Main Hero Research Articles

THE TRAGEDY OF A.S. PUSHKIN “BORIS GODUNOV” AND RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CEN

For a long time it was believed that Pushkin in the tragedy “Boris Godunov” made the people the main hero and creative force of history. In reality, there is another hero in it, invisible, who is the supreme arbiter, directs the action in the direction he needs and does it unexpectedly, unpredictably, realizing himself through the unconscious actions and actions of people. The actions of the heroes taking part in this movement do not achieve the results they expected. Pushkin returns to tragedy the truth of the Divine ideal, the Divine will standing above man and humanity, lost during the Renaissance. In Pushkin’s dialogue between a person and the world, a third Person appears, this dialogue invisibly corrects and guides. Thus, Pushkin’s realism began to acquire a sober religious fundamental principle, at the core of which the future Tolstoy, the future Dostoevsky, the future Ostrovsky already lay. The “formula” of this realism did not fit into the “formula” of Western European realism, which placed emphasis on a free, self-sufficient, sovereign person.

Russian World in Yakut Heroic Epic Olonkho

This article evaluates the impact of Russian culture on the Yakut epic, Olonkho. The emergence and evolution of the Russian character in Olonkho are analyzed. Texts from various local traditions and time periods of Olonkho serve as the research material. The study employs a historical poetics approach, showcasing the evolution and changes in the portrayal of the Russian character in Yakut epic texts, considering the territorial and temporal differences in the texts and the individual characteristics of storytellers. It is determined that the semantics of this character transform from “foreign” to “native”. The Russian character in Yakut heroic epic texts initially appears through epic formulas, comparisons, and epithets, manifesting foreignness and alienation. Subsequently, the Russian individual becomes a character participating in the Olonkho plot. A transition from “foreign” to “different,” “other” is observed: intermediary zones (the meeting place of heaven and earth, forests, mountains) start resembling objects belonging to Russians. When Russian material culture aligned with the life and customs of the Yakuts, objects adopted from Russians began resembling parts of the main hero’s (bogatyr) body, vividly demonstrating the incorporation of the Russian character into the category of “ours.” References to certain realities of Orthodox Christianity are also made in Olonkho. Images of Baba Yaga, Zmey Gorynych, the forest spirit, motifs of path selection are borrowed from Russian fairy tales and myths. Russian names, names of Russian cities and places, among others, are mentioned.

К ВОПРОСУ О ЦЕННОСТНО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ РАЗНИЦЕ АВТОРСКИХ ПОДХОДОВ ПРИ ЛИТЕРАТУРНОЙ ОБРАБОТКЕ ПЕРВОЙ И ВТОРОЙ ЧАСТЕЙ ЭПИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЭМЫ «ДИГЕНИС АКРИТ»

The question of the correlation between the first and second parts of the Byzantine epic poem “Digenes Akritas” is still insufficiently covered in academic literature. Thus, for example, Byzantine scholars highlight both this work’s semantic-value integrity, and the fact that the folk songs serving as the basis of it had presumably been of diachronous nature. This determines the relevance of the poem’s axiological analysis, aiming to compare its parts with one another, as well as to clarify whether the artistic organization of “Digenes Akritas” involves a certain degree of inner unity and coherence. According to the present article, the famous Byzantine epic poem, when systematically studied in such a manner, reveals itself as a work implying a fundamental difference between its various plot-compositional parts. Examining the poem in terms of the heroes’ motivational values – which are, as a consequence, decisive for the plot, – we have identified eight axiomotifs (one for the introduction, three for the first part, and four for the second one) and analyzed them successively. The results are of obvious regularity. Thus, the poem’s first part – the one depicting the main hero’s parents – presupposes a Christian value perspective (i. e., a plot emphasis put on the categories of neighbor, compassionate love, and the glory of God), while the life story of the protagonist himself focuses on such individualistic unchristian concepts as personal fame and personal honor. Digenes, even if depicted in the poem as a man of faith, turns out to be motivated only by his own interests, and never acts selflessly for the sake of other people, religious shrines or the glory of God. As a result, it is possible not only to emphasize the fact that the epic in question has been created on the basis of different folk works, but also to establish that these works have been processed by at least two separate individuals – one of them a practicing Orthodox believer, while the other a person completely alien to Christian values – and combined mechanically only later. Consequently, an axiological analysis of the poem “Digenes Akritas” allows one to understand its genesis and its semantic-compositional structure in a more complete way, while creating prerequisites for similar studies of other Byzantine folk and literary epics, among them “The Tale of Belisarius”, “The Lay of Armouris”, and the more recent “Acritic Songs”.

