Main Ground Research Articles

A Hybrid Data-Driven Method for Main Circuit Gound Faults Diagnosis in Electrical Traction Drive Systems

A main circuit ground fault (MCGF) is a typical system fault in an electrical traction drive system (ETDS). When two or more MCGFs occur, it will cause serious accidents. Therefore, it is particularly important to detect and handle MCGFs in a timely manner. To improve the efficiency of train operation and ensure driving safety, this paper proposes a hybrid data-driven MCGF diagnosis method. First, the voltage signals related to the fault are selected according to the mechanism analysis of the MCGF, and then the initial feature variables are constructed according to these voltage signals. Secondly, the initial feature variables of different types of MCGF are analyzed in the time and frequency domains by wavelet transform, and four feature indicators are calculated. Finally, the fault feature indicators are trained by random forest to obtain a model for subsequent fault diagnosis. After comparative experiments using various machine learning methods, it was found that the RF used in the proposed method has a better diagnostic effect, and the correct isolation rate exceeds 99%.

Transport Characteristics and Potential Source Areas of PM2.5 in Yangquan City Under Different Pollution Levels

Based on the PM2.5 monitoring data, NCEP data, and the meteorological data of the weather situation analysis at the corresponding time in Yangquan City from 2020 to 2022, using the HYSPLIT4 backward trajectory model, multi-station potential source contribution factor analysis （MS-PSCF） and trajectory density analysis （TDA） were introduced to study the differentiation and classification of PM2.5 transport channels and potential sources in Yangquan City. The results showed that： ① The PM2.5 pollution in Yangquan was mainly concentrated in Yangquan and Pingding, whereas the pollution in Yuxian was relatively light. The proportion of days with different pollution levels and the average and maximum values of PM2.5 concentration in Yangquan and Pingding were significantly higher than those in Yuxian, and the distribution characteristics of PM2.5 were closely related to the local special terrain. ② The amount of PM2.5 pollution and the concentration of PM2.5 in different pollution levels were the highest in light wind weather. The influence of east-west regional transport on PM2.5 pollution times and PM2.5 concentration of Yangquan and Pingding was obvious, and the contribution of east wind was significant. The influence of local pollution sources was the main factor in the moderate pollution weather in Yuxian County. ③ There were four main ground conditions for the generation and maintenance of moderate or above pollution weather： warm low pressure type （22%）, high pressure front （bottom） type （54%）, high pressure back type （14%）, and pressure equalization field （10%）. High pressure front （bottom） type was the main ground situation causing the increase in PM2.5 concentration. There were two types of upper air conditions, namely, flat westerly flow type （78%） and northwest flow type （22%）. The upper westerly flow type was the main upper air condition that caused the increase in PM2.5 concentration. ④ The results of transport channels and potential source areas of PM2.5 with different pollution levels obtained by MS-PSCF and TDA were consistent. The main transport channels of PM2.5 were the northeast, southeast, and northwest channels, whereas the northeast and southeast channels were short-distance transport routes, which were the main routes causing the increase in PM2.5 concentration. The northwest channel was consistent with the northwest dust transport channel, belonging to long-distance transmission. The main potential source areas of PM2.5 pollution were located in the central and western parts of Hebei and the southeast part of Hebei, the northeast part of Henan and its junction with the southwest part of Shandong, and the southeast part of Shanxi.

Mechanical Properties of Adjacent Pile Bases in Collapsible Loess under Metro Depot

Metro transit construction has begun to develop rapidly in northwest China because of the acceleration of urbanization. Accordingly, metro depots are also regarded as an essential auxiliary facility for stopping, operation, and maintenance of trains. Meanwhile, many commercial buildings are constructed over metro depots to improve the utilization rate of land due to the increasingly scarce urban land resources, known as transit-oriented development (TOD). These buildings have a large covered area and transfer concentrated loads to the bases. Therefore, pile bases under metro depots have the bearing characteristics of undertaking large concentrated loads, while lesser loads are placed on the soil between the adjacent pile bases. Additionally, the main ground in northwest China is collapsible loess, so the collapsibility should also be considered. Based on the above background, this research performed static loading tests with and without immersion in a reduced scale of adjacent pile bases under a metro depot in Xi’an. The remolding process of natural loess could destroy its structure and the anisotropy of natural loess could also affect the test results. Therefore, four kinds of artificial collapsible loess with different mass ratios of barite powder, kaolin, river sand, cement, industrial salt, and calcium oxide were made by the free-drop method. This method could make the artificial loess simulate the structure of natural loess reasonably. Then, the artificial loess with the most similar properties to intact loess was selected by comparison. Finally, static loading tests with this artificial loess were implemented. The results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity was 4.5 kN. At the same time, the axial force decreased along depth, since the pile shaft friction was positive, and the load sharing ratio of pile tip force increased to 0.58 when the load exceeded 4.5 kN in the situation without immersion; the settlement of pile bases increased significantly after immersion, while the negative shaft friction occurred at the depth of −8 cm~−35 cm, and the load sharing ratio of pile tip force reached 0.92.

