Main Distribution Line Research Articles

The Impact of Solar Distributed Generation on Distribution Networks: Case Study of Chipata Distribution Network

The installation of solar PV systems in distribution networks is slowly increasing. The study focused on identifying the challenges and benefits of installing Distributed Solar Generation in the Chipata 33kV and 11kV distribution Networks. Chipata Town is in the Eastern Part of Zambia, and it has a peak demand of about 23.3MW. The 2023 version Power Factory Dig Silent Software was used to model the Chipata 33kV and 11kV distribution network and different Solar penetration levels were used to understand the impact of Distributed Solar. Chipata Distribution Network has four major stations operating at 33kV and 11kV voltages and four main distribution lines. The main objective of the study was to determine the impact of distributed solar PV in the Chipata Distribution Network. One of the specific objectives was to determine the hosting capacity of the Chipata Distribution Network. The hosting capacity gives the maximum amount of PV power integrated in a power system network without violating the set operation limits. The study analysed the impact of solar Distributed Generation on network losses, fault levels, voltage stability and line loading. The study revealed that an increase in penetration level resulted in a general increase in the Bus Bar voltages on both 11kV and 33kV voltage levels. Different Penetration levels of solar ranging from 6.66MW to 132MW were studied. Simulations revealed that the hosting capacity for Chipata Distribution Network is 96MW (412% of Solar PV Penetration Level). The voltages in the distribution network at hosting capacity were ranged from 0.93p.u to 1.02p.u. Short Circuit analysis simulations showed negligible impact on the fault level after integration of solar in the distribution network. Some circuits showed both increased and reduced power losses with increased solar penetration. The obtained results indicated that increased installation of distributed Solar PV systems in the Distribution Network impacts voltage stability, line losses and line loading.

Security Door Lock for Mains Supply and Safety of Electrical Engineer

The main motive of this work is to provide safety to the electrical field engineer who works on the site of main distribution line feeder box. To provide safety to the engineer, the feeder box is equipped with RFID sensor and RFID readers which plays an important role. The engineer will be provided authorized glows and shoes with RFID tags. The reader mounted on the box will check whether the glows are authorized or not. If it gets authorized, then only the main door of the box will open and engineer will do his work. When the door gets opened it will share the details to the main server of the electrical distribution office in the form of message “The door is open”. We have made the provision that it will help engineer to solve the issue after door opens. There will be one-way communication from distribution office to electrical field engineer regrading guidelines for the issues. We have also made an application to record the history of the problems in the data base which would help to identify problems in the future.

A Multiple Emergency Ventilator as Backup Solution in Pandemic: A Specifically Designed and Dimensioned Device.

Goal: To provide a Multiple Emergency Ventilator (MEV) as backup in case of shortage of ICU ventilators and for use in camp hospitals. Methods: MEV provides the same oxygen mixture and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) to 10 patients. These specifications were fixed: i) gas supply and plugs to double-limb intubation sets compatible to existing systems; ii) fluid-dynamics with no pressure drop and almost complete patients’ uncoupling; iii) individual monitoring of inspiratory and expiratory pressures and flows and control of their timing; iv) easy stocking, transport, installation with self-supporting pipes. Results: A Bell-Jar System (BJS) design permitted to safely fix PIP based on Archimedes’ law. The main distribution line was based on 2” stainless steel pipes assuring the required mechanical properties and over-dimensioned for fluidics. The Windkessel of the BJS and pipeline dead-volumes is 75.65 L and in the worst case of the instantaneous demand of 5 L by 10 patients (0.5 L each) shows an adiabatic PIP drop limited to –6.18%, confirming the needed uncoupling. Consequently, patients’ asynchrony is permitted as needed by pressure-controlled volume-guaranteed and assisted-ventilation. Conclusions: Although MEV is proposed as a backup system, its features may cover the whole set of ventilation modes required by ICU ventilation.