ИДЕАЛЫ МУЖЧИН-БАТЫРОВ (ЭПОСЫ «УРАЛ-БАТЫР» И ОЛОНХО «НЮРГУН БООТУР СТРЕМИТЕЛЬНЫЙ»): ТИПОЛОГИЯ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ

The article analyzes the images of two main characters from the epic Ural-batyr and the olonkho Nurgun Bootur the Swift by Platon Oyunsky, which are based on ancient mythological ideas of people about life, about the world around them, ideas about the struggle between good and evil, etc. A comparative study of the following plots in the epics is carried out: the birth of boys; the upbringing of adolescents; the actions of the main characters, etc. The aspect of behavioral stereotypes of batyrs in three worlds, the features of service for the benefit of unity, freedom and happiness of the people are studied. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the study of the behavior and actions of the main characters allows us to identify their common features, and for the first time a comparative typological analysis of two epic heroes of the Bashkir and Yakut epics is made. The scientific novelty of the study consists in an attempt to artistically comprehend the features of the images of the main heroes of the olonkho Nurgun Bootur the Swift by Platon Oyunsky and the epic Ural-batyr. Particular attention is paid to the methods and techniques by which the image of the main hero is created. The purpose of the study is to identify the ideological and artistic features and the typology of differences in the images of Batyrs from the main epic monuments Ural-batyr and Nurgun Bootur the Swift by Platon Oyunsky. The main task necessary to achieve this goal is to conduct a comparative analysis of the images of batyrs in the epics of two Turkic peoples. A comprehensive study of artistic images allows us to reveal the actions of the heroes, which have spiritual and educational significance. The study revealed that the images of the Yakut and Bashkir epics have a number of similarities and differences due to the peculiarities of the worldview, mythological ideas and views of the peoples. The common idea is that men serve goodness and justice.

(Re)Constructing the Nation in Sunlight on a Broken Column: Hossain's Perspective on the Partition of the Subcontinent

Gellner (1983) defines a nation as a myth whereas nationalism is an ideology through which people (re)invent traditions and culture to construct a nation. Nationalism revives extinct languages and reimagines extinct customs. To strengthen their nation's discourse, South Asian female writers have contributed significantly to the invention of traditions and the reconstruction of their lost culture. By addressing her nation's history and culture in her work, Hosain has also bolstered her national discourse. It is commonly known that history is typically presented through the eyes of men. Even though women have contributed substantially to the national process, their opinions are not included in history books. Since men write history, history favors men by making them the main heroes. This study aims to provide a female viewpoint on the history of the partition of the subcontinent. Thus, the researcher has selected Attia Hossain's novel, Sunlight on a Broken Column, to view her perspective on the nation and the partition of India. The concept of a nation is complex to comprehend. Different theorists have different definitions of the nation. Renan (1883), Hobsbawm and Ranger (1983), and Anderson's (1991) theories related to the nation have been used to construct a theoretical framework for this research. This study investigates factors contributing to the construction of a nation and nation-state by referencing the partition of the sub-continent and the formation of two nation-states, Pakistan and India.

ALTERNATİVE VOİCES İN OTTOMAN RELİGİOUS CULTURE: BEKTAŞİ STORIES

In the field of cultural history, which scrutinizes the interactions between history, culture, and society, the numerous versions of storytelling are one of the specific subjects of interest. In this article, “Bektaşi stories” which were constantly narrated in the Ottoman religious culture and humorously indicate the divergences of Bektaşis with the widespread religious narrative, are set as the topic. In this regard, Bektaşi stories from different sources are compiled and explained, which are eccentric and can be named “alternative voices” that are heard by all. These stories could be regarded as peculiar representations of the Ottoman religious culture and Bektaşi, the main hero of the stories, is generally a versatile stereotype that represents the alternative voices of the religious culture. The Bektaşi stereotype speaks to certain figures of Ottoman society from several social degrees and the structure of the stories mirrors various characteristics of the Bektaşi stereotype as well as his authentic interpretations of events and facts. The Bektaşi is ultimately not a deist or an atheist, but his mindset differs from the widespread Muslim narrative in many senses. These stories which contain various elements for interpretation have been reproduced within the religious and cultural field and they could be survived to the present day. This article aims to articulate how the differences and alternative voices are quoted in a humorous way in Ottoman religious culture and how the stories of religious groups that have the potential to be seen outside of orthodoxy are conveyed delicately thanks to the tradition of storytelling.