Seismic performance investigation of irregular and complex connected structures based on the influence of ground fissure activity

To investigate the dynamic response of irregular and complex connected structure, the comprehensive soil and connected structure model was developed, which is considered the site condition of different foundation soils. This study explored on the deformation law of the connected structure, and analyzing the structural displacement, acceleration, and torsional response under various seismic conditions. The findings revealed that the presence of ground fissures significantly amplifies the dynamic response of connected structures, with a greater influence from the hanging wall. Additionally, the lag effect was observed in the generation of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) in the site model considering ground fissures, but the result surpassed those in ordinary sites. During the elastic-plastic loading stage, the study observed that the maximum inter-story displacement angle remained within the limits prescribed by specifications. Due to the varying distances between column bases of the main area and ground fissures, there is a significant magnification effect in inter-story torsional angle. The incorporation of sliding supports emerged as an effective measure in mitigating the relative displacement of connected structures, consequently reducing the translational-torsional coupling effect during rarely occurred earthquake. The research results provide reference for the seismic performance analysis of connected structures under complex site conditions.

Growth patterns and ecological classification of Tor tambra (Valenciennes 1842) in the Mamis River, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Tor tambra is the most dominant species other Tor species in Aceh Province, Indonesia. 2. The population of T. tambra has decreased significantly due to overfishing and environmental destruction. 3. This research aims to examine the habitat characteristics, growth patterns and condition factors of T. tambra. 4. Analysis of the length weight relationship of T. tambra revealed that the condition of the fish was stable . Abstract This research was aimed to examine the habitat characteristics, growth patterns and condition factors of T. tambra in the Mamis River, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Aceh, Indonesia. This research was conducted on the Mamis River in three different river conditions from July to August 2023. The ecological parameters of T. tambra were conducted by observing the main, broodstock, spawning, and nursery ground habitats based on diversity of catch size at a location, water quality, aquatic substrate, aquatic vegetation, and water shade. The growth pattern parameter was also analyzed to reveal the condition of T. tambra. The T. tambra habitat in the Mamis River includes broodstock and spawning habitat with the criteria from small to large rocks overgrown with Bryophytes, gravel and sand substrates, clear water color, slow to swift water currents, and river environment most of it is primary forest. In the main habitat, there is dominant riparian vegetation in the form of forest timber trees such as Pometia pinnata, Ficus fistulosa, Hydnocarpus castanea, and Aglaia tomentosa. The habitat for the juvenile is in the form of rocks, gravel substrate, clear water color, and fast water currents. In the nursery habitat, the dominant riparian vegetation is Balakata baccata. Based on the results of water quality analysis at the three stations, it shows that temperature, pH, DO, currents, BOD, COD are significantly different, but brightness levels are not significantly different. Based on the analysis of the length-weight relationship, it shows that the condition of the fish is stable with sufficient food availability.

A Feature Vector Learning-Based Method for Diagnosing Main Circuit Ground Faults in Electrical Traction Drive Systems

A Feature Vector Learning-Based Method for Diagnosing Main Circuit Ground Faults in Electrical Traction Drive Systems

