Main Group Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

Identification of genetic diversity among Juglans regia L. genotypes using molecular, morphological, and fatty acid data

In this study, 40 walnut (Juglans regia L.) samples including international cultivars, national cultivars and local genotypes were analyzed in terms of detailed morphological traits, molecular characteristics, and biochemical (fatty acids) features. The results showed high morphological diversity among the genotypes, and the kernel ratio was found to have major contribution for the principal component analysis (PCA). Molecular results showed that the 19 SRAP primer combinations produced, on average, 171 bands in the accessions examined, of which 156 (90.6%) were polymorphic and DICE’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.49 to 0.94 indicating high genetic diversity. The polymorphism ratio of 11 primers was 100% while the lowest polymorphism was 66.7%. There were no significant differences in terms of correlation coefficient between the similarity matrices of the morphological traits and SRAP (r = 0.03). The main fatty acids of walnut kernel oils were found to be linoleic acid (C18:2) followed by oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3). The polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute the main group of fatty acids in walnut kernel oils, and these ratios varied between 85.99–92.19%. It has been determined that the morphological and biochemical data may be insufficient alone in identification of genetic diversity and relativeness in walnut because they should be supported by molecular data.

Fındığın Geleneksel ve Suni Kurutulması Arasındaki Hasat Sonrası Farklılıkları

Bu çalışma, farklı kurutma yöntemlerinin [suni kurutma, beton ve çimen harman (güneşte kurutma); SK, BH ve ÇH, sırasıyla] 12 ay depolama süresince (20–25°C ve %70–90 bağıl nem) yağ asitleri kompozisyonu ve oksidatif stabilite özellikleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2013–2014 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Beklendiği gibi tekli doymamış yağ asitleri (TDY) ana yağ asitleri grubunu (%81,75–83,59) oluşturmuş, onu çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (ÇDY; %10,20–11,48) ve doymuş yağ asitleri (DYA; %5,38–6,96) izlemiştir. SK ortamında güneşte kurutmaya göre daha yüksek TDY (%83,59) değeri kaydedilmiştir. Kurutma süreci sonunda SK ortamında daha düşük peroksit değeri (PD) ve daha yüksek oleik/linoleik asit (%8,27) değeleri kaydedilmiştir. Depolama süresi sonunda SK ortamında BH ve ÇH‘a göre daha düşük PD görülmüştür. Bu yüzden, SK metodu fındık kurutma için ticari ölçekte önerilebilir.

Fatty acid composition of salted and fermented products from Baikal omul (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius).

The fatty acid (FA) composition of raw, salted, and fermented fish products prepared from two populations of Baikal omul (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius) was determined. Total lipid content in the raw, salted, and fermented fish products was 3.85, 4.04, and 3.76%, respectively. Overall, the most abundant fatty acids were 14:0 (myristic acid), 16:0 (palmitic acid), 16:1n-7 (palmitoleic acid), 18:1n-9 (oleic acid), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). Polyunsaturated FAs were the main fatty acid group. Among unsaturated FA, n-3 forms dominated. The highest amounts of n-3 FAs were found in raw fish, followed by fermented and salted fish. Salting significantly increased the content of some FAs (15:0, 16:2n-4, 18:3n-3, 20:3n-3) compared with raw fish and decreased the DHA content. The FA composition of fermented fish did not differ from that of raw fish. The n-3:n-6 ratio did not differ between raw, salted, and fermented fish from population A, while the ratio was higher in raw fish from population B. Overall, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and thereby oxidation, were significantly lower in raw fish than in salted and fermented fish. Salting, but not fermentation, affected the FA composition of fish.

Effect of drying on the chemical composition of Çakıldak (cv) hazelnuts during storage

The hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is one of the most popular tree nuts in the world. The proper selection of drying methods is necessary to prevent oil oxidation which will influence the overall nut quality during storage. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sun drying (SD) and artificial dryingied (AD) on the chemical traits of hazelnuts during long–term storage. Protein, lipid and moisture contents, water activity, fatty acid composition, sum of fatty acids, and oil oxidation properties were determined over 24 months’ storage (2015–2017) at 20–25 °C and 70–90% relative humidity. The results showed that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was the main fatty acid group (81.55–83.38%) followed by polyunsaturated (PUFA; 10.39–11.57%) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; 5.75–6.60%). The samples dried by AD had more SFA (5.86%) and MUFA (83.11%) than the SD samples. At the end of storage, the lowest free fatty acid, and peroxide value (0.52%–1.45 meqO2·kg-1, respectively), and the highest oleic/linoleic acidity ratio (7.76) were found from AD. Therefore, AD appears to be more promising for hazelnut drying.

