Main Emission Research Articles

A User-Friendly Tool to Increase Awareness about Impacts of Human Daily Life Activities on Carbon Footprint

In recent decades, climate change has demanded more and more attention. Consumers have the power to influence the carbon footprint of goods and services through their purchasing decisions, but to do this they need to learn more. To address this need, it is necessary to develop online questionnaires able to make people aware of which activities have a greater environmental impact in their daily lives. Focusing on this goal, we formulated two tools for quantifying an individual’s carbon footprint over a year. The innovativeness of these tools lies in being user-friendly and providing online open access to compilers, as well as using specific emission factors for the reference context. Specifically, we focused on the main emission sources: gas and electricity consumption, mobility, food, and waste. During these last years, the tools have been proposed to Italian students at different levels of education and to employees of Italian and international companies. The responses from 3260 users revealed an average annual direct carbon footprint per capita of about 5600 kg CO2-eq, which, integrated with the estimate of indirect emissions, provides an estimate in good agreement with the value provided by the Italian National Inventory of greenhouse gases. With the developed tools, people are able to observe which sectors have the greatest impact and consequently are stimulated to emit less by adopting more sustainable behaviors.

Pre-supernova stellar feedback in nearby starburst dwarf galaxies

Stellar feedback in dwarf galaxies remains, to date, poorly explored, yet is crucial to understanding galaxy evolution in the early Universe. In particular, pre-supernova feedback has recently been found to play a significant role in regulating and disrupting star formation in larger spiral galaxies, but it remains uncertain if it also plays this role in dwarfs. We study the ionised gas properties and stellar content of individual star-forming regions across three nearby, low-metallicity ($12+ O/H 7.5$), dwarf ($M_* odot $), starburst ($ SFR -2.8$) galaxies (J0921, KKH046, and Leo P) to investigate how massive stars influence their surroundings and how this influence changes as a function of environment. We extracted integrated spectra of 30 HII regions from archival VLT/MUSE integral field spectroscopic observations of these three dwarf starburst galaxies. We fitted the HII regions' main emission lines with Gaussian profiles to derive their oxygen abundances, electron densities, and luminosities, and we used the Stochastically Ligthing Up Galaxies ( SLUG ) code to derive the stellar mass, age, and bolometric luminosity of the stellar populations driving the HII regions. We quantified two pre-supernova stellar feedback mechanisms, namely the direct radiation pressure and photoionisation feedback, and explored how feedback strength varies with HII region properties. Our findings suggest that stellar feedback has less of an impact on evolved regions, with both the pressure of the ionised gas and the direct radiation pressure decreasing as a function of HII region size (i.e. the evolutionary stage). We find that these stellar feedback mechanisms are also dependent on the metallicity of the HII regions. These findings extend results from stellar feedback studies of more massive star-forming galaxies to the low-mass, low-metallicity regime. In addition, we conclude that the use of stochastic stellar population models significantly affects the relationships found between feedback-related pressure terms and HII region properties, and in particular that non-stochastic models can severely underestimate the bolometric luminosity of low-mass stellar populations.

Effect of mixed TeO2–B2O3 glass former in Ho3+/Yb3+-doped glass system: Raman spectroscopy, Judd-Ofelt and luminescence investigations

In this work, glass with composition (75-x)B2O3-xTeO2-11Bi2O3–10Li2O-1Ho2O3-3Yb2O3 (x = 10–60 mol%) were synthesized using the melt quenching technique to investigate the effect of mixed glass former between TeO2 and B2O3 on the spectroscopic properties of glass. The Raman Spectroscopy has revealed a structural depolymerization undergone by the glasses with a sudden increment at x = 30 mol% that might arise from structural competition between TeO2 and B2O3. Optical absorption spectra have revealed 9 absorption peaks corresponding to Ho3+ ion transitions while one peak belongs to Yb3+ ion transition. The bonding parameter signifies the glasses are ionic in nature. The oscillator strength and Judd-Ofelt parameter Ω2,4,6 have reduced against increment of TeO2 concentration indicated a low asymmetry and low rigidity except for x = 30 mol% that may be due to strong interaction between TeO2 and B2O3. The radiative properties such as spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative lifetime and stimulated emission cross-section have showcased the glass potential for laser application. The luminescence spectra of studied glasses upon 450 nm excitation have disclosed two main emission bands which are 530 nm and 642 nm that corresponding to 5F4–5I8 and 5F5–5I8, of Ho3+ respectively whilst an extra emission recorded at 738 nm was ascribed to 5F4–5I7 of Ho3+ due to energy transfer process from Yb3+ to Ho3+. The emission intensity of the samples has enhanced with the TeO2 addition due to reduction of phonon energy. CIE 1931 diagram has shown a greener emission colour of glass samples over TeO2 addition.