Inertia I: The global MSp-SUSY induced uniform motion

In this communication our main emphasis is on the review of the foundations of standard Lorentz code (SLC) of a particle motion. To this aim, we develop the theory of global, so-called, `double space´- or master space (MSp)-supersymmetry, subject to certain rules, wherein the superspace is a 14D-extension of a direct sum of background spaces M4⊕ MSp by the inclusion of additional 8D fermionic coordinates. The latter is induced by the spinors θ and ¯θ referred to MSp. While all the particles are living on M4, their superpartners can be viewed as living on MSp. This is a main ground for introducing MSp, which is unmanifested individual companion to the particle of interest. Supersymmetry transformation is defined as a translation in superspace, specified by the group element with corresponding anticommuting parameters. The multiplication of two successive transformations induce the motion. As a corollary, we derive SLC in a new perspective of global double MSp-SUSY transformations in terms of Lorentz spinors (θ, ¯θ). This calls for a complete reconsideration of our ideas of Lorentz motion code, to be now referred to as the individual code of a particle, defined as its intrinsic property. In MSp-SUSY theory, obviously as in standard unbroken SUSY theory, the vacuum zero point energy problem, standing before any quantum field theory in M4, is solved. The particles in M4 themselves can be considered as excited states above the underlying quantum vacuum of background double spaces M4⊕ MSp, where the zero point cancellation occurs at ground-state energy, provided that the natural frequencies are set equal (q 2 0 ≡ νb = νf ), because the fermion field has a negative zero point energy while the boson field has a positive zero point energy. On these premises, we derive the two postulates on which the Special Relativity (SR) is based.

A Mechanism and Data Hybrid-Driven Method for Main Circuit Ground Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Traction System

Ground faults can be caused by abnormal grounding of several different modules in the electrical traction drive system, leading to vulnerable train operation. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis of ground faults is of great significance to improve safety and reliability of electric locomotives and electric multiple units (EMU). This paper proposes a mechanism and data hybrid driven method to diagnose the ground faults. Firstly, according to ground fault mechanism analysis, characteristic variables are constructed and several fault features are extracted by using signals selected from existing control system. Secondly, according to historical data, the probability membership function associated with fault features and typical ground fault types is established offline by fuzzy logic theory. Then, the probability information of fault features is fused using Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and a decision-making method based on the basic probability number is applied to classify faults. Finally, field experiments are performed and the results show that compared with canonical correlation analysis (CCA) based method and on-board fault diagnosis method, the proposed method has better performance in the presence of large measurement noise and transient condition changes, and it is also promising for practical applications.

The Mitigation of Interference on Underground Power Lines Caused by the HVDC Electrode

High Voltage Direct Current power links are usually designed to adopt, on a continuous basis or during emergency operations, two grounding plants using the soil or seawater as a link–current return path. Such DCs flowing into the ground can cause problems, of which one of the most important is the increased risk of the corrosion of metallic structures in the area. Normally, the simplest mitigation technique is to keep an adequate distance between the main grounding plants and any metallic structure that can be corroded. Normally, such distances are not less than 5 km. However, there are situations where this approach cannot be applied, for example due to geographical constraints. In this paper, we describe and analyze the behavior of a mitigation technique that can be adopted when the HV pole cable is laid closer than the recommended distance to the main ground electrode. This paper is focused on the minimization of deleterious effects on the cable’s metallic sheath and its earthing points, distributed along it by means of sheath segmentation. The suggested approach appears well-suited to substantially diminishing the current flowing through the sheath of an HVDC power cable. In the segmented scenario, the sheath’s power dissipation is less than one-hundredth of that in the typical continuous configuration.

Characterization of an antarctic penguin colony ecosystem using high-resolution UAV hyperspectral imagery

Penguin colonies significantly influence the distribution and diversity of vegetation communities in Maritime Antarctica, as they serve as vital sources of nutrients for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques are becoming increasingly common for monitoring these vast Antarctic areas, especially with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) imagery, which provides the highest spatial resolutions to date. In fact, the use of hyperspectral (HS) sensors is crucial for accurately identifying and distinguishing between the main ground characteristics and vegetation communities in an Antarctic penguin colony, making this study one of the first UAV-based HS approaches to our knowledge. Consequently, this study provides a spectral library covering the entire spectral range from 400 to 2500 nm for the five main vegetation communities found at Hannah Point penguin colony (Livingston Island, Antarctica). Through this library, two valuable wavelength regions have been identified for distinguishing these communities based on pigments composition, specifically in the green (495–570 nm) and near-infrared (800–900 nm) ranges, that served as a reference for validating the results using 35 ground reference spectrometry data collected in 1667 wavelength bands within the 320–876 nm range. In addition, the supervised classification approach known as the “Spectral Angle Mapper” has been employed to monitor the coverage of each vegetation community based on the information provided by the aforementioned spectral library. The observed ecological gradient, which reveals an increase in vegetation complexity away from the high-nutrient content guano areas, highlights the influence of guano on the distribution of the main vegetation patterns across the entire penguin colony. The results of this study could serve as a reference point for more sophisticated research involving the use of UAV-based HS or MS sensors in Antarctica, offering unique opportunities to detect small variations in these remote ecosystems resulting from climate change.