"Dwaj święci" Aleksandra Kuprina: Studium przypadku


 
 
 Aleksandr Kuprin is considered to be a penetrating and wise observer of human life, admirer of colourful characters which represent different social groups, a writer who is able to transgress the borderlines of literary conventions in order to reveal fundamental truthes of the human existence. The tale Two saints proves these statements to be true. Its main heroes are Nicholas, bishop of Myra and John Cassian. Following the plot of the Russian folk legend, A. Kuprin depicts their journey in common to the Heavens, skilfully approximates both ancient saints to his reader and demonstrates different ways that lead to God, whose Justice is Mercy. 
 
 

Work-Family Conflict in Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses were praised as the main heroes of the fight against the disease, but pandemic conditions affected the balance between their work and family responsibilities. To this end, the present study aimed to explore the incidence of work-family conflict in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at COVID-19 referral hospitals in Mazandaran Province, Iran, in 2021. The participants were 200 nurses who were selected using convenience and purposive sampling. The data were collected using the Work-Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS), which was distributed and completed online. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS-16 software using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Most of the participants were working as nurses for an average of seven years and had been caring for COVID-19 patients for at least 4-6 months until the time of data collection. The mean work-family conflict score was 78.80±1.1. The data also showed that the severity of work interference with family (WIF) in both time and strain dimensions (83.81±0.3) was significantly higher than the severity of family interference with work (FIW) (65.90±0.3) in these two dimensions. Conclusion: Nurses faced an imbalance between work and family functions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since nurses are at the forefront of the fight against the pandemic, it is necessary to pay special attention to their working conditions and family life. Moreover, effective and practical solutions should be provided by managers to resolve work-family challenges.

О проблеме «телесного сопереживания» читателя героям «Преступления и наказания»

The author’s realm of ideas undoubtedly influences the inner life of the reader, but the reader’s somatic involvement in the events of the plot should also be considered. In Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment this phenomenon is primarily evoked by the dynamics and plastic of the characters. In recent years, researchers have become more interested in the psychological effects of reading (on blood circulation, heart rate, and brain activity). The reader mimics the movements that correspond to the movements of the character, potentially repeating them. Crime and Punishment with its dynamics – both in plot and characters – strongly intensifies this process. The main hero and those characters who gravitate around the center of the novel are people whose behavior is utterly unexpected. Such is their inner life, and such are their behavior and gestures. That is why perfective verbs have special significance in the descriptions of Raskolnikov and his inner circle, while tertiary characters, who stand the novel’s background, are mostly described with the help of imperfective verbs: that is how the author describes a life without meaning and trapped in invariably repeating oppressive situations. The reader belongs both to the world of the protagonist and to the world of the others and is closely associated both with the explosive changes in the behavior of Raskolnikov and with the drawn-out and distressing existence of little people in Crime and Punishment. The attachment of the reader to the world of the characters – given their number – forms multiple connections on ideological, spiritual, and physical levels. The epilogue, in particular, offers a liberating and dynamic experience for readers, as Raskolnikov not only finds solace from his loneliness but also discovers that the convicts are capable of responding to his inner transformation.

РОМАН Е. И. ВЕЛЬТМАН «ПРИКЛЮЧЕНИЯ КОРОЛЕВИЧА ГУСТАВА ИРИКОВИЧА, ЖЕНИХА ЦАРЕВНЫ КСЕНИИ ГОДУНОВОЙ» В ИСТОРИИ КУЛЬТУРЫ: УДАЧИ И ПРОСЧЕТЫ

The article examines the historical novel by E. I. Veltman “The Adventures of Prince Gustav Irikovich, the Groom of Princess Ksenia Godunova” and examines the reasons for the unpopularity of the work among contemporaries. On the one hand, the success of the author of the novel is the recreation of the color of the era (historical and everyday details and linguistic realities of the 16th century), on the other hand, the insufficient elaboration of the characters of the main heroes. The influence of the writer A. F. Veltman on the novel by E. I. Veltman is noted.