Localized Protection of Radial DC Microgrids With High Penetration of Constant Power Loads

This article proposes a localized protection scheme for dc microgrids with radial configuration under the impact of constant power loads (CPLs) to determine the location of faults accurately. The proposed fault location scheme is primarily designed for fault location of CPLs in dc microgrids. First, a local protection relay for CPL is designed based on the transient behavior of the current and voltage in the main distribution line. Then, the estimation of the fault resistance is formulated based on the power sharing in the system to improve the accuracy of the protection system. To realize a robust protection scheme considering the variation of fault resistance, a fault resistance estimation procedure is employed to design a system that locates both low- and high-impedance faults. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is evaluated based on offline digital time-domain simulations in Digsilent PowerFactory software environment and experimentally verified by implementing on a laboratory scale hardware setup. The obtained simulation and experimental test results, and comparison with other methods prove that the proposed scheme is immune against these disturbances and can efficiently and reliably estimate the location and resistance of faults with high accuracy and acceptable error margin.

Linking Microbial Community Composition in Treated Wastewater with Water Quality in Distribution Systems and Subsequent Health Effects.

The increases in per capita water consumption, coupled in part with global climate change have resulted in increased demands on available freshwater resources. Therefore, the availability of safe, pathogen-free drinking water is vital to public health. This need has resulted in global initiatives to develop sustainable urban water infrastructure for the treatment of wastewater for different purposes such as reuse water for irrigation, and advanced waste water purification systems for domestic water supply. In developed countries, most of the water goes through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments combined with disinfectant, microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), etc. to produce potable water. During this process the total bacterial load of the water at different stages of the treatment will decrease significantly from the source water. Microbial diversity and load may decrease by several orders of magnitude after microfiltration and reverse osmosis treatment and falling to almost non-detectable levels in some of the most managed wastewater treatment facilities. However, one thing in common with the different end users is that the water goes through massive distribution systems, and the pipes in the distribution lines may be contaminated with diverse microbes that inhabit these systems. In the main distribution lines, microbes survive within biofilms which may contain opportunistic pathogens. This review highlights the role of microbial community composition in the final effluent treated wastewater, biofilms formation in the distribution systems as the treated water goes through, and the subsequent health effects from potential pathogens associated with poorly treated water. We conclude by pointing out some basic steps that may be taken to reduce the accumulation of biofilms in the water distribution systems.

Main Line Fault Localization Methodology (MLFLM) in Smart Grid – The Underground Medium- and Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Networks Case

This paper assesses the performance of the main line fault localization methodology (MLFLM) when its application is extended to underground medium- and low-voltage broadband over power lines (UN MV and UN LV BPL) networks, say UN distribution BPL networks. This paper focuses on the localization of main distribution line faults across UV MV and UN LV BPL networks. By extending the MLFLM procedure, which has successfully been applied to overhead medium-voltage (OV MV) BPL networks, the performance assessment of MLFLM is investigated with respect to the nature of the main distribution line faults, the intensity of the measurement differences and the fault location across the main distribution lines of the underground distribution power grid (either MV or LV grid). Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. G. (2017). Main Line Fault Localization Methodology (MLFLM) in Smart Grid – The Underground Medium- and Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Networks Case. Trends in Renewable Energy, 4, 15-42. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2018.4.1.0045

Main Line Fault Localization Methodology in Smart Grid – Part 1: Extended TM2 Method for the Overhead Medium-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Networks Case

These three papers cover the overall methodology for the identification and localization of faults that occur in main transmission and distribution lines when broadband over power lines (BPL) networks are deployed across the transmission and distribution power grids, respectively. In fact, this fault case is the only one that cannot be handled by the combined operation of Topology Identification Methodology (TIM) and Instability Identification Methodology (FIIM). After the phase of identification of main distribution line faults, which is presented in this paper, the main line fault localization methodology (MLFLM) is applied in order to localize the faults in overhead medium-voltage BPL (OV MV BPL) networks. The main contribution of this paper, which is focused on the identification of the main distribution line faults, is the presentation of TM2 method extension through the adoption of coupling reflection coefficients. Extended TM2 method is analyzed in order to identify a main distribution line fault regardless of its nature (i.e., short- or open-circuit termination). The behavior of the extended TM2 method is assessed in terms of the main line fault nature and, then, its results are compared against the respective ones during the normal operation, which are given by the original TM2 method, when different main distribution line fault scenarios occur. Extended TM2 method acts as the introductory phase (fault identification) of MLFLM.