Assessing Environmental Justice at the Urban Scale: The Contribution of Lichen Biomonitoring for Overcoming the Dichotomy between Proximity-Based and Distribution-Based Approaches

In this study, we tested the use of lichen biomonitoring techniques for the assessment of air quality disparities at the urban scale. We based our evaluation on the results of a previous lichen biomonitoring study carried out in Milan (Northern Italy), which estimates the contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and its distribution over the area, also providing an evaluation of the main emission sources. Therefore, we used the traditional methodologies for environmental justice assessment: the proximity-based and the distribution-based approaches. The workflow we propose is a data-driven selection of emission sources that contributes to overcoming the dichotomy between the two approaches and is now widely debated in the scientific community. A socio-economic deprivation index was elaborated for each census unit of Milan city and then related to the proximity of the emission sources previously selected. The results suggested that in the surrounding of industries and railways, the deprivation is higher, while the proximity of main roads is inhabited by wealthier populations. The distribution-based approach was run through a quantile regression analysis, and the outcome indicated that among the wealthier groups, an increase in contamination is followed by an increase in socio-economic deprivation, whilst among the deprived groups, people with greater economic opportunities tend, however, to live in worse air quality conditions due to the proximity of communication routes. This study poses the potential to review the classical methods of EJ assessment, providing a reliable workflow applicable in urban areas—the most vulnerable in terms of air quality disparities in the present and in the future.

Comparison of Effect of Conventional Fuel with Newly Developed Biofuel in Operation and Emission Conditions of Piston Combustion Engine

Abstract The present paper deals with the evaluation of the impact of newly developed biofuels together with a comparison with conventionally produced fuel, diesel, in terms of their impact on the technical and emission condition of a studied vehicle. The main energy and emission parameters of the internal combustion diesel engine were evaluated. For laboratory experiments, a discrete test method was used for comprehensive assessment, the procedure of which is described in the methodology of the paper together with a description of the measurement chain designed to achieve the determined results. The paper deals with the evaluation of the measured results of power, torque, consumption, and emissions such as CO2 and absorption coefficient. Among the technical parameters, the power and torque drop were observed for each biofuel. The decrease is attributed to lower values of calorific value, viscosity, and density. A positive effect was observed for the CO2 and absorption coefficient emission parameters, i.e., a decrease for each of the newly developed biofuels studied.

Detection and long-term quantification of methane emissions from an active landfill

Abstract. Landfills are a significant source of fugitive methane (CH4) emissions, which should be precisely and regularly monitored to reduce and mitigate net greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we present long-term, in situ, near-surface, mobile atmospheric CH4 mole fraction measurements (complemented by meteorological measurements from a fixed station) from 21 campaigns that cover approximately 4 years from September 2016 to December 2020. These campaigns were utilized to regularly quantify the total CH4 emissions from an active landfill in France. We use a simple atmospheric inversion approach based on a Gaussian plume dispersion model to derive CH4 emissions. Together with the measurements near the soil surface, mainly dedicated to the identification of sources within the landfill, measurements of CH4 made on the landfill perimeter (near-field) helped us to identify the main emission areas and to provide some qualitative insights about the rank of their contributions to total emissions from the landfill. The two main area sources correspond, respectively, to a covered waste sector with infrastructure with sporadic leakages (such as wells, tanks, pipes, etc.) and to the last active sector receiving waste during most of the measurement campaigns. However, we hardly managed to extract a signal representative of the overall landfill emissions from the near-field measurements, which limited our ability to derive robust estimates of the emissions when assimilating them in the atmospheric inversions. The analysis shows that the inversions based on the measurements from a remote road further away from the landfill (far-field) yielded reliable estimates of the total emissions but provided less information on the spatial variability of emissions within the landfill. This demonstrates the complementarity between the near- and far-field measurements. According to these inversions, the total CH4 emissions have a large temporal variability and range from ∼ 0.4 to ∼ 7 t CH4 d−1, with an average value of ∼ 2.1 t CH4 d−1. We find a weak negative correlation between these estimates of the CH4 emissions and atmospheric pressure for the active landfill. However, this weak emission–pressure relationship is based on a relatively small sample of reliable emission estimates with large sampling gaps. More frequent robust estimations are required to better understand this relationship for an active landfill.