FEATURES OF LITERARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN GURGEN KHANJYAN NOVEL «PANDEMIC»

In panoramic novel «Pandemic» G. Khanjyan by means of literary way presented the Armenian reality of the last decades. At the center of the epic events is the main hero Harut, who left for the United States before independence and now returns to Yerevan to sell his father’s house. The literary skill of the author, the experience of classical literature and some principles of magical realism were manifested in the novel. The theme of the hero’s behavior in extreme situations, which is preferred by existentialists, was also used. The writer has a great and successful experience in creating typical modern Armenians of different characters and classes, which he uses here, also using his journalistic inclination to raise national issues. Through the characters and themes of the novel, he reveals typical aspects of national life and public interests of that time /1990-2020/. Through the main hero, the problems of leaving the homeland and returning back are discussed, as well as the highest idea for an Armenian person to remain devoted to the interests of the country, to appreciate national spiritual and material values.

The image of male / female artist in Ukrainian literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in the gender aspect

The study examines gender issues in the works of Ukrainian writers on the border of the 19th and 20th centuries, whose main heroes and heroines are representatives of art. In the dramaturgical works of this time, due to the departure from the social issues, the problems of gender equality and the possibility of choosing their life path by women actresses are intensified. This topic today remains an almost unexplored in scientific works, which determines the relevance and scientific novelty of our article. The purpose of the study is to consider the processes of modernization of Ukrainian literature in the context of gender and feminist issues, as well as to analyze the peculiarities of writers’ interpretation of images of artists in prose and drama using general scientific approaches and comparative typological method. The research results allows to state that such writers as O. Konisky and H. Khotkevych seek to reveal the peculiarities of the worldview of their characters. At the same time, the attitude of the heroes towards the female gender is traditional, the chosen ones of the musicians – main literary personages – should be female associates who fully support the lofty thoughts and deeds of their husbands. Actors and actresses in the plays by M. Starytsky and I. Karpenko-Kary raise the most difficult issues of family life, fidelity and betrayal of wives and husbands in marriage, life in a civil marriage and others that continue to be relevant in our time. L. Starytska Cherniakhivska, Lesia Ukrainka and O. Kobylianska, going beyond gender issues in the direction of feminist views, transfer the emphasis in their plays and short prose to the tragedy of a talented woman who devoted herself to art. Thus, Ukrainian writers of the studied period considered in sufficient detail the problem of gender relations in their modern society, in particular, the issue of family betrayal in its interpretation by representatives of the opposite sexes, and built a kind of hierarchy of relations between women and men.

Strawson P.F.: From Hume to Kant and Back Again

P.F. Strawson is one of the most famous Kantian philosophers and interpretators of Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason”. This study is dedicated to reconstruction of this interpretation. It is also dedicated to the analysis of the story and place of Strawson’s interpretation in the history of his own philosophical career. I show how Strawson reads Kant’s text, what strategies of interpretation he adopts and what problems he faces. In “Individuals” and “The Bounds of Sense” Strawson explicitly associates himself with Kant and considers himself as Kantian philosopher. Kantian philosophy for Strawson is the descriptive, anti-sceptical metaphysics that seeks to explicate our basic conceptual sсheme. However, due to various criticism, Strawson had to abandon descriptive metaphysics and to change his intellectual figures. On of the main heroes of “Skepticism and Naturalism” - his late book - becomes Hume. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the explanation of the transition from Kant to Hume. In this work, Strawson argues for some kind of soft Hume-like naturalism instead of previously held descriptive metaphysics. This kind of naturalism is more modest than metaphysics. It does not pretend to be the main and the most fundamental of all the philosophical studies. It is simply an analysis of one of the possible philosophical perspective. The stand point of ordinary believes.

PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE EPOCH AND ONTOLOGY OF THE SPIRIT IN THE POEM OF BENJAMIN TRONIN “HOSTAGES”