Main Line Fault Localization Methodology in Smart Grid – Part 2: Extended TM2 Method, Measurement Differences and L1 Piecewise Monotonic Data Approximation for the Overhead Medium-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Networks Case

Enriching the fault identification methodology of the first paper, this second paper investigates the performance of the identification of main distribution line faults when broadband over power lines (BPL) networks are deployed. The main issue that is concerned in this paper is the impact of measurement differences on the fault identification process performance. The main contribution of this paper, which is focused on the identification of the main distribution line faults when measurement differences occur, is the application of the L1 piecewise monotonic data approximation (l1PMA) in order to cope with the measurement differences that influence the reflection coefficients derived from the extended TM2 method. Through the L1PMA application, measurement differences are confronted in order to prevent the trigger of a false alarm about the existence of a main distribution line fault. The combined operation of the extended TM2 method and L1PMA concludes the introductory phase (fault identification) of the main line fault localization methodology (MLFLM).

Main Line Fault Localization Methodology in Smart Grid – Part 3: Main Line Fault Localization Methodology (MLFLM)

Since the main distribution line faults can be securely identified as outlined in the first and second paper, this third paper presents the methodology of localizing the main distribution line fault when broadband over power lines (BPL) networks have already been deployed across the distribution power grids. The main issue of this paper is the detailed presentation of the main line localization methodology (MLFLM) as well as well as its performance assessment when measurement differences occur. The contribution of this paper, which is focused on the application of MLFLM, is double. First, the procedure, which is followed in order to create the database of faults and is used by MLFLM, is here analytically presented. This database is based on the application of the main distribution line fault identification percentage metric (MDLFI) to coupling reflection coefficients of all possible fault OV MV BPL topologies (modified OV MV BPL topologies). Second, the performance assessment of MLFLM is investigated with respect to the nature of the measurement differences and the location of main distribution line faults across the distribution power grid.

Automatic device for indirect measurement of leakage flow rate in compressed air pipeline

The new measurement method of compressed air leakage flow rate in compressed air pipeline is proposed. In this method, the automatic measuring device is connected to a branch of the pipeline. The measuring device can be used to measure compressed air leakage in any place of compressed air pipeline: in main line, distribution line and connection line. The proposed measurement methods of compressed air leakage in pipeline are independent of receiver and compressor parameters, which is not the case with traditional method measuring leaks by emptying the receiver.

Equivalent Stress Cycles Based on District Heating Operation

We investigated supply water temperature of the district boiler between 2006 and 2014.And calculated the design life cycles of heating pipeline based on the district boiler as the heat source. Then superposed the number of the design life cycles caused by pipelines accidents and district boiler of the main trunk lines, distribution lines and subscriber connection line, we obtained the design life cycles of different heating pipes. This result can provide a basis for fatigue damage analysis of heating pipe fittings.

Effect of Disinfectant, Water Age, and Pipe Materials on Bacterial and Eukaryotic Community Structure in Drinking Water Biofilm