Climate Change’s Impacts on Drought in Upper Zab Basin, Iraq: A Case Study

Iraq has a semiarid and desert climate. Also, it is predicted to be more susceptible to global warming effects. In the present study, daily climatic data from the past and projected future of the Upper Zab Basin, located in northern Iraq and considered an example of arid and semiarid climate conditions, were simulated using LARS-WG 6.0, i.e., a stochastic weather generator. The model also estimated daily rainfall and temperature. Using the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 main emission scenarios, the future climate throughout the current century was estimated utilizing the MIROC5, CanESM2, HadGEM2-ES, ESM1-M, and CSIRO-Mk3.6.0 general circulation models (GCMs). This estimation was performed considering the significant uncertainty of future climate estimates. The model, constructed using thirty years' worth of historical data, was validated using climate data from the Upper Zab Basin in northern Iraq (1990–2021). According to the data, the average monthly maximum temperature will decline by 2.15–6.20 °C under RCP4.5 and 1.81–6.10 °C under RCP8.5 by the end of the twenty-first era for the corresponding upstream and downstream sub-basins. Precipitation projections from all GCMs showed varying patterns. Given that some models, like CanESM2, expected a rise in precipitation, while others, like MIROC5, forecasted a future with no change in precipitation or a falling trend, which illustrates the significant level of uncertainty in precipitation forecast when only one model was utilized. Also, the downstream sub-basin suffered the most during the 1999–2000 and 2007–2008 droughts, with average RDIst values of -1.97 and -1.64, respectively. However, the upstream sub-basin had moderate to severe droughts in 1999–2000 and 2007–2008, with average RDIst values of -0.81 and -1.84, respectively. The water available in the research location will be significantly impacted by variations in rainfall and temperature.

Dawn-dusk asymmetry in the main auroral emissions at Jupiter observed with Juno-UVS

Jupiter's main auroral emissions usually form auroral curtains surrounding the magnetic poles. Most explanations for this auroral feature are based on corotation enforcement currents flowing between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. This process predicts the highest emitted power to originate from the dawn region, while the lowest emitted power would come from the noon to dusk region. However, a previous study using Hubble Space Telescope data showed the opposite, with a higher emitted power in the dusk region in the south and ambiguous results in the north. In the present study, we use data from the first 39 Juno perijoves to reexamine this question. We find a dusk region 2.9 to 5.5 times more powerful than the dawn one, in qualitative agreement with the previous study but contrary to theoretical expectations. These results support the idea that the main emissions cannot be fully described by corotation enforcement currents.

Photoluminescence variations in organic fluorescent crystals by changing the surface energy of the substrate

Organic fluorescent crystals were obtained using single-benzene-based diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (DDT) molecules through crystallization from a droplet of the DDT solution on an Au substrate. To control the size of the DDT crystals, the surface energy of the Au substrate was modified with air plasma treatment, producing a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coating. The size of DDT crystals increased as the surface energy of the substrate decreased. The averaged cross-section area of the DDT crystals on the Au substrates increased in the order of the air-plasma-treated substrate (∼23.43 μm2) < pristine substrate (∼225.6 μm2) < hydrophobic SAM-coated substrate (∼2240 μm2). On the other hand, the main emission of the DDT crystals redshifted from blue to green as the crystal size increased, which is related to the aggregation of the DDT crystals. Moreover, the coffee-ring effect during the DDT crystallization was hindered by controlling the solvent evaporation conditions. As examples of the application of the proposed technique, patterned DDT crystals were obtained using selectively patterned hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates.

High Resolution Emission Inventory of Greenhouse Gas and Its Characteristics in Guangdong，China

Based on the typical city survey data and statistics of Guangdong Province， a 2018-based 3 km×3 km gridded greenhouse gas emissions inventory was developed for Guangdong Province using the combination of top-down and bottom-up emission factor methods. The inventory covered the CO2， CH4， and N2O emissions from energy， industrial processes， agriculture， land use change and forest， waste management， and indirect sources. The results showed that estimates for CO2， CH4， and N2O in Guangdong Province for the year 2018 were 8.5×108， 1.9×106， and 1.1×105 t， respectively， and 8.5×108， 4.0×107， and 3.4×107 t by equivalent carbon dioxide， totaling 9.2×108 t. CO2 was the main greenhouse gas in Guangdong Province， accounting for 92.0% of the total emissions. Energy and indirect sources were the main emission sources， accounting for 77.9% and 7.6%， respectively， totaling 85.5%. Spatial distributions illustrated that most grids were greenhouse gas emissions， whereas some others were greenhouse gas sinks； the greenhouse gas emissions were distributed mainly in the Pearl River Delta region and had certain characteristics of distribution along the road network and channels. The greenhouse gas grids of high emission were mainly the locations of high energy-consuming enterprises such as large power plants， steel mills， and cement plants.