Bioaccessibility and antimicrobial properties of a shrimp demineralization extract blended with chitosan as wrapping material in ready-to-eat raw salmon.

A shrimp extract (SME) obtained from the mild-acid demineralization treatment of shrimp shells to produce chitosan was collected. It was mainly composed of fat (≈73%), protein (≈19%), and ash (≈9%) and contained considerable amounts of calcium (≈1.9 g/100 g), astaxanthin (≈30 mg/100 g) and unsaturated fatty acids (≈27% MUFA, ≈39% PUFA). The SME was used in combination with chitosan for wrapping raw salmon to produce a ready-to-eat product enriched in calcium. No significant changes in hardness were found, as compared to the unwrapped salmon. Estimated intakes of bioaccessible calcium increased significantly by 3.6-fold, whereas intake of bioaccessible fat was reduced by 15%. SFA were the main fatty acid group reduced (≈80%), whereas MUFA and PUFA were only reduced by ≈20% each. Total viable counts, pseudomonads, enterobacteria, and specific fish spoilers were reduced by 2-4 log CFU/g in wrapped sample during the chilled storage period (19 days).

Effect of drying methods on nut quality of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.).

This study was conducted to determine the effects of hazelnut drying machine (DM1 and DM2; at 45°C and 50°C, respectively) and sun-drying (concrete ground and grass ground) methods on the chemical properties of Tombul, Palaz, and Ordu Levant hazelnuts. For this purpose, protein, lipid and moisture content, water activity, free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), rancimat value (RV) and fatty acid composition were analyzed. As expected, it was observed that monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was the main fatty acid group (81.58-84.80%) followed by polyunsaturated (PUFA; 9.53-11.42%) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; 5.87-6.92%), and the major group constituted ~ 99.00% of the total fatty acids, whereas the minor group constituted ~ 0.5% of these acids. However, caproic (C6: 0), caprylic (C8: 0), capric (C10: 0), lauric (C12: 0), eicosadienoic (20: 2), erucic (22: 1), docosadienoic (22: 2), and lignoceric (C24: 0) fatty acids were below limit of detection (< 0.001%). Samples dried in DM1 and DM2 had more MUFA (84.49%, 84.80, respectively), and lower SFA and PUFA than those using sun-drying methods. Following the drying process, the lowest FFA and PV (0.04-0.17%, 0.00-0.27meqO2kg-1, respectively) and the highest RV (5.46-6.05h) were recorded in the DM1 method. Furthermore, it was also observed that as the heat increased (DM1 and DM2; 45-50°C, respectively), oleic/linoleic acidity ratio, FFA, and PV increased and iodine value and RV decreased. Therefore, DM1 was thought to be a promising method for hazelnut drying.

In vitro cultures of Bacopa monnieri and an analysis of selected groups of biologically active metabolites in their biomass

Context: Bacopa monnieri L. Pennell (Scrophulariaceae) is one of the most important plants in the system of Indian medicine (Ayurveda).Objective: This paper studies the optimal growth of B. monnieri for effective accumulation of metabolites. Biomass growth of this plant could be accomplished in liquid cultures on Murashige & Skoog medium.Materials and methods: Powdered shoots of in vitro cultures of B. monnieri were extracted by methanol for indole compounds, phenolic compounds and bacosides for RP-HPLC analysis. Fatty acid analysis was performed via gas chromatography. Anti-inflammatory effect of B. monnieri extracts was evaluated in the A549 cells. COX-2 and cPGES expression was analyzed using Western blots.Results: l-Tryptophan and serotonin were found in biomass from in vitro cultures of B. monnieri on MS medium and in biomass from the MS mediums enriched with the different additions such as of 0.1 g/L magnesium sulphate, 0.1 g/L zinc hydroaspartate, 0.1 g/L l-tryptophan, 0.25 g/L serine, 0.5 g/L serine and 0.5 mg/L anthranilic acid. The content of l-tryptophan and serotonin compounds was significant in biomass from medium with the addition of 0.1 g/L zinc hydroaspartate (0.72 mg/g dry weight and 1.19, respectively). Phenolic compounds identified in biomass from the same variants of MS medium were chlorogenic acid (ranging from 0.20 to 0.70 mg/g dry weight), neochlorogenic acid (ranging from 0.11 to 0.40 mg/g dry weight) and caffeic acid (ranging from 0.01 to 0.04 mg/g dry weight). The main group of fatty acids in biomass was saturated fatty acids (53.4%). The predominant fatty acid was palmitic acid. A significant decrease of COX-2 and cPGES expression was observed in the A549 cells activated with LPS and treated with B. monnieri extracts.Discussion and conclusions: As far as we know, this is the first analysis of indole compounds and phenolic acids in this plant. The multi-therapeutic effect of B. monnieri is expressed by the activity of bacosides. Information about the presence of indole and phenolic compounds, and fatty acids in this plant is limited, but the content of these compounds might participate in the physiological activity of B. monnieri.