The article is devoted to the research of the phenomenological field of the poem by Benjamin Tronin “Hostages”. This literary work is a worthy example of modern literature, it meets the needs and requirements of the present time and develops the traditions already established in Russian literature. The study revealed that the poem has deep phenomenological meanings that create its multidimensionality. The poem presents four global plans. On the surface of the text is an epochal plan, it creates the plot of the work. Describing Soviet and post-Soviet times, the author gives key symbols and images of the Soviet and post-Soviet eras in which the main character of the poem lives. They are revealed by the author through the fate of the characters of the work, revealing first the social plan of interpersonal relations, and then the personal plan of the individual consciousness of the main hero of the poem. The protagonist comes forward with his fate and feelings. It is his consciousness, which is pure meaning formation, that forms the conceptual picture of the world in a work and creates the phenomenological space of the epoch, recognizable by the reader. The last and deepest plan is the ontological plan. It shows how lonely the protagonist, abandoned by all, is. However, the loneliness of the hero is not related to the understanding of his interpersonal relationships, but to the understanding of his existence. He feels very far from God. Gradually transcending the historical aspect of the age, revealing the social and personal aspects, he comes to the ontological aspect - the basis of his existence. At the end of the research, it was concluded that the author presents the poetic phenomenology of the spirit. This is realized in an attempt to reveal in the subjective perception of man the objective state of the epoch, which in turn consists not of time, but of human destinies, one of which is the fate of the protagonist.

From the pleiad of titans of the atomic age: To the 120th anniversary of Academician A.P. Aleksandrov

February 13, 2023, marks the 120th anniversary of the birth of one of the main heroes of the atomic age, triple hero of Socialist Labor, Academician A.P. Aleksandrov. At present, interest in the history of Russia, in science and its outstanding representatives is beginning to revive, and our goal is to remind the reader of the key stages of the multifaceted activity of the great scientist and engineer in the formation and development of nuclear energy in our country.

«ВІН ІДЕ» МИХАЙЛА КОЦЮБИНСЬКОГО ЯК ОПОВІДЬ ПРО САМОТНІСТЬ ПЕРЕД ЗЛОМ

The article deals with the analysis and interpretation of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky`s short story «Vin ide» («He Goes»). The analysis is focused on ways in which the researched text shows human`s solitude in the face of evil, and also on related to it biblical reminiscences and allusions. The author of the article gives rich illustrative material in order to reinforce his thoughts concerning the main ideas of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky`s short story «Vin ide» («He Goes»). Deep understanding of the main heroes of the short story, their characters, their needs, their feelings, and their experience gives possibility for the author to develop the perspectives of their inner world. The author singled out special elements of literary description in the article and the narration, which enlarges the distance through the storing antithetical images. The author pays special attention to the parodic playful elements and the expressive role of biblical allusions is highlighted on external "universality" to the world of heroes (biblical allusions are barely visible in Yosel's image and not quite bright in the image of Abrum, biblical allusions acquire full expressiveness in the character of Esther). Analyzing the development of the actions of the main characters of the novel from the perspective of antithetical symbolism, the author of the article draws attention to the conflicts between the characters, and dwells on the characteristics of Estherka's monologue. The author of the article pays special attention to the particular heterogeneity of M. Kotsyubynskyi's work, which is often "disguised" by its consistency, to the impressionistic character of the work and to its stylistic dominance. The author of the article considers using the method of description proposed by Roman Ingarden, namely the concept of two-dimensionality and four-layeredness of the artistic text as a starting point for the study rhetorical devices in the text.

Jak ks. Marcin Lubomirski rabunkiem pod Częstochową się bawił – w świetle zeznań złożonych przez uczestników wydarzeń

The article presents a series of events concerning prince Jerzy Marcin Lubomirski, which took place in the years 1757–1759. The young magnate committed several offences then: he deserted the crown army, he served in the Prussian army and recruited soldiers there, which was followed by him looting and plundering in Poland. He was apprehended near Częstochowa by a unit of the crown army and brought to a military court in Kamieniec Podolski, whereas his people were brought to a magistrate court in Cracow. The series of aforementioned events was the origin of a black legend of prince Jerzy Marcin Lubomirski, and the sentences issued then, including partial amnesty for the main hero of this article, are a good illustration of how law was executed in Poland during the Saxon times.

Systematic review of MCDM approach applied to the medical case studies of COVID-19: trends, bibliographic analysis, challenges, motivations, recommendations, and future directions