Microhabitat Conditions Influencing Ground Vegetation Dominants in an Ecotone between a Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Forest and Clear-Cut Site during Ten Post-Logging Years

The logging of mature tree stands, where part of the forest is clear-cut, results in the formation of an ecotone complex (EC) consisting of the forest (F), a transition from forest to a clear-cut site under canopy cover (forest edge—FE), a transition from forest to a clear-cut site outside of canopy cover (clear-cutting edge—CE), and the clear-cut site per se (C). Ground vegetation descriptions (percentage cover of dominants and height of subshrubs) were carried out on the sampling subplots along the transects running from spruce forest into the clear-cut site. We studied the effects of the time since logging and some microhabitat factors (aspect, coniferous and deciduous regeneration, downed deadwood, microrelief, and the abundance of subshrubs, grasses, and forbs) on the abundance of the main ground vegetation dominants of the bilberry-type spruce stands and the clear-cut sites: Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Deschampsia flexuosa, and Epilobium angustifolium, in different EC zones. The factor found to have the greatest modifying effect on the abundance of all the species in the CE and C zones was the time since clear-cutting. The clear-cutting pioneer species Deschampsia flexuosa and Epilobium angustifolium preferred open areas in the clear-cut site, whereas the abundance of V. myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea positively correlated with the amount of coniferous and deciduous regeneration. Some factors (downed deadwood, microrelief, coniferous regeneration) were found to act similarly on subshrubs both under the tree canopy (F and FE) and in clear-cut microhabitats (CE and C). The shoot height of subshrubs as well as its percentage cover varied depending on the time since clear-cutting and the microhabitat conditions.

Vaccination choices among pregnant women: findings from the MAMI-MED cohort

Abstract Background According to the Italian National Immunization Plan 2023-2025, vaccinations against Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Varicella and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are indicated for women of childbearing age. During pregnancy, vaccination against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP), and Seasonal Influenza are recommended. The present analysis aimed to estimate vaccination choice and its main determinants among pregnant women. Methods We used data from the “MAMI-MED” cohort, an ongoing prospective study on mother-child dyads established in December 2020. Socio-demographic information (i.e., age, educational level and employment) were assessed at enrollment, during the first trimester visit at the Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima (Catania, Italy). Self-reported maternal vaccination status was collected at delivery. Results Among 1004 women with a complete vaccination assessment, 83.5% were vaccinated against MMR, 87.4% against DTaP, 68.3% against Varicella, while only 23.7% and 9.4% against HPV and Seasonal Influenza, respectively. During pregnancy, only 8.7% and 21.1% of women were vaccinated against DTaP and Seasonal Influenza, respectively. The lack of information was the main ground for refusal, accounting for 93.7% for HPV, 82.5% for Influenza, 64.7% for DTaP, 31.8% for MPR, and 18.9% for Varicella. Women vaccinated against HPV and MMR were younger than their unvaccinated counterpart (p < 0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively). The logistic regression showed that the odds of being vaccinated against HPV increased with increasing age, adjusting for education and employment (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.09-1.16; p < 0.001). Conclusions The analysis showed modest vaccination coverages, mainly depending on the lack of information about vaccination programs. Moreover, we observed that younger women were more aware of HPV vaccination, which probably reflects improvements in the national vaccination program over the years. Key messages • It is necessary to increase knowledge about vaccination among women in the reproductive age. • Social determinants should be assessed to understand the barriers that might affect vaccination choice.

Regional spectral characteristics, quality factor and site responses in western-central Sichuan, China (II): Application to stochastic ground motion simulation

The stochastic finite-fault approach was used to model the 2022 Luding earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 6.6 in China at 16 selected near-field stations. To investigate the impact of the site effect on the synthetic results, two models were taken into account: One model was obtained from the generalized inversion technique, and the other model was obtained from the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio method. The high-frequency attenuation parameter was estimated to be 0.040 s and the value of 4.0 MPa for the stress parameter was adopted. Comparisons of the recorded and simulated Fourier amplitude spectrum, pseudospectral acceleration, peak ground acceleration, and peak ground velocity were performed to investigate the capability of the selected input parameters. In addition, the model bias, simulated peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity were calculated by the local site amplification estimated by the two methods. The results show that the site effects estimated by the generalized inversion technique can well simulate the high-frequency response spectra and Fourier amplitude spectrum and can provide peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity values consistent with the recorded values, while the local site amplification roughly calculated by the horizontal-to-vertical ratio method underestimates the main ground motion characteristics. Furthermore, strong-motion records with the same magnitude but different hypocentral distance ranges in the generalized inversion technique are used to estimate near-surface site effects, which shows that the distance range has a small impact on the estimation of local site amplification. Model parameters that performed well in this study provide confidence in understanding and quantifying seismic hazards in the Luding area from earthquake scenarios with different magnitudes.