Availability of safe, pathogen-free drinking water is vital to public health; however, it is impossible to deliver sterile drinking water to consumers. Recent microbiome research is bringing new understanding to the true extent and diversity of microbes that inhabit water distribution systems. The purpose of this study was to determine how water chemistry in main distribution lines shape the microbiome in drinking water biofilms and to explore potential associations between opportunistic pathogens and indigenous drinking water microbes. Effects of disinfectant (chloramines, chlorine), water age (2.3 days, 5.7 days), and pipe material (cement, iron, PVC) were compared in parallel triplicate simulated water distribution systems. Pyrosequencing was employed to characterize bacteria and terminal restriction fragment polymorphism was used to profile both bacteria and eukaryotes inhabiting pipe biofilms. Disinfectant and water age were both observed to be strong factors in shaping bacterial and eukaryotic community structures. Pipe material only influenced the bacterial community structure (ANOSIM test, P < 0.05). Interactive effects of disinfectant, pipe material, and water age on both bacteria and eukaryotes were noted. Disinfectant concentration had the strongest effect on bacteria, while dissolved oxygen appeared to be a major driver for eukaryotes (BEST test). Several correlations of similarity metrics among populations of bacteria, eukaryotes, and opportunistic pathogens, as well as one significant association between mycobacterial and proteobacterial operational taxonomic units, provides insight into means by which manipulating the microbiome may lead to new avenues for limiting the growth of opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Legionella) or other nuisance organisms (e.g., nitrifiers).

An Evaluation Method for Power Supply Capability of Distribution System Based on Simplified Grid Structure

This paper proposes a method to evaluate power supply capability of distribution system considering the connection mode of high voltage network. Firstly, based on the operation mode and load transfer of distribution network, the grid structure is simplified by forming incidence matrices between main transformers and high voltage distribution lines. Then a nonlinear programming model of power supply capability is developed through N-1 contingency analysis of high voltage distribution lines and main transformers, and the power supply capability of a distribution system can be obtained by solving the relevant model. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by a case study.

Inspection of the Diagnosis Report for Life Assessment of Engine Generator

This paper presents evaluating procedure for engine generator operated over 13 years which are usually installed at the island and therefore, isolated to the main distribution line. To decide continual operation of the generator, their diagnosis results should guarantee safety running. So the determination of criteria for continual usage or replacement is essential for economical and reliable maintenance. We present all the courses of evaluating the condition which includes the processes from acquiring basic data to comprehensive determination of generators. All the test was applied to serial number 3 generator in Jodo Engine Power Plant.

Effects of Injection Parameters on the Droplet Size of an Oil Formulated Insecticide During Chemigation

ABSTRACT INJECTION port orientation and injector pump pulse rates were studied in a center pivot irrigation system model to determine their effect on the sizes of chlorphyrifos technicaloil formulated droplets (Dursban 6 in soybean oil) when injected into a pivot for sprinkler distribution. Oil formulated insecticide droplet sizes from samples taken from the main distribution line and from the sprinkler discharge were determined by phographic techniques. Faster pulse rates of the metering pump produced smaller droplets of the formulation. Orienting the orifices outlet upstream produced smaller droplets (mean 49.3 ^m) than when the outlet was orientated downstream (mean 56.2 /im). However, when the water and the oil formulated insectide exited the sprinkler orifice, the droplets were reduced to a mean diameter of 16.4 /^^m, regardless of the injection combinations used. Additional research will be required to assess how the findings affect insect control. Please view the PDF for the complete article. The text below is only to aid searches. It is unformatted and incomplete, lacking figures, tables, and equations.

Enumeration of Total and Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water of Khairpur City

Total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) bacteria were analyzed in drinking water of Khairpur city. Ninty samples were collected from main reservoir (source), distribution line and consumer taps. pH and residual chlorine of water samples were also determined. For bacteriological analysis inductively membrane filtration (MF) method was used for total coliform (TC) as well as faecal (FC) coliform bacteria. All samples were found contaminated with total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) and the counts were higher than the maximum microbial contaminant level (MMCL) established by World Health Organization (WHO). It was observed that pH was within the limits of WHO standard (6.5-8.5). The residual chlorine was not detected in any sample of drinking water. Bacteriologically the water quality of the drinking water is unsatisfactory.Keywords: Coliform, Escherichia coli, Water quality, Contamination, SanitationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i2.1266