When COVID-19 spread in China in December 2019, thousands of studies have focused on this pandemic. Each presents a unique perspective that reflects the pandemic’s main scientific disciplines. For example, social scientists are concerned with reducing the psychological impact on the human mental state especially during lockdown periods. Computer scientists focus on establishing fast and accurate computerized tools to assist in diagnosing, preventing, and recovering from the disease. Medical scientists and doctors, or the frontliners, are the main heroes who received, treated, and worked with the millions of cases at the expense of their own health. Some of them have continued to work even at the expense of their lives. All these studies enforce the multidisciplinary work where scientists from different academic disciplines (social, environmental, technological, etc.) join forces to produce research for beneficial outcomes during the crisis. One of the many branches is computer science along with its various technologies, including artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, big data, decision support systems (DSS), and many more. Among the most notable DSS utilization is those related to multicriterion decision making (MCDM), which is applied in various applications and across many contexts, including business, social, technological and medical. Owing to its importance in developing proper decision regimens and prevention strategies with precise judgment, it is deemed a noteworthy topic of extensive exploration, especially in the context of COVID-19-related medical applications. The present study is a comprehensive review of COVID-19-related medical case studies with MCDM using a systematic review protocol. PRISMA methodology is utilized to obtain a final set of (n = 35) articles from four major scientific databases (ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science). The final set of articles is categorized into taxonomy comprising five groups: (1) diagnosis (n = 6), (2) safety (n = 11), (3) hospital (n = 8), (4) treatment (n = 4), and (5) review (n = 3). A bibliographic analysis is also presented on the basis of annual scientific production, country scientific production, co-occurrence, and co-authorship. A comprehensive discussion is also presented to discuss the main challenges, motivations, and recommendations in using MCDM research in COVID‐19-related medial case studies. Lastly, we identify critical research gaps with their corresponding solutions and detailed methodologies to serve as a guide for future directions. In conclusion, MCDM can be utilized in the medical field effectively to optimize the resources and make the best choices particularly during pandemics and natural disasters.

The Newest English Translation of the Tbilisian Maqama

Tbilisian Maqama is the 33th story in the book of the prominent Arab writer al-Hariri (1054-1122). Two permanent characters of the Maqama-cycle – the narrator and the main hero meet each other in the Tbilisian mosque. Maqamas were translated into English several times, but those were mostly exact translations. The newest translation (Imposters) issued by the New York University Press in 2020 is the imitation and a very interesting interpretation of the original version. The fact that one of the fifty maqamas of al-Hariri is called “Tbilisian” mustn’t be a pure accident. It seems that Tbilisi was regarded as one of the main political, trade and cultural centers in the Middle East, but American translator doesn’t pay much attention on it. In the newest translation Tbilisi is mentioned in the text and in the notes as well, although the title of Tbilisian Maqama is remade according to the bestseller by L. Rosten (The Joys of Yiddish) as The Joy of Yarabic. There are approximately fifty words or expressions in Yinglish in the translation. What is the common between the Tbilisian Maqama created in the 12th century and the Yiddish-inflected American English (resp. Yinglish) spoken in northeastern of USA?! It’s impossible to make the ordinary reader of the 21st century to read the classical text with its simple plot and didacticism, complicated language and rhythmed prose, high style and Quran citations. Translator Michael Cooperson tried to make his work interesting for the English-speakers by the possibilities of global English. In his translation English is represented as a rich language of the classical literature, on the one hand, and as a widespread spoken language, on the other. All of the fifty maqamas are translated into different styles. Cooperson uses classical English writers’ idioms and many slangs. The imitation of the Tbilisian Maqama is full of associations connected with the main character and the plot of this story. Cooperson chose the language of American Jews here because the main hero’s simulation as if he is disabled, his complains about poverty and illness reminds him the monologues of the 20th century American Jewish performers Henny Youngman, Don Rickles and Rodney Dangerfield. All of them used Yinglish in their performances. The translator mentions also the Imposter-like story “A Yom Kippur Scandal” originally written in Yiddish by Sholem Aleichem (1859-1916) which presents a swindle man like the hero of maqamas. Apart from this, here are allusions from the Old Testament, the texts of Yiddish theater songs etc. Some poems not translated but replaced by original versions written in Yiddish preserving the context and mood. Cooperson tried to create the analogue of the “linguistic acrobatics” of the original version. The literary pieces of the Middle Ages are often translated separately for the academical purposes with more scrupulosity, special commentaries etc., and separately for ordinary readers with some changes. But in the newest popular translation of Tbilisian Maqama the interpretation of the origin’s language needs no less definitions, explanations. This translation is Transculturation. It’s domestication – as Cooperson notes, he couldn’t find better way to integrate this classical piece in the receiving culture. The newest translation with its linguistical and stylistic diversity can be assessed as post modernistic translation as well.

BIR HIKOYA TALQINIDA BOSH QAHRAMON QIYOFASI

BIR HIKOYA TALQINIDA BOSH QAHRAMON QIYOFASI