Compost promotes biocrust and plant growth in greenhouse cocultures for dryland restoration

Biocrusts and plants are the main ground cover and provide multiple ecosystem functions in arid and semiarid areas. As land degradation worsens and waste management is ever more pressing, the use of composted waste appears as a sustainable restoration practice to enhance vegetation reestablishment, but its effects on biocrusts still remain largely understudied. Moreover, developing appropriate methods for the co‐introduction of plants and biocrusts can be an emerging approach to reconstruct the biocrust/plant interaction and their associated functions. We evaluated the effect of different compost types on biocrust and plant cocultivations. We performed a greenhouse mesocosm experiment using urban organic solid waste and sewage sludge composts to grow a moss‐dominated biocrust and seedlings of two pioneer shrubs (Senecio filaginoides and Acaena splendens) in the Patagonian steppe. Both compost types successfully enhanced biocrust cover and chlorophyll a development, with cultured biocrusts being compositionally similar to the natural inoculum. Only the addition of composted sewage sludge enhanced seedling growth, and biocrusts had significant but opposite effects (positive/negative) on the two plant species we used for experimentation. This difference in the biocrust/plant interaction outcome was likely mediated by the significant influence of biocrusts on the relative availability of ammonium and nitrate and possible plant species‐specific preferences for different inorganic nitrogen forms. We conclude that the application of sewage sludge compost effectively improves the success of biocrust and plant cocultures, but species‐specific differences in the performance of seedlings growing in biocrusted soils impose limits on attempts to promote biocrust and plant joint restoration.

Biogeographical practice and fieldwork under epidemic restrictions: limitations and advantages

Introduction. The article summarizes the experience of the teachers of the Department of Biogeography of Lomonosov Moscow State University, accumulated during remote teaching and organizing field practices for students under restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-21. The sudden introduction of remote learning required an urgent adaptation of academic programmes, the modification of existing teaching technologies to the new format, and a rapid restructuring of the educational process.Materials and Methods. The use of a new textbook with presentations and video materials, archival materials, educational and methodological and scientific publications, video recordings describing characteristics of individual plant and animal species, the structure and composition of particular phytocenoses, issues of their protection and anthropogenic transformation. Published materials on the biological and landscape diversity of Moscow City and the Moscow Region and on the specifics of anthropogenic transformation in this territory and ongoing conservation measures are used.Results. Determination of the methodological basis and development of principles for organizing and conducting classes and field practices in the context of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and analysis of the experience gained in order to determine the possibility of its application in similar circumstances.Discussion and Conclusions. In the context of distance learning, approaches to the demonstration of visual materials during classes were changed, the presentations that replaced the explanations of teachers in the exposition of the Museum of Geography of Moscow State University (the main training ground for practical work on the course "Ecology with the basics of biogeography") were created. Field practices were reduced, moved to new locations and reformatted in terms of approaches to the study of flora, geobotanical profiling and writing a report. The experience gained was positive and the work results received high marks in the surveys of students and teachers. The developed approaches can be used in case of new restrictions, as well as when working with people with disabilities.

CMOS design of a capacitively isolated AC switch driver for auto-turning frequency

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Benefiting from technological advances, new approaches for treatment are being proposed, studied and tested. High intensity focused ultrasounds (HIFU) is one of them. To further improve the performance of such a system, using integrated driver to ultrasound transducers is one step forward. To reach this goal, several design challenges must be overcome: the driver design must be compatible with complementry metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology; it also must be compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment used for treatment monitoring; and it should be immune to the floating ground necessary for AC-switch implementation for some specific implementation. In this article, a new AC-switch driver used within a HIFU system for a resonant circuit autotuning is proposed. A capacitive isolation is chosen so that the designed driver is compatible with both CMOS technology and MRI. It is designed in a CMOS HV 0.35 μm. The simulation results have shown that with just a 10 ns delay, or 1% of the control signal cycle, this system may run with a floating ground that can reach 180 Vpp with respect to the main ground, leading to a relative inaccuracy of 0.065% of the resonance frequency of the tank circuit. The design is well balanced so that it minimizes the carrier frequency, power consumption, and created signal latency. By using the proposed active biasing circuit, the system’s power usage is further cut in half while still maintaining a floating ground voltage of 160 Vpp, which is sufficient for our needs.