Changes in kernel chemical composition during nut development of three Italian hazelnut cultivars

Introduction. This research focused on the variation of the kernel and pellicle (seed coat) constituents during nut growth, from early development to maturity. Material and methods. Nuts of three hazelnut cultivars widely grown in Italy: ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ and ‘Nocchione’. were randomly sampled weekly, from the same trees, starting from the first week of July 2007 (day of the year: DOY = 186) until the beginning of September (DOY = 249), at harvest time. Results and discussion. Oil content increased continuously during the development of the kernel, from 30–35 g 100 g-1 dry weight (DW) at the beginning of July, to 61–68 g 100 g-1 DW in the first week of September. Total monounsaturated fatty acids were the main group of fatty acids in the oil and oleic acid was the most predominant one, showing slight variations depending on the cultivar and kernel growth stage. Nitrogen content in the kernel decreased continuously during development, from 4.2 g 100 g-1 DW to 2.9 g 100 g-1 DW on average among the cultivars. Soluble sugars, mainly sucrose, showed a wide fluctuation until late July, and the content observed in the mature seed was about 5 g 100 g-1 DW in all cultivars. The organic acids, mainly represented by malic acid, showed a large decrease during the early stages (July), and reached on average a content of about 0.3–0.4 g 100 g-1 DW at the mature stage. Starch content for all cultivars was highest at the first sampling date, then decreased rapidly, coinciding with the initial kernel expansion stage. Starch levels then increased to a second peak in early August, then rapidly decreased again, followed by a gradual decline up to the time of nut ripening. The total phenol content was mainly concentrated in the pellicle and showed wide variation during the nut development both in the kernel and pellicle. Conclusion. The complexity of these dynamics can explain the different kernel taste in immature and mature states, and highlights the possibilities of optimizing the orchard management and harvesting time.

Fatty acids in female’s gonads of the Red Sea fish Rhabdosargus sarba during the spawning season

Objective: To determine the fatty acids profiles in female fish, Rhabdosargus sarba (R. sarba) from the Red Sea during the spawning season. Methods: Monthly individual R. sarba were obtained from Bangalah market in Jeddah, Red Sea and transported to the laboratory in ice aquarium. The total length, standard length and weight were measured, fishes were dissected. Ovaries were removed, weighed and 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to 10 g of the ovary in a conical flask and immersed in boiling water until the sample was dissolved and the fat was seen to collect on the surface. The conical was cooled and the fat was extracted by shaking with 30 mL of diethyl ether. The extract was bowled after allowing the layers to separate into a weighed flask. The extraction was repeated three times more and distilled off the solvent then the fat dried at 100 °C, cooled and weighed. Then 50 mg of lipid was put in a tube, 5 mL of methanolic sulphuric acid was added and 2 mL of benzene, the tube well closed and placed in water bath at 90 °C for an hour and a half. After cooling, 8 mL water and 5 mL petroleum were added and shaked strongly and the ethereal layer was separated in a dry tube, evaporated to dryness. The fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by using a Hewlett Packard (HP 6890) chromatography, a split/splitless injector and flame ionization detector. Results: In female R. sarba, a total of 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries throughout the spawning season. The main fatty acid group in total lipid was saturated fatty acid (SFA, 28.9%), followed by 23.5% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 12.9% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic, the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic, and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2. During spawning stages, there were no significant differences in total SFA, MUFA and PUFA. The highest value of SFA was in late spawning (36.78%). However, the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning (16.70% and 24.96% respectively). During spawning season there were significant differences in total SFA between March (late spawning stage) and December (nearly ripe stage), P<0.05. Conclusions: From the present study it has been shown that 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries of R. sarba throughout the spawning season. The main fatty acid group in total lipid was SFA followed by PUFA and MUFA. The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic, the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic, and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2. The highest value of SFA was in late spawning. However, the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning.

