Main Phases Of Development Research Articles

Lotus growth and development in artificial water bodies in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland

Relevance. The creation of a botanical collection of the lotus family made it possible to study the biology and adaptive features of a rare relict species of Nelumbo nucifera and its variety in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland.Methods. The main phases of development (the beginning of growth, budding, flowering) were recorded. Statistical processing was carried out by the method of variance analysis according to G.N. Zaitsev.Results. In 2010, Nelumbo nucifera seeds were purchased from the Volga River Delta and planted in a 100-liter container, which was located in a closed ground. From 2010 to 2014, the plant vegetated every year from the second decade of January to November, in November, vegetation was artificially stopped. With such agricultural techniques, the plant had no flowering and fruiting phases. In June 2014, rhizomes were planted and lotus seeds were sown in a pond made of butyl rubber film. In 2017, the first flowering was observed. During the study period, the plants did not reach natural indicators, on average, the diameter of the leaves is less by 18.5 ± 1.6 cm, the flowers are 2 ± 0.1 cm, the height is 1.0–1.5 m. The duration of flowering is 57 ± 4 days, which corresponds to the natural conditions of lotus growth from mid-July to early September. During the years of research, 495 seeds were obtained. Under the influence of abiotic factors, the nut-bearing lotus lives up to 8 years in the botanical garden. Nelumbo nucifera Betsy grows intensively, flowering occurred in the third year after sowing, leaf diameter 57 ± 3 cm, height above the water surface 78 ± 7 cm, flowering duration 73 ± 7 days, which is longer than that of the nut-bearing lotus, full-fledged seeds are formed.

Development and Validation of an Educational Book on Self-Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Patient Preferences and Expert Opinions: A Methodological Study.

Self-management education resources for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using concepts remain infrequent. We aim to describe the development and evaluation process of educational material for self-management in IBD based on patient preferences and expert opinions. The method of this study includes two main phases of development and validation in five steps in the following order: (1) identification of information needs for patients with IBD; (2) content development with a comprehensive literature review and scientific texts related to IBD; (3) measuring the face validity of the content based on the expert opinions in the field of IBD; (4) validation of the content with the experts in the field of IBD; and (5) validation by target audiences. The expert panel comprises ten gastroenterologists, nutritionists, psychologists, gynecologists, and nurses. The total suitability score is 79.5%. The final draft version of the educational self-management material was presented to 30 IBD patients who were satisfied (n = 24; 80%) with the material. This study shows the development process and is validated for face and content validity by the academic multidisciplinary expert panel and target group. Patients and their caregivers can use this content to cope with their disease.

Effect of Norms of Complex Fertilizers on the Main Phases of Development and Dynamics of Growth of Corn

The article presents the results of experiments on the influence of the norms of complex fertilizers on the dynamics of corn development. It was revealed that the complex fertilizers used in the study area have a different effect on the beginning of the development phases of the corn plant, as well as on the height and development of the plant. When applying mineral fertilizers (NH4)2HPO4, the vegetation period is 104-105 days. In variants with different doses of fertilizer (NH4)2SO4+(NH4)2HPO4+K2SO4 — 98-100 days. The application of fertilizers in accordance with the phases of plant growth has a positive effect on all structural indicators. In the control variant without fertilizers, the height of the AGAU-80 corn variety was 295.8 cm, which is significantly lower than in the fertilized variant. Fertilizer (NH4)2HPO4 was applied in different doses, the height of the main stem in the phase of milky ripening was 349.4-374.6 cm, and (NH4)2SO4+(NH4)2HPO4+K2SO4 (in different doses) was 342.2-375.2 cm. In all cases, the green and dry weight of corn was significantly higher.