Do geographical indications of agricultural products promote county-level economic growth?

PurposeIntellectual property right constitutes play a forceful role to promote economic growth and create a fortune. However, it is not yet clear to what extent the agricultural intellectual property rights represented by geographical indications of agricultural products (AGIs) can affect the development of regional economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this impact and its mechanism as well as to draw policy implications from this empirical analysis.Design/methodology/approachUsing county-level panel data from 2006 to 2020, this paper employed the difference-in-differences (DID) model.FindingsThe authors find that AGIs can significantly improve economic development at the county level. The AGIs can stimulate the flow of commercial and industrial capital to the countryside, thus fueling county-level economic development. Unlike AGIs for cereals and cash crops, AGIs for aquatic products and animal products cannot influence or have a negative impact on county-level economic. Compared with Eastern regions, the acquisition of AGIs in Western regions can more significantly boost county-level economic development. Therefore, AGIs can pronouncedly narrow down the gap of cross-county economic growth.Originality/valueConclusions of this paper can provide references for building the county-level countryside into a main ground of agricultural economic development and brand construction, continuously promoting the agricultural supply-front structural reform and boosting realization of all-around rural revitalization.

A new seismic damage assessment method for single-layer spherical reticulated shells based on structural residual displacement under sequential earthquakes

Single-layer Spherical Reticulated Shell (SSRS) is usually utilized as an emergency shelter or a command post for disaster relief. However, the structural damage indicators in current studies are difficult to observe or record so as to hardly assess the damage state after the main shock. In order to explore the damage state assessment timely and accurately for SSRS, a new seismic damage assessment method based on structural residual displacement under main shock-aftershock ground motions is proposed in this paper. The finite element model of Kiewit 8-SSRS (K8-SSRS) is established in the ANSYS with 40 groups of actual sequential earthquake from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) seismic database. Then, the dynamic responses of the model are analyzed to calculate the damage index and eight structural dynamic response indicators. Moreover, the correlation study between the damage index and eight indicators is carried out to make the comparison analyses. Finally, it is verified that the structural plasticity appeared under main shock can develop further under strong aftershock to cause greatly additional damage or even result in structural strength failure. It is concluded that the maximum residual displacement has the strongest correlation with the damage index of the structure under sequential earthquake, which means the most feasible indicator to characterize the structural damage under sequential earthquake.

COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS AND ITS PLACE IN THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM

In modern cognitive linguistics, the “concept”, which is increasingly used as a term by researchers dealing with the problems of linguistic representation of cognitions, becomes the main ground. The processes related to knowledge and information are called cognitivism. From the point of view of cognitivism, a person is studied as an information processing system, and human behavior is described and explained in terms of its internal states. These situations are physically manifested, observed, and interpreted as receiving, processing, storing, and then mobilizing information to solve rational problems. The purpose of writing the article is to deeply investigate cognitivism, which is considered a new direction in the science of linguistics, and to determine its place and role in science. During the research, the analysis of literature written in the relevant direction was carried out, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and comparative analysis methods were used during the analysis.

Citizenship in friction: becoming “Zega” in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT In this article, I focus on the concept of zega as theorised by queer Ethiopians for whom the promises of citizenship are far from available and whose national belonging is unrecognised in a political order that takes ethnicity as its main ground for citizenship. In its official iteration, the Amharic word zega means a citizen and as such it is a constitutionally recognised category. Ironically, zega is also a codeword some members of Ethiopian queer communities use. Based on how queer Ethiopians deploy zega, I highlight the ways in which they push the limits of citizenship that otherwise understands only the language of ethnicity with its undercurrent heteronormativity. I reflect on how queer Ethiopians persistently rub against mono-cultural Ethiopia to imagine other possibilities of belonging. I am interested in these practices of belonging by those whose citizenship and the entitlements that come with it are contested by hegemonic forces. Drawing on Keguro Macharia’s articulation of frottage as (among others) rubbing, I explore what frictions of zega as queer with zega as a normative category of the citizen might reveal about different forms and ways of belonging. The article is based on research done with queer Ethiopians living in Ethiopia and abroad. I take my cues from the debates, conversations, reflections and observations in both online and offline spaces.