Fatty acids Compositions in Male��s Gonads of the Red Sea Fish Rhabdosargus sarba During the Spawning Season

A total of 27 fatty acids (FAs) were identified in testis throughout the spawning season of male R. sarba. In male gonad saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the main fatty acid group in total lipid in testis (34%) followed by PUFA (29.1%) and MUFA (11.6%). In all maturation stages SFA were the main fatty acid group in testis (30.4-35.4%). Of individual fatty acid, the major constituents of SFA were Palmitic acid C16:0 (18. 5%) and Stearic acid C18:0 (8.5%) in nearly ripe and ripe stages respectively. Oleic acid C18:1 (8.8%) was found to be the main MUFA in ripe stage and Linoleic acid C18:2 (10.8%) was the main PUFA in nearly ripe stage. During spawning and maturation stages there were a significant differences in total SFA and MUFA (P<0.05).

Nutritional Composition of Caviar from Three Commercially Farmed Sturgeon Species in China

The main nutritional composition of caviar obtained from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), Amur sturgeon (Acipenser Schrenckii) and Hybrid sturgeon (Huso dauricus ♀× A. schrenkii ♂) cultured in China was characterized. Three caviar samples from each species have been analyzed for proximate chemical composition, amino acids and fatty acids. Moisture content of sturgeon caviars averaged between 47.72%-51.80% and together with crude protein 23.98%-25.55% (wet weight), crude lipid 14.23%-16.22% (wet weight) and ash 3.28%-3.84% (wet weight). Eighteen amino acids were identified in caviar samples, and glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid (7.29%-7.69%). Total amino acids (TAA) content ranged from 50.31% to 53.54% (dry weight). Essential amino acids (EAA) and delicious amino acids (DAA) accounted for 37.44%-38.04% (dry weight), and 32.64%-32.88% (dry weight) of TAA, respectively. Functional amino acids constituted 55.60%-55.98% (dry weight) of TAA. All of the essential amino acids scores (AAS) were > 1. The monounsaturated fatty acids (38.93%-43.29%, % of total fatty acids) were the main group of fatty acids followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (29.52%-35.61%, % of total fatty acids) and saturated fatty acids (24.74%-25.44%, % of total fatty acids). The main fatty acids were C16:0, C18:1ω-9, C18:2ω-6, C22:6ω-3 (DHA), and 20:5ω-3 (EPA). The ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFAs in the present study ranged from 0.90 to 1.14. The present study indicated that the caviar from these three species could be considered as good sources of essential amino acids, functional amino acids, DHA and EPA.

Separation and Determination of Fatty Acids from Lipid Fractions by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Cholesterol Esters of Umbilical Cord Arteries

ABSTRACTPreeclampsia is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix of umbilical cord. It is associated with an increase in collagen content in the umbilical cord artery. Furthermore, preeclampsia distinctly reduces proteolytic and gelatinolytic activity, especially after activation with various agents.We decided to develop a method for separation and determination of fatty acids from different tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. That method allowed us to determine cholesteryl ester composition and content in umbilical cord arteries. Studies were performed on the umbilical cord arteries taken from 10 newborns delivered by healthy mothers and 10 newborns delivered by mothers with preeclampsia. Cholesteryl esters were isolated by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acids were liberated by basic hydrolysis and analyzed by HPLC of their p-bromophenacyl derivatives using detection at 254 nm. It was found that saturated fatty acids were the main group of fatty acids incorporated to cholesteryl esters in all control and preeclamptic umbilical cord arteries. Preeclampsia caused a significant increase in cholesteryl ester content in the umbilical cord arteries. An increase of neutral lipid content in vessel walls of newborns delivered by mothers with preeclampsia may be one of the factors that evoke the initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout childhood and adult life. The described method reduces time and cost consumption and allows us to determine almost all fatty acids forming cholesteryl esters contained in the tissue sample.

Fatty Acid Profiles, Tocopherol Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia Var. cordiformis) and Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

The fatty acid and tocopherol compositions of three heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) varieties (Imshu, Campbell CW1, and Campbell CW3) were examined and compared with those of two Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties (Combe and Lake). The major fatty acids found in heartnuts and walnuts were identified by gas chromatography as linoleic (18:2n-6), alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3), oleic (18:1n-9), palmitic (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the main group of fatty acids found in both heartnut and walnut, ranging from 73.07 to 80.98%, and were significantly higher in heartnut than in Persian walnuts (P < 0.001). In addition, heartnuts had significantly higher levels of 18:2n-6 and lower levels of 18:3n-3 compared to the Persian walnuts. gamma-Tocopherol was the main tocopherol homologue present in both types of nuts, followed by delta- and alpha-tocopherol. The highest concentration of gamma-tocopherol was found in Combe Persian walnut at 267.87 mug/g, followed by Lake Persian walnut and Imshu, Campbell CW1, and CW3 heartnut at 205.45, 187.33, 161.84, and 126.46 mug/g, respectively. Tocopherols, particularly the gamma-tocopherol, were found to contribute the most to the strong total antioxidant activities of both walnut and heartnut oils using either the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay or the photochemiluminescence method.

