined a new way of perceiving and understanding the nature of a dramatic conflict as a change in identity due to irreversible actions and a further change in the structure of the subject-text. This is Shklovsky's theory of estrangement, which expressed the essence of formal poetics but was forced out to the periphery and, for compelling historical reasons, did not receive further development in the theory of art.

Сучасні тенденції у спортивному русі осіб з відхиленням розумового розвитку

The purpose of the study was to analyze the features of the international sports movement of people with intellectual disabilities at the present stage – in the period since 2003 to 2019. The following tasks were realized: to characterize the main historical events in the development of the international sports movement of the Special Olympics in the third period (since 2003); to establish the dynamics of quantitative indicators of the development of the international sports movement of the Special Olympics at the present stage; to identify modern trends in the international sports movement of the Special Olympics. Materials and methods. Such methods were used in the study: theoretical level: analogy, analysis and synthesis, historical methods (comparative-historical and retrospective); sociological research methods: analysis of documentary materials; methods of mathematical statistics. Results and discussion. The analysis takes into account the trends of humanization, democratization and integration of global society, which became the basis for the powerful development of adaptive sports. Quantitative indicators of the Special Olympiad program were used to analyze this period: the total number of athletes (increased more than by 2 times), the number of coaches (increased by 2.2 times), the number of competitions increased by 3.5 times), the number of partners (increased by 2.2 times), as well as the content and characteristics of major events (including non-sporting), which is an integral part of the international movement of Special Olympics. As a result of our study the trends of development of the international sports movement for persons with deviations of mental development are specified. Compared to previous literature data, which characterized the phenomenon during a long historical period (since its foundation in 1968 to 2012), the following trends were additionally highlighted for the first time: active cooperation with sponsors (expansion of partners), which ensures stable further development; introduction of the #InclusionRevolution campaign; launching global non-sporting events to promote the Special Olympics movement, breaking stereotypes of negative attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities (forums, summits, congresses). Conclusion. Important events of the third period of the International Sports Movement of Special Olympiads are characterized. Stable positive dynamics of indicators of the number of competitions, the number of coaches, the number of athletes, the number of athletes and partners was revealed, which testifies to the effective development of the Special Olympics movement. Most of the trends in the development of the International Sports Movement of Special Olympics at the present stage, described in previous studies, have been confirmed