The adjustment of China endemic Heptacodium miconioides Rehd. to temperate zone of Poland

Heptacodium miconioides is an increasingly popular ornamental plant, originally being endemic to China. The late and long flowering determines its ecological and ornamental value in cultivation. The aims of this research were to define and distinguish phenological phases of the development of Heptacodium miconioides in the temperate zone region and identification of anatomical changes within the stem during autumn in relation to phenological phases and climatic conditions. Phenological observations were carried out in Wrocław during 2012–2013, as well as in Warsaw (Poland, 52.6°N, 20.5°E) during 2018–2021. During the last year of research an analysis of the anatomical structure was carried out for young stems that bore flowers that year, as well as older, 2- to 6-year-old ones. The material was collected H1 – 10.09., H2 – 28.09., H3 – 16.10., H4 – 3.11., H5 – 21.11. The width of annual increments in subsequent years was determined; length, width and vessel density in early and latewood for subsequent rings of annual growth was measured, as well as the width of the phloem in 1–6-year-old stems (2016–2021). In the vegetative stage three main stages of development were distinguished (leaf buds have the green tips; full autumn discoloration of leaves; leaves falling). In the generative phase, which lasted on average from August 22nd to January the 7th five main phases of development were distinguished (flowering, unripe fruits, ripe fruits, spreading of seeds). Increased average temperature during winter and spring had an effect on the growth pattern: early phenological stages occurred sooner and foliage development lasted 44 days longer. Flowering occurred at a similar date at both observed locations and climatic conditions. This year’s shoots flowering on a radial section with axial symmetry, were slightly flattened and in clusters arranged regularly to match the shape. Heptacodium develops 2–6 years old shoots with radial symmetry. The growth ring boundaries are distinct, the wood semi-rings porous, with marked differences in the structure of the primary and secondary shoot. Lignification of tissues before winter ends during late leaf-fall phase. The research indicated the adaptive potential of Heptacodium in response to climatic conditions of temperate zone.

The Kyivan Rus Version of Ukrainian Genesis. Arguments For and Against

National history is the core of the formation of national consciousness, the strength of which determines the viability of the nation. The birth of the national history subject is one of its key problems, without whose solution the successful building of a modern Ukrainian nation is impossible. In addition to the three main versions of the origin of Ukrainians (Trypillia, early mediaeval, and late mediaeval), some Ukrainian researchers propose the so-called Kyivan Rus concept of Ukrainian genesis.The article presents a critical analysis of the Kyivan Rus concept of the birth of the Ukrainian nation. Vasyl Balushok, who has published two monographs touching the issue of the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians, is its most active supporter among modern domestic researchers. In them, the researcher examines in detail the main aspects of the Kyivan Rus version of the origin of Ukrainians. Therefore, the basis of the article is the analysis of two of his monographic studies, which provide a fairly complete picture of the current state of the problem of the Ukrainian ethnic group origin from Kyivan Rus.Balushok believes that the formation of the Ukrainian ethnos took place in Rus state and ended at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. The main shortcoming of V. Balushok's version of Ukrainaian genesis is the researcher's failure to recognise the first, tribal phase of the formation of Ruthenians-Ukrainians. It covers the entire early Middle Ages from the end of the 5th to the 10th centuries, when the Ukrainian ethnos consisted of related proto-Ukrainian tribes: Antes, Sklavens, Dulebs, Polans, Drevlians, Volhynians, Ulychis, Tivertsi, Croats. The latter consolidated into an aristocratic nation of Ruthenians-Ukrainians in the state of Rus during the 10th–13th centuries.The ethnogenesis of Ukrainians took place within the framework of the universal laws of the ethnohistorical development of the peoples of the middle part of Europe: Englishmen, Spaniards, Frenchmen, Romanians, Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Ruthenians-Ukrainians, etc. All of them went through three main phases of development: 1. The tribal period of the early Middle Ages (5th–9th centuries); 2. Aristocratic nations of the developed and late Middle Ages (10th–16th centuries); 3. Modern nations of the new and modern times (17th–21st centuries). V. Balushok's non-recognition of the tribal phase of Ukrainian genesis contradicts the specified universal laws of the development of the great ethnic groups of Europe.