Temperature and power-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy in suspended WSe2 monolayer

This work, the photoluminescence (PL) of a suspended monolayer of WSe2 was investigated to avoid the substrate effect, and its evolution with temperature and excitation energy. Raman spectroscopy and PL demonstrated the monolayer characteristic of the sample due to the absence of the B1 2g peak along with a symmetric PL peak centered at approximately 1.65 eV. The PL spectrum exhibited two main emission bands attributed to a neutral exciton (X0) and a trion (X T ), where X0 showed a redshift with temperature variation from 10 K to 310 K, and the intensity ratio between the bands varied from 2.68 to 3.96 eV. The energy evolution of the bands as a function of temperature was analyzed using the modified Varshni equation, yielding an electron–phonon coupling constant with a value of 1.54 (2.11) for X0 (X T ). The intensity behavior was studied using the multi-level model, which provided activation energies of 58.0 meV for X0 and 94.6 meV for X T . The redshift of the mentioned bands is explained by the Urbach formalism, attributing this shift to an increase in phonon density in the material. Computational calculations demonstrated an increase in the material’s lattice parameter with rising temperature, resulting in an increase in the W–Se bond length and a decrease in the distance between Se atoms from different sublattices, causing the direct transition to decrease with temperature. In conclusion, this study showed that the observed evolution in the PL spectrum of the suspended WSe2 monolayer could be related to the increase of phonon density in the material which is important for the future applications of 2D materials in optoelectronics.

Disinfection of wastewater by a complete equipment based on a novel ultraviolet light source of microwave discharge electrodeless lamp: Characteristics of bacteria inactivation, reactivation and full-scale studies

Ultraviolet (UV) light is widely used for wastewater disinfection. Traditional electrode-excited UV lamps, such as low-pressure mercy lamps (LPUV), encounter drawbacks like electrode aging and rapid light attenuation. A novel UV source of microwave discharge electrodeless lamp (MDEL) has aroused attention, yet its disinfection performance is unclear and still far from practical application. Here, we successfully developed a complete piece of equipment based on MDELs and achieved the application for disinfection in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The light emitted by an MDEL (MWUV) shared a spectrum similar to that of LPUV, with the main emission wavelength at 254 nm. The inactivation rate of Gram-negative E. coli by MWUV reached 4.5 log at an intensity of 1.6 mW/cm2 and a dose of 20 mJ/cm2. For Gram-positive B. subtilis, an MWUV dose of 50 mJ/cm2 and a light intensity of 1.2 mW/cm2 reached an inactivation rate of 3.4 log. A higher MWUV intensity led to a better disinfection effect and a lower photoreactivation rate of E. coli. When inactivated by MWUV with an intensity of 1.2 mW/cm2 and a dose of 16 mJ/cm2, the maximum photoreactivation rate and reactivation rate constant Kmax of E. coli were 0.63 % and 0.11 % h−1 respectively. Compared with the photoreactivation, the dark repair of E. coli was insignificant. The full-scale application of the MDEL equipment was conducted in two WWTPs (10,000 m3/d and 15,000 m3/d). Generally 2–3 log inactivation rates of fecal coliforms in secondary effluent were achieved within 5–6 s contact time, and the disinfected effluent met the emission standard (1000 CFU/L). This study successfully applied MDEL for disinfection in WWTPs for the first time and demonstrated that MDEL has broad application prospects.

Mild and Efficient Extraction of Fluorescent Chlorophyll a from Spinach Leaves for Application as the Sustainable Emitter in Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells

AbstractNatural pigments are sustainable compounds that can be employed as emitters, sensors and sensitisers in optoelectronics. The most abundant pigment, chlorophyll, offers advantages of easily available and plentiful feedstock, biodegradability and non‐toxicity. However, strenuous extraction and separation limit its application on larger scale. In this work, a practically mild and scalable extraction and separation method for rapid isolation of chlorophyll a from spinach is presented. Three different stationary phases for column chromatography were evaluated, and a new solvent system was developed for the elution of chlorophyll a on a neutral alumina chromatography column. The purified product was obtained with a yield of 0.98 mg ⋅ g−1 with respect to the dry leaves. A first light‐emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) based on chlorophyll a as the emitter is reported, using the extracted chlorophyll a as the guest compound dispersed in a blend‐host matrix in a concentration of 2.5 or 5 mass %. The higher‐chlorophyll‐concentration LEC exhibits emission solely from the chlorophyll emitter, with the main emission peak located at 675 nm. The lower‐chlorophyll‐concentration LEC features two distinct emission bands, one in the red region that is originating from the chlorophyll guest and one in the blue region (main peak at 430 nm) that stems from the blend host. This combined red:blue emission can be attractive for, e. g., greenhouse applications, since it matches the action spectrum of plant photosynthesis.