Chemical changes of three native Turkish hazelnut varieties ( Corylus avellana L.) during fruit development

Three native hazelnut varieties from Turkey, namely, Tombul, Palaz, and Badem, were examined for their proximate composition, minerals, and fatty acid profiles, as well as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and lipase activities during fruit development stages (early stage: ES, middle stage: MS, and harvest stage: HS). Proximate composition varied considerably (dry weight basis) from ES to MS. Fat was the predominant component at all stages and showed increasing trends. Six essential minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc) were analysed (dry weight basis). Consuming recommended daily amount of 42.5 g hazelnut at HS supplies 23.3–25.0% of phosphorus, 11.6–18.1% of magnesium, 7.0–18.9% of iron, 4.9–8.9% of zinc, 5.1–5.7% of calcium, and 5.1–5.3% of potassium for recommended dietary allowances or adequate intake for adults. Significant ( P < 0.05) decreasing trends were found in all mineral contents from early development to maturity, with some exceptions. Sixteen fatty acids were identified, among which 18:1ω9 was by far the most predominant one, followed by 18:2ω6, 16:0, and 18:0. As expected, total monounsaturated fatty acids constituted the main group of fatty acids ranging from 75.51 to 81.07% in Tombul, from 78.21 to 82.71% in Palaz, and from 73.69 to 81.65% in Badem through the maturation stages. In contrast, total polyunsaturated fatty acids showed decreasing trends from ES to HS. No significant changes ( P > 0.05) were observed in total saturated fatty acids at different maturation stages. Tombul variety had the lowest PPO activity compared to those of Palaz and Badem. Badem showed highest POD activity compared to Tombul and Palaz at three stages of maturation and significant decreases ( P < 0.05) in all hazelnut samples were observed in POD activity from ES to HS. No lipase activity was detected in any hazelnut samples at ES and MS, except in Badem at MS. In contrast, lipase activity was detected in all hazelnut samples at HS. These results suggest that some proximate compositions, minerals, and fatty acids gave good indications during fruit development stages, whereas enzymatic activities of PPO, POD, and lipase behaved differently among varieties and fruit development stages.

Habitat related variations in fatty acids of catadromous Galaxias maculatus

The fatty acid profile of the galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus (Salmoniformes) collected from an estuarine habitat (a river mouth), a freshwater creek and two land-locked freshwater lakes in Victoria, Australia, were investigated with a view to evaluating habitat influences on the fatty acid profile. Fish from the freshwater creek were unpigmented, fresh-run juveniles (referred to as whitebait), the others adult fish. The fatty acids that predominated in adult G. maculatus muscle were 16:0 and 22:6(n-3), and 16:0 and 18:1(n-9), respectively. In whitebait 22:6(n-3), 20:5(n-3) and 16:0 were predominant. Hopkins estuary fish had the highest amount of 18:2(n-6) but the lowest 18:3(n-3). In all galaxiid populations, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the main group of fatty acids in total lipid in muscle, and accounted for more than 40 %, followed by saturates and monoenes. In landlocked populations, the amount of monoenes was lower than in other galaxiid populations. G. maculatus whitebait had significantly lower amount of saturates and the highest amount of n-3 fatty acids. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA ranged from 4.6 (Hopkins estuary) to 7.6 (whitebait), and the former differed significantly from all the other populations. The main fatty acids predominating in the liver of galaxiids from landlocked (Lake Bullen Merri) and estuarine populations were 16:0, 22:6(n-3) and 18:1 (n-9), and generally reflected the corresponding pattern in muscle. A principal component analysis of the fatty acid composition of muscle samples confirmed and highlighted the distinct fatty acid profile of the populations investigated, when three groupings could be discerned. The study suggests that in addition to the diet, other habitat related factors may influence the fatty acid profile in catadromous G. maculatus.

Determination of the Lipid Compounds of Aristolochia Longa L. from Algeria

The present work joins in an initiative, for main objective the determination and the biochemical characterization of a medicinal plant with wide use in certain regions of Algeria. Samples of Aristoloche were collected from the region of Médéa (West of Algiers).&#x0D; By stream training we obtained essential oil and by hydro distillation concrete of the stalks, rhizomes and leaves. With theTLC we detect and confirm the presence of esters of Methyl in our samples. Besides, Gaz chromatography (CG), allowed us to determine the main group of fatty acids characterizing our essential oil and diluted concrete. An important proportion was showed by the palmitic acid with 22, 97 %, linoleic acid demonstrate a rate of 11, 50 %, oleic acid illustrate 7,24 %.