Methodological gaps in clinical dementia research

AbstractBackgroundEvidence‐based decisions allow to compile clinical guidelines, or to approve or refund new treatments or diagnostic procedures. Different evidence‐to‐decision (EtD) procedures exist to define recommendations based on evidence. However, often data are not eligible to such EtDs due to faults in the methodology that generated them. This is a relevant and upstream problem hurdling the transfer of knowledge. Aim of this work is to outline these methodological problems to help overcoming such concrete hurdle to knowledge transfer.MethodA range of methodological issues hampering eligibility of data to EtD was searched across different evidence assessment initiatives, based on the methodological requirements defined by the main steps of formal methodologies for the validation of diagnostic biomarkers, namely analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility.ResultMethodological gaps involve all these main development phases. The main issues at the analytical validity phase consist in limited use of standard operating procedures. This causes exceedingly large variability of data that cannot be amended post hoc. Such variability thus propagates to all downstream validation studies and final data cannot support any decision, not in favor nor against clinical recommendations. At the phase of clinical utility, many studies do not use either proper gold‐ or reference‐standards, or study designs able to address the target question. At the clinical utility phase, implementation methods are still not systematically imported and adapted to the dementia field, and the assessed outcomes are mainly defined by researchers, with limited participation of other relevant stakeholders (e.g., regulators; patients or caregivers).ConclusionWith such gaps along the translational continuum, published data cannot support evidence‐based decision‐making. To improve implementation, attention should not only target the latest adoption steps, but many more upstream steps that eventually prevent the formal approval and refund of new diagnostic procedures or of other innovation.

Seasonal rhythms of development of some species of Spiraea L. and varieties of Spiraea japonica L. f. under conditions of collections the Educational Centre “Botanical Garden” of Saratov State University

The article presents the results of the study of phenorhythms and introduction evaluation of five species of Spiraea (Spiraea salicifolia L., Spiraea densiflora Nutt. ex Rydb., Spiraea decumbens W. D. J. Koch., Spiraea chamaedryfolia L., Spiraea japonica L.) and 7 varieties of Spiraea japonica (‘Little Princess’, ‘Anthony Waterer, ‘Golden Princess, ‘Gold-flame, ‘Macrophylla, ‘Crispa, ‘Genpei (Shirobana)’. During phenological observations in the period from 2019 to 2021 at the EC “Botanical Garden” of Saratov State University established the calendar dates of the main phases of development, determined the average timing and duration of flowering in the studied samples. Spiraea japonica varieties have been successfully growing for a number of observed years, retaining their varietal characteristics. Evaluation of the success of the introduction showed that the studied species and varieties of Spiraea japonica turned out to be promising for introduction into culture and can be recommended for landscaping in the conditions of Saratov.

(Upper) Ljutomer Castle

The contribution discusses the architectural development of the former (Upper) Ljutomer (Ober Luttenberg) Castle or Lower Castle, which, having disappeared in the nineteenth century, has so far not even been subject to a basic analysis of its architectural history. Although the castle has been long gone and its location, a hill above the village of Podgradje southeast of Ljutomer, is now occupied by a more recent residential building from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it still bears great significance for understanding the history of construction in the wider Ljutomer area between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. Based on the analyses of preserved old depictions, terrain configuration, and data about the history of the estate as well as by taking into consideration appropriate analogies, it is possible to determine the main development phases of the former castle building with sufficient reliability. Everything suggests that the castle was built in the first half of the thirteenth century as one of many border castles erected by the Archdiocese of Salzburg and that it underwent a dynamic and characteristic architectural development until the eighteenth century.