Reconstruction of lateral coherence and 2D emittance in plasma betatron X-ray sources

X-ray sources have a strong social impact, being implemented for biomedical research, material and environmental sciences. Nowadays, compact and accessible sources are made using lasers. We report evidence of nontrivial spectral-angular correlations in a laser-driven betatron X-ray source. Furthermore, by angularly-resolved spectral measurements, we detect the signature of spatial phase modulations by the electron trajectories. This allows the lateral coherence function to be retrieved, leading to the evaluation of the coherence area of the source, determining its brightness. Finally, the proposed methodology allows the unprecedented reconstruction of the size of the X-ray source and the electron beam emittance in the two main emission planes in a single shot. This information will be of fundamental interest for user applications of new radiation sources.

Modeling the Environmental Impact of Passenger Cars Driven on Hilly Roads in Austria: A More Accurate Valuation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Further Environmental Indicators for Integral Life Cycle Assessments of Road Infrastructures

Previous studies of road or railway infrastructures have shown that traffic emissions outweigh the environmental impacts of the product stage and construction stage over the entire life cycle. Traffic usage is therefore the main emitter over the life cycle (A1–C4). Due to the small number of sustainability assessment systems, the question of how to consider traffic emissions in detail in an integral life cycle assessment has arisen. This study examines Austrian car traffic and investigates environmental impacts beyond the scope of carbon dioxide and particulate matter. The results were determined for a selection of common impact indicators. In addition to driving in flat terrain, an approach is presented that enables the evaluation of emissions due uphill and downhill driving. Thus, route options and route closures/detours due to maintenance work can be evaluated in a simple way. During the analyses, a traffic calculator was developed, which can currently assess different cars depending on the route specifics (flat/hill). The tool can be expanded to include other road vehicles (buses, trucks, motorcycles) and trains as well. This will simplify evaluations and decision-making processes and provide optimal support for a future-proof sustainable built environment.

Heavy metal contamination of soil and plants by emissions from the Ridder zinc plant

The article presents the results of a study of the soil and vegetation cover of the territory adjacent to the production complex of the zinc plant. According to the results of the studies, it was found that industrial emissions have a significant negative impact on soil and plants. The object of research: the soil cover is devoid of vegetation, erosive processes occur intensively. Large-scale appearance of brown burn spots is observed on the leaves of tree and shrub vegetation outside the territory of the industrial deposit, the main emissions of zinc plants polluting the soil, vegetation and affecting the biota are heavy metals harmful to the environment. Zinc, lead, copper and cadmium are the predominant polluting heavy metals as the main toxic metals in the object of study. The total forms of these elements in the soil exceed the MPC by hundreds of times, mobile - by 6-7 times.

Investigation of Key Technologies for Energy Saving and Consumption Reduction in Chongqing Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Based on Carbon Emission Reduction Contribution

&lt;p&gt;In this paper, based on the factors of treatment process, treatment scale, as well as water quality, the level and distribution of electricity consumption, drug consumption, and indirect carbon emission of five typical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were examined. The distribution of electricity consumption within the WWTPs were analyzed in terms of wastewater treatment units. The results uncovered that the biological treatment unit was the treatment unit with a high percentage of electricity consumption in the WWTPs. Carbon emissions of main units in the WWTPs presented that the aeration blower, sewage lifting pump, submersible pusher, phosphorus remover and return sludge pump of the biological treatment unit were the top 5 emission units of carbon emissions in the WWTPs, and the key influencing factors of the carbon emissions of the main carbon emission units had been analyzed. Combined with the current situation of sewage treatment energy consumption in Chongqing, the analysis put forward a library of energy saving and consumption reduction measures for Chongqing WWTPs, which applied them to the sewage treatment plant A energy saving and consumption reduction renovation project.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis overlapping neuropathology start in the first two decades of life in pollution exposed urbanites and brain ultrafine particulate matter and industrial nanoparticles, including Fe, Ti, Al, V, Ni, Hg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Ce, La, Pr and W are key players. Metropolitan Mexico City health crisis is in