Branek Castle

The contribution discusses the architectural development of the former Branek (Mallegg) Castle or Upper Castle in the area of Branoslavci west of Ljutomer, which was the biggest, the most distinguished, and the most recognizable castle building in the wider Ljutomer area between the second half of the seventeenth century and 1926. In 1926, a significant part of the castle complex was demolished after a devastating a fire and the rest was converted into a simple residential building, which has so far not been subject to any detailed discussion in terms of its architectural history. By taking into consideration and systematically analysing the preserved remains of the former castle, old depictions, archival photographs, data on the history of the estate, and historical depictions, it is possible to determine the main development phases of the former castle building between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries with a fair amount of reliability and thus accentuate its special significance for the history of the Ljutomer area during the period concerned. Everything suggests that Branek Castle was built in the early sixteenth century in accordance with the medieval tradition of fortified castles and that it was set for Franz von Herbersdorf on the site of a medieval tower house which, unlike itself, served no particular defensive purpose.

Branek Castle

The contribution discusses the architectural development of the former Branek (Mallegg) Castle or Upper Castle in the area of Branoslavci west of Ljutomer, which was the biggest, the most distinguished, and the most recognizable castle building in the wider Ljutomer area between the second half of the seventeenth century and 1926. In 1926, a significant part of the castle complex was demolished after a devastating a fire and the rest was converted into a simple residential building, which has so far not been subject to any detailed discussion in terms of its architectural history. By taking into consideration and systematically analysing the preserved remains of the former castle, old depictions, archival photographs, data on the history of the estate, and historical depictions, it is possible to determine the main development phases of the former castle building between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries with a fair amount of reliability and thus accentuate its special significance for the history of the Ljutomer area during the period concerned. Everything suggests that Branek Castle was built in the early sixteenth century in accordance with the medieval tradition of fortified castles and that it was set for Franz von Herbersdorf on the site of a medieval tower house which, unlike itself, served no particular defensive purpose.

(Upper) Ljutomer Castle

The contribution discusses the architectural development of the former (Upper) Ljutomer (Ober Luttenberg) Castle or Lower Castle, which, having disappeared in the nineteenth century, has so far not even been subject to a basic analysis of its architectural history. Although the castle has been long gone and its location, a hill above the village of Podgradje southeast of Ljutomer, is now occupied by a more recent residential building from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it still bears great significance for understanding the history of construction in the wider Ljutomer area between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. Based on the analyses of preserved old depictions, terrain configuration, and data about the history of the estate as well as by taking into consideration appropriate analogies, it is possible to determine the main development phases of the former castle building with sufficient reliability. Everything suggests that the castle was built in the first half of the thirteenth century as one of many border castles erected by the Archdiocese of Salzburg and that it underwent a dynamic and characteristic architectural development until the eighteenth century.

(Upper) Ljutomer Castle

The contribution discusses the architectural development of the former (Upper) Ljutomer (Ober Luttenberg) Castle or Lower Castle, which, having disappeared in the nineteenth century, has so far not even been subject to a basic analysis of its architectural history. Although the castle has been long gone and its location, a hill above the village of Podgradje southeast of Ljutomer, is now occupied by a more recent residential building from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it still bears great significance for understanding the history of construction in the wider Ljutomer area between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. Based on the analyses of preserved old depictions, terrain configuration, and data about the history of the estate as well as by taking into consideration appropriate analogies, it is possible to determine the main development phases of the former castle building with sufficient reliability. Everything suggests that the castle was built in the first half of the thirteenth century as one of many border castles erected by the Archdiocese of Salzburg and that it underwent a dynamic and characteristic architectural development until the eighteenth century.

Branek Castle

The contribution discusses the architectural development of the former Branek (Mallegg) Castle or Upper Castle in the area of Branoslavci west of Ljutomer, which was the biggest, the most distinguished, and the most recognizable castle building in the wider Ljutomer area between the second half of the seventeenth century and 1926. In 1926, a significant part of the castle complex was demolished after a devastating a fire and the rest was converted into a simple residential building, which has so far not been subject to any detailed discussion in terms of its architectural history. By taking into consideration and systematically analysing the preserved remains of the former castle, old depictions, archival photographs, data on the history of the estate, and historical depictions, it is possible to determine the main development phases of the former castle building between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries with a fair amount of reliability and thus accentuate its special significance for the history of the Ljutomer area during the period concerned. Everything suggests that Branek Castle was built in the early sixteenth century in accordance with the medieval tradition of fortified castles and that it was set for Franz von Herbersdorf on the site of a medieval tower house which, unlike itself, served no particular defensive purpose.

Proposed development of a polyphase electronic power meter prototype using the lora network

With the development of the electronics and mechanics prototype with a proposal for a new polyphase electronic electric energy meter aiming at subsequent manufacture, according to its manufacturing specifications as a product in the industrial environment. The objective of the article was to develop a prototype of a new polyphase electronic electric energy meter using LoRa network, for remote measurement of energy consumption. The prototype was developed for a company from the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM). An Experimental Methodology was used, presenting the model proposal, mechanical base, Terminal Block, Meter Cover, The Terminals, The Electronics, Transmission LoRa Interface, and the Reception LoRa Interface. Data collection was carried out through meetings with company professionals, technical visits, and research on the importance of the topic. The results showed that the main development phases were validated, and that the long-distance meter communication proved to be effective for energy consumption recording, and has potential manufacturing condition.

Can we incorrectly link armouring to damming? A need to promote hypothesis-driven rather than expert-based approaches in fluvial geomorphology

Present-day river forms and processes are in many cases conditioned by the consequences of anthropogenic modifications such as dams, embankments and gravel mining. Fluvial geomorphologists have typically investigated the effects of these human impacts using a so-called expert-based approach, whereby observed association or synchronicity between geomorphological changes and a given, preidentified impact, are interpreted as evidence of causation. This approach has important limitations when the effects of multiple human interventions interact along the same river corridor or overlap with the legacy of natural changes affecting the sediment - water balance. In such situations, the establishment of causal links between channel morphology and single impacts is not as straightforward as commonly assumed and the conclusions are susceptible to ‘confirmation biases’. In this paper we highlight this risk through an assessment of human impacts on the Rhône River within a multi-driver context. The French Rhône is an excellent example of an Anthropocene river impacted by two main development phases during the twentieth century: embankments (1890s–1930s) followed by a series of multiple dams (1950s–1990s). We began by laying out several geomorphologically consistent hypotheses for the geomorphological trajectory of the Rhône over the twentieth century. Next, we tested these hypotheses against grain size data collected in the field in a structured and hypothesis-oriented way. Using this hypothesis-driven and deductive attribution analysis we identified the relative impacts of the different development phases on the present-day grain size distribution and in particular on armouring in the Rhône River, and proposed a hierarchy of dominant drivers of geomorphological change along the Rhone over the last century and a half. Our results led us to conclude that in the case of the Rhône, the effect of dams on armouring was negligible compared to a legacy of natural heritages and embankments.

Sport as a social phenomenon: the main development phases in the sociology of sports

Sport as a social phenomenon: the main development phases in the sociology of sports

Biological features and phenology of the odd bark beetle development (Xyleborus dispar F.) on the territory of Transcarpathia