The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are present in urban children exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), combustion and friction ultrafine PM (UFPM), and industrial nanoparticles (NPs). Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) forensic autopsies strongly suggest that anthropogenic UFPM and industrial NPs reach the brain through the nasal/olfactory, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and placental barriers. Diesel-heavy unregulated vehicles are a key UFPM source for 21.8 million MMC residents. We found that hyperphosphorylated tau, beta amyloid1-42, α-synuclein, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 were associated with NPs in 186 forensic autopsies (mean age 27.45 ± 11.89 years). The neurovascular unit is an early NPs anatomical target, and the first two decades of life are critical: 100% of 57 children aged 14.8 ± 5.2 years had AD pathology; 25 (43.9%) AD+TDP-43; 11 (19.3%) AD + PD + TDP-43; and 2 (3.56%) AD +PD. Fe, Ti, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Al, Mg, Ag, Ce, La, Pr, W, Ca, Cl, K, Si, S, Na, and C NPs are seen in frontal and temporal lobes, olfactory bulb, caudate, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, medulla, cerebellum, and/or motor cortical and spinal regions. Endothelial, neuronal, and glial damages are extensive, with NPs in mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Autophagy, cell and nuclear membrane damage, disruption of nuclear pores and heterochromatin, and cell death are present. Metals associated with abrasion and deterioration of automobile catalysts and electronic waste and rare earth elements, i.e., lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium, are entering young brains. Exposure to environmental UFPM and industrial NPs in the first two decades of life are prime candidates for initiating the early stages of fatal neurodegenerative diseases. MMC children and young adults-surrogates for children in polluted areas around the world-exhibit early AD, PD, FTLD, and ALS neuropathological hallmarks forecasting serious health, social, economic, academic, and judicial societal detrimental impact. Neurodegeneration prevention should be a public health priority as the problem of human exposure to particle pollution is solvable. We are knowledgeable of the main emission sources and the technological options to control them. What are we waiting for?

Opportunities for greenhouse gases emissions reduction in the biodegradable industrial waste management processes

The article assesses opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the waste treatment sector concerning biodegradable industrial waste. Authors describe GHG emissions sources and ways of their reduction, paying the specific attention to the stages of the life cycle, where, according to the official data, the most significant GHG flows are formed. Methods of systematization and statistical generalization are applied for analysis. The specified work is based on the data from various sources, including National Reference Documents on the Best Available Techniques, statistical and scientific publications. Russian Reference Documents are known in the Eurasian Economic Union and often discussed as a possible background for the future research in the field on Best Available Techniques and resource efficiency enhancement. The main GHG emission sources during the waste generation, neutralization, utilization, recycling and storage are roughly described. Authors suggest relevant approaches to GHG emissions reduction available from the economic and environmental points of view.

Evaluation of detached plume and total organic carbon in the main chimney of the Indocement Plant 9-10 Palimanan to optimize clinker production and its influence on SO2 emissions

Detached Plume is the phenomenon of the formation of a cloud of gas/smoke that is interrupted in the main chimney of a cement Plant from the combustion of a kiln containing compounds consisting of Ammonia, Sulfur and Organic Carbon. The Detached Plume that occurred at Plant 9-10 of Indocement-Palimanan was analyzed and controlled so that the SO2 emissions produced could be reduced. This research aims to analyze the effect of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) on clinker production at Plant 9-10, understand the control of Detached Plume and SO2 emissions produced in the main chimney of Plant 9-10, and determine the optimization of the clinker production process at Plant 9-10 by Total Organic Carbon as a variable in Raw Meal. The analysis methods used include monitoring the Detached Plume phenomenon in the Main Chimney, its effect on SO2 Emissions, observing the effect of TOC changes in Raw Material on Clinker production capacity at Plant 9-10. The research results show that the TOC value of Plant 9 is 1.22%, thereby reducing Clinker production capacity to 3466 tpd from the target of 3600 tpd. On the other hand, the TOC value for Plant 10 in the month was 1.00%, thereby reducing Clinker production capacity to 4070 tpd from the target of 4200 tpd. This shows that a significant increase in TOC value in Raw Meal reduces Clinker production capacity. The Detached Plume is also influenced by the ammonia gas content in the main chimney emissions, where the ammonia content &gt; 2 mg/Nm3 increases the visibility of the Detached Plume in the main chimney of Plant 9-10, and the SO2 value