On the basis of literature analysis and primary research biological features of such pest as an odd bark beetle Xyleborus dispar F are described and the phenology of its development is established. This polyphag is known to harm both forest plantations and fruit cultures. The main species damaged by bark beetles include both coniferous and deciduous and fruit trees (apple, pear, plum, bird cherry, rowan). Significant damage is caused by apple orchards of intensive type which due to planting density and softness of wood are vulnerable to damage by phytophagous. The main difficulty in the fight against bark beetle is associated with a hidden way of life and the passage of almost all stages of development inside the tree. One of the main signs of bark beetle development in Transcarpathia is early flight. Already in early April, there are signs of penetration of bark into the tree - the appearance of smut on the bark and wood chips in the trunk strip. Another danger is the high level of fertility of bark beetles, which threatens the rapid spread of the adult pest, which in turn leads to significant economic losses for intensive orchards and causes irreparable damage to apple orchards. Since the odd-numbered western bark beetle is a relatively new pest for apple orchards in Transcarpathia, the preparation and calculation of the appearance and passage of the main phases of development is a thorough step in the fight against this polyphagous. Intensive apple orchards which are particularly vulnerable to phytophagous damage due to planting density and soft wood significantly suffer from the pest. Based on a three-year monitoring process a phenogram of bark beetle development in the lowland part of Transcarpathia was developed, and the approximate values of effective temperatures required for the passage through different phases of the pest were calculated. It was established that during the growing season in the study area the odd western bark beetle develops in one generation. However, the summer generation of adults which develop in trunks of apple trees emerges in mid-July and repopulates new trees for final wintering. This creates an additional need for measures to protect apple trees from pests. The results of the research allow gardeners to adjust the integrated system of orchard protection, as well as to include additional pest detection measures in the program of effective apple growing.

Characteristics of Iris pumila and standard and miniature dwarf bearded irises in the collection of the Education and Research Center “Botanical Garden” of Saratov State University

The article presents the results of the study of phenoritmes and introductional evaluation of dwarf irisand its grade forms. During the phenological observations between 2016 and 2020, the Education and Research Center“Botanical Garden” in Saratov established calendar dates of the main development phases, determined the average datesand duration of flowering in the studied samples. The revision showed that the studied species and varieties are stable inthe culture in the Lower Volga region, as they are winter-resistant, immune to diseases and pests, are distinguished by thedecorative flowering. The varieties of toffee are low for a number of observed years successfully grow, preserving theirvarietal characteristics. Assessment of the introduction success showed that the studied species and varieties of iris werepromising for introduction into the culture and can be recommended for landscaping in the conditions of Saratov.

Crocodiles, sharks and turtles: the urban geo-palaeontological heritage of Cagliari (Italy)

In this paper, we report on the first project on the promotion of urban geoheritage in Cagliari, the capital of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy). We briefly address the history of geo-palaeontological research in the city area and outline the main phases of development in the history of Cagliari’s geo-palaeontological museum. Geotourism is an efficient method of bringing geosciences to a wider audience. For this project, we compiled a geoitinerary of the main lithotypes and fossils present within the urban territory. Miocene lithotypes are the most important materials in the edification of the Cagliari’s old town, and in the past, the quarrying activity favoured the geology knowledge of the area. The presence of abandoned quarries and natural outcrops in parks, public gardens, on the nearby coastline, and also of fossils exposed in ashlars of historic buildings, made Cagliari an excellent example to valorise the geo-palaeontological heritage using geotourism. This project showcases the importance of knowledge transfer and non-technical communication methods by converting highly technical aspects into accessible and engaging information dissemination to a wide range of audience types, including non-specialised ones.

20 Years of reconfigurable field-effect transistors: From concepts to future applications

The reconfigurable field-effect transistor (RFET), is an electronic device whose conduction mechanism can be reversibly reconfigured between n-type and p-type operation modes. To enable this functionality, those devices do not rely on chemical doping caused by impurities but rather on electrostatic doping, i.e. the generation of mobile carriers via an external potential. This functionality has been first concieved in the early 2000s to reduce the source-drain leakage in ambipolar thin film transistors. Over the years many different concepts have been developed employing different conduction mechanisms as well as channel materials, such as silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes or two-dimensional layered materials. In addition the focus the research shifted more and more towards the circuit level, bringing the unique device characteristics to fruitation. In this work, we will give an historic overview of the main development phases including thier key-achievements starting from the earlier years reaching untill today. Further, we discuss the most interesting circuit properties arising from the device functionality and summarize the broad range of their potential future applications.